captcha

README

Package captcha

import "github.com/webx-top/captcha"

Package captcha implements generation and verification of image and audio CAPTCHAs.

A captcha solution is the sequence of digits 0-9 with the defined length. There are two captcha representations: image and audio.

An image representation is a PNG-encoded image with the solution printed on it in such a way that makes it hard for computers to solve it using OCR.

An audio representation is a WAVE-encoded (8 kHz unsigned 8-bit) sound with the spoken solution (currently in English, Russian, and Chinese). To make it hard for computers to solve audio captcha, the voice that pronounces numbers has random speed and pitch, and there is a randomly generated background noise mixed into the sound.

This package doesn't require external files or libraries to generate captcha representations; it is self-contained.

To make captchas one-time, the package includes a memory storage that stores captcha ids, their solutions, and expiration time. Used captchas are removed from the store immediately after calling Verify or VerifyString, while unused captchas (user loaded a page with captcha, but didn't submit the form) are collected automatically after the predefined expiration time. Developers can also provide custom store (for example, which saves captcha ids and solutions in database) by implementing Store interface and registering the object with SetCustomStore.

Captchas are created by calling New, which returns the captcha id. Their representations, though, are created on-the-fly by calling WriteImage or WriteAudio functions. Created representations are not stored anywhere, so subsequent calls to these functions with the same id will write the same captcha solution, but with a different random representation. Reload function will create a new different solution for the provided captcha, allowing users to "reload" captcha if they can't solve the displayed one without reloading the whole page. Verify and VerifyString are used to verify that the given solution is the right one for the given captcha id.

Server provides an http.Handler which can serve image and audio representations of captchas automatically from the URL. It can also be used to reload captchas. Refer to Server function documentation for details, or take a look at the example in "capexample" subdirectory.

Examples

Audio

Constants

const (
    // Default number of digits in captcha solution.
    DefaultLen = 6
    // The number of captchas created that triggers garbage collection used
    // by default store.
    CollectNum = 100
    // Expiration time of captchas used by default store.
    Expiration = 10 * time.Minute
)

const (
    // Standard width and height of a captcha image.
    StdWidth  = 240
    StdHeight = 80
)

Variables

var (
    ErrNotFound = errors.New("captcha: id not found")
)

Functions

func New

func New() string

New creates a new captcha with the standard length, saves it in the internal storage and returns its id.

func NewLen

func NewLen(length int) (id string)

NewLen is just like New, but accepts length of a captcha solution as the argument.

func RandomDigits

func RandomDigits(length int) (b []byte)

RandomDigits returns a byte slice of the given length containing pseudorandom numbers in range 0-9. The slice can be used as a captcha solution.

func Reload

func Reload(id string) bool

Reload generates and remembers new digits for the given captcha id. This function returns false if there is no captcha with the given id.

After calling this function, the image or audio presented to a user must be refreshed to show the new captcha representation (WriteImage and WriteAudio will write the new one).

func Server

func Server(imgWidth, imgHeight int) http.Handler

Server returns a handler that serves HTTP requests with image or audio representations of captchas. Image dimensions are accepted as arguments. The server decides which captcha to serve based on the last URL path component: file name part must contain a captcha id, file extension — its format (PNG or WAV).

For example, for file name "LBm5vMjHDtdUfaWYXiQX.png" it serves an image captcha with id "LBm5vMjHDtdUfaWYXiQX", and for "LBm5vMjHDtdUfaWYXiQX.wav" it serves the same captcha in audio format.

To serve a captcha as a downloadable file, the URL must be constructed in such a way as if the file to serve is in the "download" subdirectory: "/download/LBm5vMjHDtdUfaWYXiQX.wav".

To reload captcha (get a different solution for the same captcha id), append "?reload=x" to URL, where x may be anything (for example, current time or a random number to make browsers refetch an image instead of loading it from cache).

By default, the Server serves audio in English language. To serve audio captcha in one of the other supported languages, append "lang" value, for example, "?lang=ru".

func SetCustomStore

func SetCustomStore(s Store)

SetCustomStore sets custom storage for captchas, replacing the default memory store. This function must be called before generating any captchas.

func Verify

func Verify(id string, digits []byte) bool

Verify returns true if the given digits are the ones that were used to create the given captcha id.

The function deletes the captcha with the given id from the internal storage, so that the same captcha can't be verified anymore.

func VerifyString

func VerifyString(id string, digits string) bool

VerifyString is like Verify, but accepts a string of digits. It removes spaces and commas from the string, but any other characters, apart from digits and listed above, will cause the function to return false.

func WriteAudio

func WriteAudio(w io.Writer, id string, lang string) error

WriteAudio writes WAV-encoded audio representation of the captcha with the given id and the given language. If there are no sounds for the given language, English is used.

func WriteImage

func WriteImage(w io.Writer, id string, width, height int) error

WriteImage writes PNG-encoded image representation of the captcha with the given id. The image will have the given width and height.

