galaxycache

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 Go to latest Published: Apr 9, 2024 License: Apache-2.0 Imports: 18 Imported by: 2

README

galaxycache

Build Status

galaxycache is a caching and cache-filling library, adapted from groupcache, intended as a replacement for memcached in many cases.

For API docs and examples, see http://godoc.org/github.com/vimeo/galaxycache

Quick Start

Initializing a peer
// Generate the protocol for this peer to Fetch from others with (package includes HTTP and gRPC)
grpcProto := NewGRPCFetchProtocol(grpc.WithInsecure())

// HTTP protocol as an alternative (passing the nil argument ensures use of the default basepath
// and opencensus Transport as an http.RoundTripper)
httpProto := NewHTTPFetchProtocol(nil)

// Create a new Universe with the chosen peer connection protocol and the URL of this process
u := NewUniverse(grpcProto, "my-url")

// Set the Universe's list of peer addresses for the distributed cache
u.Set("peer1-url", "peer2-url", "peer3-url")

// Define a BackendGetter (here as a function) for retrieving data
getter := GetterFunc(func(ctx context.Context, key string, dest Codec) error {
   // Define your method for retrieving non-cached data here, i.e. from a database
})

// Create a new Galaxy within the Universe with a name, the max capacity of cache space you would
// like to allocate, and your BackendGetter
g := u.NewGalaxy("galaxy-1", 1 << 20, getter)

// In order to receive Fetch requests from peers over HTTP or gRPC, we must register this universe
// to handle those requests

// gRPC Server registration (note: you must create the server with an ocgrpc.ServerHandler for
// opencensus metrics to propogate properly)
grpcServer := grpc.NewServer(grpc.StatsHandler(&ocgrpc.ServerHandler{}))
RegisterGRPCServer(u, grpcServer)

// HTTP Handler registration (passing nil for the second argument will ensure use of the default 
// basepath, passing nil for the third argument will ensure use of the DefaultServeMux wrapped 
// by opencensus)
RegisterHTTPHandler(u, nil, nil)

// Refer to the http/grpc godocs for information on how to serve using the registered HTTP handler
// or gRPC server, respectively:
// HTTP: https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Handler
// gRPC: https://godoc.org/google.golang.org/grpc#Server
Getting a value
// Create a Codec for unmarshaling data into your format of choice - the package includes 
// implementations for []byte and string formats, and the protocodec subpackage includes the 
// protobuf adapter
sCodec := StringCodec{}

// Call Get on the Galaxy to retrieve data and unmarshal it into your Codec
ctx := context.Background()
err := g.Get(ctx, "my-key", &sCodec)
if err != nil {
   // handle if Get returns an error
}

// Shutdown all open connections between peers before killing the process
u.Shutdown()

Concepts and Glossary

Consistent hash determines authority

A consistent hashing algorithm determines the sharding of keys across peers in galaxycache. Further reading can be found here and here.

Universe

To keep galaxycache instances non-global (i.e. for multithreaded testing), a Universe object contains all of the moving parts of the cache, including the logic for connecting to peers, consistent hashing, and maintaining the set of galaxies.

Galaxy

A Galaxy is a grouping of keys based on a category determined by the user. For example, you might have a galaxy for Users and a galaxy for Video Metadata; those data types may require different fetching protocols on the backend -- separating them into different Galaxies allows for this flexibility.

Each Galaxy contains its own cache space. The cache is immutable; all cache population and eviction is handled by internal logic.

Maincache vs Hotcache

The cache within each galaxy is divided into a "maincache" and a "hotcache".

The "maincache" contains data that the local process is authoritative over. The maincache is always populated whenever data is fetched from the backend (with a LRU eviction policy).

In order to eliminate network hops, a portion of the cache space in each process is reserved for especially popular keys that the local process is not authoritative over. By default, this "hotcache" is populated by a key and its associated data by means of a requests-per-second metric. The logic for hotcache promotion can be configured by implementing a custom solution with the ShouldPromote.Interface.