Types

type Audio struct {
    // contains unexported fields
}

func NewAudio

func NewAudio(digits []byte, lang string) *Audio

NewImage returns a new audio captcha with the given digits, where each digit must be in range 0-9. Digits are pronounced in the given language. If there are no sounds for the given language, English is used.

Possible values for lang are "en", "ru", "zh".

func (*Audio) EncodedLen

func (a *Audio) EncodedLen() int

EncodedLen returns the length of WAV-encoded audio captcha.

func (*Audio) WriteTo

func (a *Audio) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)

WriteTo writes captcha audio in WAVE format into the given io.Writer, and returns the number of bytes written and an error if any.

type Image struct {
    *image.Paletted
    // contains unexported fields
}

func NewImage

func NewImage(digits []byte, width, height int) *Image

NewImage returns a new captcha image of the given width and height with the given digits, where each digit must be in range 0-9.

func (*Image) WriteTo

func (m *Image) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (int64, error)

WriteTo writes captcha image in PNG format into the given writer.

type Store interface {
    // Set sets the digits for the captcha id.
    Set(id string, digits []byte)

    // Get returns stored digits for the captcha id. Clear indicates
    // whether the captcha must be deleted from the store.
    Get(id string, clear bool) (digits []byte)
}

An object implementing Store interface can be registered with SetCustomStore function to handle storage and retrieval of captcha ids and solutions for them, replacing the default memory store.

It is the responsibility of an object to delete expired and used captchas when necessary (for example, the default memory store collects them in Set method after the certain amount of captchas has been stored.)

func NewMemoryStore

func NewMemoryStore(collectNum int, expiration time.Duration) Store

NewMemoryStore returns a new standard memory store for captchas with the given collection threshold and expiration time in seconds. The returned store must be registered with SetCustomStore to replace the default one.

Bugs

• While Image conforms to io.WriterTo interface, its WriteTo method returns 0 instead of the actual bytes written because png.Encode doesn't report this.

Documentation

Overview

Package captcha implements generation and verification of image and audio CAPTCHAs.

A captcha solution is the sequence of digits 0-9 with the defined length. There are two captcha representations: image and audio.

An image representation is a PNG-encoded image with the solution printed on it in such a way that makes it hard for computers to solve it using OCR.

An audio representation is a WAVE-encoded (8 kHz unsigned 8-bit) sound with the spoken solution (currently in English, Russian, and Chinese). To make it hard for computers to solve audio captcha, the voice that pronounces numbers has random speed and pitch, and there is a randomly generated background noise mixed into the sound.

This package doesn't require external files or libraries to generate captcha representations; it is self-contained.

To make captchas one-time, the package includes a memory storage that stores captcha ids, their solutions, and expiration time. Used captchas are removed from the store immediately after calling Verify or VerifyString, while unused captchas (user loaded a page with captcha, but didn't submit the form) are collected automatically after the predefined expiration time. Developers can also provide custom store (for example, which saves captcha ids and solutions in database) by implementing Store interface and registering the object with SetCustomStore.

Captchas are created by calling New, which returns the captcha id. Their representations, though, are created on-the-fly by calling WriteImage or WriteAudio functions. Created representations are not stored anywhere, so subsequent calls to these functions with the same id will write the same captcha solution, but with a different random representation. Reload function will create a new different solution for the provided captcha, allowing users to "reload" captcha if they can't solve the displayed one without reloading the whole page. Verify and VerifyString are used to verify that the given solution is the right one for the given captcha id.

Server provides an http.Handler which can serve image and audio representations of captchas automatically from the URL. It can also be used to reload captchas. Refer to Server function documentation for details, or take a look at the example in "capexample" subdirectory.

Index

• Constants
• Variables
• func Exists(id string) bool
• func New() string
• func NewLen(length int) (id string)
• func RandomDigits(length int) []byte
• func Reload(id string) bool
• func Server(imgWidth, imgHeight int) http.Handler
• func SetCustomStore(s Store)
• func Verify(id string, digits []byte) bool
• func VerifyString(id string, digits string) bool
• func WriteAudio(w io.Writer, id string, lang string) error
• func WriteImage(w io.Writer, id string, width, height int) error
• type Audio
  • func GetAudio(id string, lang string) (*Audio, error)
  • func NewAudio(digits []byte, lang string) *Audio
  • func (a *Audio) EncodedLen() int
  • func (a *Audio) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)
• type Image
  • func NewImage(digits []byte, width, height int) *Image
  • func (m *Image) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (int64, error)
• type Store
  • func NewMemoryStore(collectNum int, expiration time.Duration) Store
• Bugs

Constants

const (
	// Default number of digits in captcha solution.
	DefaultLen = 6
	// The number of captchas created that triggers garbage collection used
	// by default store.
	CollectNum = 100
	// Expiration time of captchas used by default store.
	Expiration = 10 * time.Minute
)

const (
	// Standard width and height of a captcha image.
	StdWidth  = 200
	StdHeight = 80
)