Step-by-Step Breakdown of a Get()

galaxycache Caching Example Diagram

When Get is called for a key in a Galaxy in some process called Process_A:

  1. The local cache (both maincache and hotcache) in Process_A is checked first
  2. On a cache miss, the PeerPicker object delegates to the peer authoritative over the requested key
  3. Depends on which peer is authoritative over this key...
  • If the Process_A is the authority:
    • Process_A uses its BackendGetter to get the data, and populates its local maincache
  • If Process_A is not the authority:
    • Process_A calls Fetch on the authoritative remote peer, Process_B (method determined by FetchProtocol)
    • Process_B then performs a Get to either find the data from its own local cache or use the specified BackendGetter to get the data from elsewhere, such as by querying a database
    • Process_B populates its maincache with the data before serving it back to Process_A
    • Process_A determines whether the key is hot enough to promote to the hotcache
      • If it is, then the hotcache for Process_A is populated with the key/data
  1. The data is unmarshaled into the Codec passed into Get

Changes from groupcache

Our changes include the following:

  • Overhauled API to improve usability and configurability
  • Improvements to testing by removing global state
  • Improvement to connection efficiency between peers with the addition of gRPC
  • Added a Promoter.Interface for choosing which keys get hotcached
  • Made some core functionality more generic (e.g. replaced the Sink object with a Codec marshaler interface, removed Byteview)
New architecture and API
No more global state
  • Removed all global variables to allow for multithreaded testing by implementing a Universe container that holds the [Galaxies] (previously a global groups map) and PeerPicker (part of what used to be HTTPPool)
  • Added methods to Universe to allow for simpler handling of most galaxycache operations (setting Peers, instantiating a Picker, etc)
New structure for fetching from peers (with gRPC support)
A smarter Hotcache with configurable promotion logic
  • New default promotion logic uses key access statistics tied to every key to make decisions about populating the hotcache
  • Promoter package provides a ShouldPromote.Interface for creating your own method to determine whether a key should be added to the hotcache
  • Newly added candidate cache keeps track of peer-owned keys (without associated data) that have not yet been promoted to the hotcache
  • Provided variadic options for Galaxy construction to override default promotion logic (with your promoter, max number of candidates, and relative hotcache size to maincache)

Comparison to memcached

See: https://github.com/golang/groupcache/blob/master/README.md

Help

Use the golang-nuts mailing list for any discussion or questions.

Documentation

Overview

Package galaxycache provides a data loading mechanism with caching and de-duplication that works across a set of peer processes.

Each data Get first consults its local cache, otherwise delegates to the requested key's canonical owner, which then checks its cache or finally gets the data. In the common case, many concurrent cache misses across a set of peers for the same key result in just one cache fill.

Index

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

View Source 
var (
	MGets              = stats.Int64("galaxycache/gets", "The number of Get requests", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MLoads             = stats.Int64("galaxycache/loads", "The number of gets/cacheHits", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MLoadErrors        = stats.Int64("galaxycache/loads_errors", "The number of errors encountered during Get", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MCacheHits         = stats.Int64("galaxycache/cache_hits", "The number of times that the cache was hit", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MPeerLoads         = stats.Int64("galaxycache/peer_loads", "The number of remote loads or remote cache hits", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MPeerLoadErrors    = stats.Int64("galaxycache/peer_errors", "The number of remote errors", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MBackendLoads      = stats.Int64("galaxycache/backend_loads", "The number of successful loads from the backend getter", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MBackendLoadErrors = stats.Int64("galaxycache/local_load_errors", "The number of failed backend loads", stats.UnitDimensionless)

	MCoalescedLoads        = stats.Int64("galaxycache/coalesced_loads", "The number of loads coalesced by singleflight", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MCoalescedCacheHits    = stats.Int64("galaxycache/coalesced_cache_hits", "The number of coalesced times that the cache was hit", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MCoalescedPeerLoads    = stats.Int64("galaxycache/coalesced_peer_loads", "The number of coalesced remote loads or remote cache hits", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MCoalescedBackendLoads = stats.Int64("galaxycache/coalesced_backend_loads", "The number of coalesced successful loads from the backend getter", stats.UnitDimensionless)

	MServerRequests = stats.Int64("galaxycache/server_requests", "The number of Gets that came over the network from peers", stats.UnitDimensionless)
	MKeyLength      = stats.Int64("galaxycache/key_length", "The length of keys", stats.UnitBytes)
	MValueLength    = stats.Int64("galaxycache/value_length", "The length of values", stats.UnitBytes)

	MRoundtripLatencyMilliseconds = stats.Float64("galaxycache/roundtrip_latency", "Roundtrip latency in milliseconds", stats.UnitMilliseconds)

	MCacheSize    = stats.Int64("galaxycache/cache_bytes", "The number of bytes used for storing Keys and Values in the cache", stats.UnitBytes)
	MCacheEntries = stats.Int64("galaxycache/cache_entries", "The number of entries in the cache", stats.UnitDimensionless)

	MGetterFuncLatencyMilliseconds = stats.Float64("galaxycache/getterfunc_latency", "Local getter function latency in milliseconds", stats.UnitMilliseconds)
)

Opencensus stats

View Source 
var (
	// GalaxyKey tags the name of the galaxy
	GalaxyKey = tag.MustNewKey("galaxy")

	// CacheLevelKey tags the level at which data was found on Get
	CacheLevelKey = tag.MustNewKey("cache-hit-level")

	// CacheTypeKey tags the galaxy sub-cache the metric applies to
	CacheTypeKey = tag.MustNewKey("cache-type")
)
View Source 
var AllViews = []*view.View{
	{Measure: MGets, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MLoads, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MCacheHits, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey, CacheLevelKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MPeerLoads, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MPeerLoadErrors, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MBackendLoads, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MBackendLoadErrors, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},

	{Measure: MCoalescedLoads, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MCoalescedCacheHits, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey, CacheLevelKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MCoalescedPeerLoads, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MCoalescedBackendLoads, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},

	{Measure: MServerRequests, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: view.Count()},
	{Measure: MKeyLength, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: defaultBytesDistribution},
	{Measure: MValueLength, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: defaultBytesDistribution},

	{Measure: MRoundtripLatencyMilliseconds, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: defaultMillisecondsDistribution},
	{Measure: MCacheSize, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey, CacheTypeKey}, Aggregation: view.LastValue()},
	{Measure: MCacheEntries, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey, CacheTypeKey}, Aggregation: view.LastValue()},

	{Measure: MGetterFuncLatencyMilliseconds, TagKeys: []tag.Key{GalaxyKey}, Aggregation: defaultMillisecondsDistribution},
}

AllViews is a slice of default views for people to use

Functions

This section is empty.

Types

type AtomicInt 

type AtomicInt struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

An AtomicInt is an int64 to be accessed atomically. It thinly wraps atomic.Int64 with go1.19+

func (*AtomicInt) Add 

func (i *AtomicInt) Add(n int64)

Add atomically adds n to i.

func (*AtomicInt) Get 

func (i *AtomicInt) Get() int64

Get atomically gets the value of i.

func (*AtomicInt) String 

func (i *AtomicInt) String() string

type BackendGetter 

type BackendGetter interface {
	// Get populates dest with the value identified by key
	//
	// The returned data must be unversioned. That is, key must
	// uniquely describe the loaded data, without an implicit
	// current time, and without relying on cache expiration
	// mechanisms.
	Get(ctx context.Context, key string, dest Codec) error
}

A BackendGetter loads data for a key.

type ByteCodec 

type ByteCodec []byte

ByteCodec is a byte slice type that implements Codec

func (*ByteCodec) MarshalBinary 

func (c *ByteCodec) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error)