Variables

var (
	ErrNotFound = errors.New("captcha: id not found")
)

Functions

func Exists

func Exists(id string) bool

func New

func New() string

New creates a new captcha with the standard length, saves it in the internal storage and returns its id.

func NewLen

func NewLen(length int) (id string)

NewLen is just like New, but accepts length of a captcha solution as the argument.

func RandomDigits

func RandomDigits(length int) []byte

RandomDigits returns a byte slice of the given length containing pseudorandom numbers in range 0-9. The slice can be used as a captcha solution.

func Reload

func Reload(id string) bool

Reload generates and remembers new digits for the given captcha id. This function returns false if there is no captcha with the given id.

After calling this function, the image or audio presented to a user must be refreshed to show the new captcha representation (WriteImage and WriteAudio will write the new one).

func Server

func Server(imgWidth, imgHeight int) http.Handler

Server returns a handler that serves HTTP requests with image or audio representations of captchas. Image dimensions are accepted as arguments. The server decides which captcha to serve based on the last URL path component: file name part must contain a captcha id, file extension — its format (PNG or WAV).

For example, for file name "LBm5vMjHDtdUfaWYXiQX.png" it serves an image captcha with id "LBm5vMjHDtdUfaWYXiQX", and for "LBm5vMjHDtdUfaWYXiQX.wav" it serves the same captcha in audio format.

To serve a captcha as a downloadable file, the URL must be constructed in such a way as if the file to serve is in the "download" subdirectory: "/download/LBm5vMjHDtdUfaWYXiQX.wav".

To reload captcha (get a different solution for the same captcha id), append "?reload=x" to URL, where x may be anything (for example, current time or a random number to make browsers refetch an image instead of loading it from cache).

By default, the Server serves audio in English language. To serve audio captcha in one of the other supported languages, append "lang" value, for example, "?lang=ru".

func SetCustomStore

func SetCustomStore(s Store)

SetCustomStore sets custom storage for captchas, replacing the default memory store. This function must be called before generating any captchas.

func Verify

func Verify(id string, digits []byte) bool

Verify returns true if the given digits are the ones that were used to create the given captcha id.

The function deletes the captcha with the given id from the internal storage, so that the same captcha can't be verified anymore.

func VerifyString

func VerifyString(id string, digits string) bool

VerifyString is like Verify, but accepts a string of digits. It removes spaces and commas from the string, but any other characters, apart from digits and listed above, will cause the function to return false.

func WriteAudio

func WriteAudio(w io.Writer, id string, lang string) error

WriteAudio writes WAV-encoded audio representation of the captcha with the given id and the given language. If there are no sounds for the given language, English is used.

func WriteImage

func WriteImage(w io.Writer, id string, width, height int) error

WriteImage writes PNG-encoded image representation of the captcha with the given id. The image will have the given width and height.

Types

type Audio

type Audio struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

func GetAudio

func GetAudio(id string, lang string) (*Audio, error)

func NewAudio

func NewAudio(digits []byte, lang string) *Audio

NewImage returns a new audio captcha with the given digits, where each digit must be in range 0-9. Digits are pronounced in the given language. If there are no sounds for the given language, English is used.

Possible values for lang are "en", "ru", "zh".

func (*Audio) EncodedLen

func (a *Audio) EncodedLen() int

EncodedLen returns the length of WAV-encoded audio captcha.

func (*Audio) WriteTo

func (a *Audio) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)

WriteTo writes captcha audio in WAVE format into the given io.Writer, and returns the number of bytes written and an error if any.

type Image

type Image struct {
	*image.Paletted
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

func NewImage

func NewImage(digits []byte, width, height int) *Image

NewImage returns a new captcha image of the given width and height with the given digits, where each digit must be in range 0-9.

func (*Image) WriteTo

func (m *Image) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (int64, error)

WriteTo writes captcha image in PNG format into the given writer.

type Store

type Store interface {
	// Set sets the digits for the captcha id.
	Set(id string, digits []byte)

	// Get returns stored digits for the captcha id. Clear indicates
	// whether the captcha must be deleted from the store.
	Get(id string, clear bool) (digits []byte)
	Exists(id string) bool
}

An object implementing Store interface can be registered with SetCustomStore function to handle storage and retrieval of captcha ids and solutions for them, replacing the default memory store.

It is the responsibility of an object to delete expired and used captchas when necessary (for example, the default memory store collects them in Set method after the certain amount of captchas has been stored.)

func NewMemoryStore

func NewMemoryStore(collectNum int, expiration time.Duration) Store

NewMemoryStore returns a new standard memory store for captchas with the given collection threshold and expiration time (duration). The returned store must be registered with SetCustomStore to replace the default one.

Notes

Bugs

• While Image conforms to io.WriterTo interface, its WriteTo method returns 0 instead of the actual bytes written because png.Encode doesn't report this.