MarshalBinary on a ByteCodec returns the bytes

func (*ByteCodec) UnmarshalBinary 

func (c *ByteCodec) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error

UnmarshalBinary on a ByteCodec sets the ByteCodec to a copy of the provided data

type CacheStats 

type CacheStats struct {
	Bytes     int64
	Items     int64
	Gets      int64
	Hits      int64
	Evictions int64
}

CacheStats are returned by stats accessors on Galaxy.

type CacheType 

type CacheType uint8

CacheType represents a type of cache. 

const (
	// MainCache is the cache for items that this peer is the
	// owner of.
	MainCache CacheType = iota + 1

	// HotCache is the cache for items that seem popular
	// enough to replicate to this node, even though it's not the
	// owner.
	HotCache

	// CandidateCache is the cache for peer-owned keys that
	// may become popular enough to put in the HotCache
	CandidateCache
)

func (CacheType) String 

func (i CacheType) String() string

type Codec 

type Codec interface {
	MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error)
	UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error
}

Codec includes both the BinaryMarshaler and BinaryUnmarshaler interfaces

type CopyingByteCodec 

type CopyingByteCodec []byte

CopyingByteCodec is a byte slice type that implements Codec and returns a copy of the bytes when marshaled

func (*CopyingByteCodec) MarshalBinary 

func (c *CopyingByteCodec) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error)

MarshalBinary on a CopyingByteCodec returns a copy of the bytes

func (*CopyingByteCodec) UnmarshalBinary 

func (c *CopyingByteCodec) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error

UnmarshalBinary on a CopyingByteCodec sets the ByteCodec to a copy of the provided data

type FetchProtocol 

type FetchProtocol interface {
	// NewFetcher instantiates the connection between the current and a
	// remote peer and returns a RemoteFetcher to be used for fetching
	// data from that peer
	NewFetcher(url string) (RemoteFetcher, error)
}

FetchProtocol defines the chosen fetching protocol to peers (namely HTTP or GRPC) and implements the instantiation method for that connection (creating a new RemoteFetcher)

type Galaxy 

type Galaxy struct {

	// Stats are statistics on the galaxy.
	Stats GalaxyStats
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A Galaxy is a cache namespace and associated data spread over a group of 1 or more machines.

func (*Galaxy) CacheStats 

func (g *Galaxy) CacheStats(which CacheType) CacheStats

CacheStats returns stats about the provided cache within the galaxy.

func (*Galaxy) Get 

func (g *Galaxy) Get(ctx context.Context, key string, dest Codec) error

Get as defined here is the primary "get" called on a galaxy to find the value for the given key, using the following logic: - First, try the local cache; if its a cache hit, we're done - On a cache miss, search for which peer is the owner of the key based on the consistent hash - If a different peer is the owner, use the corresponding fetcher to Fetch from it; otherwise, if the calling instance is the key's canonical owner, call the BackendGetter to retrieve the value (which will now be cached locally)

func (*Galaxy) Name 

func (g *Galaxy) Name() string

Name returns the name of the galaxy.

type GalaxyOption 

type GalaxyOption interface {
	// contains filtered or unexported methods
}

GalaxyOption is an interface for implementing functional galaxy options

func WithClock 

func WithClock(clk clocks.Clock) GalaxyOption

WithClock lets one override the clock used internally for key-stats accounting (among other things).

func WithHotCacheRatio 

func WithHotCacheRatio(r int64) GalaxyOption

WithHotCacheRatio allows the client to specify a ratio for the main-to-hot cache sizes for the galaxy; defaults to 8:1

func WithIdleStatsAgeResetWindow 

func WithIdleStatsAgeResetWindow(age time.Duration) GalaxyOption

WithIdleStatsAgeResetWindow overrides the default interval after which a key that's been idle for a while gets its stats reset (such that that hit is recorded as if it were the first).

func WithMaxCandidates 

func WithMaxCandidates(n int) GalaxyOption

WithMaxCandidates allows the client to specify the size of the candidate cache by the max number of candidates held at one time; defaults to 100

func WithPromoter 

func WithPromoter(p promoter.Interface) GalaxyOption

WithPromoter allows the client to specify a promoter for the galaxy; defaults to a simple QPS comparison

type GalaxyStats 

type GalaxyStats struct {
	Gets              AtomicInt // any Get request, including from peers
	Loads             AtomicInt // (gets - cacheHits)
	CoalescedLoads    AtomicInt // inside singleflight
	MaincacheHits     AtomicInt // number of maincache hits
	HotcacheHits      AtomicInt // number of hotcache hits
	PeerLoads         AtomicInt // either remote load or remote cache hit (not an error)
	PeerLoadErrors    AtomicInt // errors on getFromPeer
	BackendLoads      AtomicInt // load from backend locally
	BackendLoadErrors AtomicInt // total bad local loads

	CoalescedMaincacheHits AtomicInt // maincache hit in singleflight
	CoalescedHotcacheHits  AtomicInt // hotcache hit in singleflight
	CoalescedPeerLoads     AtomicInt // peer load in singleflight
	CoalescedBackendLoads  AtomicInt // backend load in singleflight

	ServerRequests AtomicInt // gets that came over the network from peers
}

GalaxyStats are per-galaxy statistics.

type GetterFunc 

type GetterFunc func(ctx context.Context, key string, dest Codec) error

A GetterFunc implements BackendGetter with a function.

func (GetterFunc) Get 

func (f GetterFunc) Get(ctx context.Context, key string, dest Codec) error

Get implements Get from BackendGetter

type HCStatsWithTime 

type HCStatsWithTime struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

HCStatsWithTime includes a time stamp along with the hotcache stats to ensure updates happen no more than once per second

type HashOptions 

type HashOptions struct {
	// Replicas specifies the number of key replicas on the consistent hash.
	// If zero, it defaults to 50.
	Replicas int

	// HashFn specifies the hash function of the consistent hash.
	// If nil, it defaults to crc32.ChecksumIEEE.
	HashFn consistenthash.Hash
}

HashOptions specifies the the hash function and the number of replicas for consistent hashing

type NullFetchProtocol 

type NullFetchProtocol struct{}

NullFetchProtocol implements FetchProtocol, but always returns errors. (useful for unit-testing)

func (*NullFetchProtocol) NewFetcher 

func (n *NullFetchProtocol) NewFetcher(url string) (RemoteFetcher, error)

NewFetcher instantiates the connection between the current and a remote peer and returns a RemoteFetcher to be used for fetching data from that peer

type Peer 

type Peer struct {
	// Unique ID for this peer (e.g. in k8s may be a pod name)
	ID string
	// URI or URL that the registered PeerFetcher can connect to
	// URI should be a valid base URL,
	// for example "example.net:8000" or "10.32.54.231:8123".
	URI string
}

Peer is an ID and ip:port/url tuple for a specific peer

type PeerPicker 

type PeerPicker struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

PeerPicker is in charge of dealing with peers: it contains the hashing options (hash function and number of replicas), consistent hash map of peers, and a map of RemoteFetchers to those peers

type RemoteFetcher 

type RemoteFetcher interface {
	Fetch(context context.Context, galaxy string, key string) ([]byte, error)
	// Close closes a client-side connection (may be a nop)
	Close() error
}

RemoteFetcher is the interface that must be implemented to fetch from other peers; the PeerPicker contains a map of these fetchers corresponding to each other peer address

type StringCodec 

type StringCodec string

StringCodec is a string type that implements Codec

func (*StringCodec) MarshalBinary 

func (c *StringCodec) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error)

MarshalBinary on a StringCodec returns the bytes underlying the string

func (*StringCodec) UnmarshalBinary 

func (c *StringCodec) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error

UnmarshalBinary on a StringCodec sets the StringCodec to a stringified copy of the provided data

type Universe 

type Universe struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Universe defines the primary container for all galaxycache operations. It contains the galaxies and PeerPicker

func NewUniverse 

func NewUniverse(protocol FetchProtocol, selfID string, opts ...UniverseOpt) *Universe

NewUniverse is the main constructor for the Universe object. It is passed a FetchProtocol (to specify fetching via GRPC or HTTP) and its own URL along with options.

func NewUniverseWithOpts 

func NewUniverseWithOpts(protocol FetchProtocol, selfID string, options *HashOptions) *Universe

NewUniverseWithOpts is a deprecated constructor for the Universe object that defines a non-default hash function and number of replicas. Please use `NewUniverse` with the `WithHashOpts` option instead.

func (*Universe) AddPeer 

func (universe *Universe) AddPeer(peer Peer) error

AddPeer updates the Universe's list of peers to include the passed peer (contained in the PeerPicker). The Peer's URI value should be a valid base URL, while the ID may be anything that's unique, for example "example.net:8000". If Set and AddPeer are mixed, the ID and URI fields must match.

func (*Universe) GetGalaxy 

func (universe *Universe) GetGalaxy(name string) *Galaxy

GetGalaxy returns the named galaxy previously created with NewGalaxy, or nil if there's no such galaxy.

func (*Universe) ListPeers 

func (universe *Universe) ListPeers() map[string]RemoteFetcher

ListPeers returns a map of remote fetchers keyed by Peer ID, useful for testing incremental changes to galaxycache peers.

func (*Universe) NewGalaxy 

func (universe *Universe) NewGalaxy(name string, cacheBytes int64, getter BackendGetter, opts ...GalaxyOption) *Galaxy

NewGalaxy creates a coordinated galaxy-aware BackendGetter from a BackendGetter.

The returned BackendGetter tries (but does not guarantee) to run only one Get is called once for a given key across an entire set of peer processes. Concurrent callers both in the local process and in other processes receive copies of the answer once the original Get completes.

The galaxy name must be unique for each BackendGetter.

func (*Universe) RemovePeers 

func (universe *Universe) RemovePeers(ids ...string) error

RemovePeers updates the Universe's list of peers to remove the passed peers IDs (contained in the PeerPicker). The arguments should match the ID field on SetPeers and AddPeers calls and the URLs passed to Set. unrecognized IDs are ignored

func (*Universe) Set 

func (universe *Universe) Set(peerURLs ...string) error

Set updates the Universe's list of peers (contained in the PeerPicker). Each PeerURL value should be a valid base URL, for example "example.net:8000". This is a compatibility wrapper around SetPeers which sets the ID and URI equal.

func (*Universe) SetIncludeSelf 

func (universe *Universe) SetIncludeSelf(incSelf bool)

SetIncludeSelf toggles the inclusion of the "self ID" for the universe in the PeerPicker's hash-ring

func (*Universe) SetPeers 

func (universe *Universe) SetPeers(peers ...Peer) error

SetPeers updates the Universe's list of peers (contained in the PeerPicker). Each Peer's URI value should be a valid base URL, while the ID may be anything that's unique, for example "example.net:8000". If Set and SetPeers are mixed, the ID and URI fields must match.

func (*Universe) Shutdown 

func (universe *Universe) Shutdown() error

Shutdown closes all open fetcher connections

type UniverseOpt 

type UniverseOpt func(*universeOpts)

UniverseOpt is a functional Universe option.

func WithHashOpts 

func WithHashOpts(hashOpts *HashOptions) UniverseOpt

WithHashOpts sets the HashOptions on a universe.

func WithRecorder 

func WithRecorder(recorder stats.Recorder) UniverseOpt

WithRecorder allows you to override the default stats.Recorder used for stats.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package consistenthash provides an implementation of a ring hash.
 Package consistenthash provides an implementation of a ring hash.
Package lru implements an LRU cache.
 Package lru implements an LRU cache.
internal/testpb
internal/testpbv2
Package singleflight provides a duplicate function call suppression mechanism.
 Package singleflight provides a duplicate function call suppression mechanism.

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