bytes

package
v0.0.0-...-9ea5951 Latest Latest
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 Go to latest Published: Nov 16, 2020 License: BSD-3-Clause Imports: 5 Imported by: 0

Documentation

Overview

Package bytes implements functions for the manipulation of byte slices. It is analogous to the facilities of the strings package.

Index

Examples

Constants

View Source 
const MinRead = 512

MinRead is the minimum slice size passed to a Read call by Buffer.ReadFrom. As long as the Buffer has at least MinRead bytes beyond what is required to hold the contents of r, ReadFrom will not grow the underlying buffer.

Variables

View Source 
var ErrTooLarge = errors.New("bytes.Buffer: too large")

ErrTooLarge is passed to panic if memory cannot be allocated to store data in a buffer.

Functions

func Compare 

func Compare(a, b []byte) int

Compare returns an integer comparing two byte slices lexicographically. The result will be 0 if a==b, -1 if a < b, and +1 if a > b. A nil argument is equivalent to an empty slice.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
)

func main() {
	// Interpret Compare's result by comparing it to zero.
	var a, b []byte
	if bytes.Compare(a, b) < 0 {
		// a less b
	}
	if bytes.Compare(a, b) <= 0 {
		// a less or equal b
	}
	if bytes.Compare(a, b) > 0 {
		// a greater b
	}
	if bytes.Compare(a, b) >= 0 {
		// a greater or equal b
	}

	// Prefer Equal to Compare for equality comparisons.
	if bytes.Equal(a, b) {
		// a equal b
	}
	if !bytes.Equal(a, b) {
		// a not equal b
	}
}

Output:

func Contains 

func Contains(b, subslice []byte) bool

Contains reports whether subslice is within b.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.Contains([]byte("seafood"), []byte("foo")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.Contains([]byte("seafood"), []byte("bar")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.Contains([]byte("seafood"), []byte("")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.Contains([]byte(""), []byte("")))
}

Output:

true
false
true
true

func ContainsAny 

func ContainsAny(b []byte, chars string) bool

ContainsAny reports whether any of the UTF-8-encoded code points in chars are within b.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsAny([]byte("I like seafood."), "fÄo!"))
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsAny([]byte("I like seafood."), "去是伟大的."))
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsAny([]byte("I like seafood."), ""))
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsAny([]byte(""), ""))
}

Output:

true
true
false
false

func ContainsRune 

func ContainsRune(b []byte, r rune) bool

ContainsRune reports whether the rune is contained in the UTF-8-encoded byte slice b.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsRune([]byte("I like seafood."), 'f'))
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsRune([]byte("I like seafood."), 'ö'))
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsRune([]byte("去是伟大的!"), '大'))
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsRune([]byte("去是伟大的!"), '!'))
	fmt.Println(bytes.ContainsRune([]byte(""), '@'))
}

Output:

true
false
true
true
false

func Count 

func Count(s, sep []byte) int

Count counts the number of non-overlapping instances of sep in s. If sep is an empty slice, Count returns 1 + the number of UTF-8-encoded code points in s.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.Count([]byte("cheese"), []byte("e")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.Count([]byte("five"), []byte(""))) // before & after each rune
}

Output:

3
5

func Equal 

func Equal(a, b []byte) bool

Equal returns a boolean reporting whether a and b are the same length and contain the same bytes. A nil argument is equivalent to an empty slice.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.Equal([]byte("Go"), []byte("Go")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.Equal([]byte("Go"), []byte("C++")))
}

Output:

true
false

func EqualFold 

func EqualFold(s, t []byte) bool

EqualFold reports whether s and t, interpreted as UTF-8 strings, are equal under Unicode case-folding.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.EqualFold([]byte("Go"), []byte("go")))
}

Output:

true

func Fields 

func Fields(s []byte) [][]byte

Fields interprets s as a sequence of UTF-8-encoded code points. It splits the slice s around each instance of one or more consecutive white space characters, as defined by unicode.IsSpace, returning a slice of subslices of s or an empty slice if s contains only white space.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("Fields are: %q", bytes.Fields([]byte("  foo bar  baz   ")))
}

Output:

Fields are: ["foo" "bar" "baz"]

func FieldsFunc 

func FieldsFunc(s []byte, f func(rune) bool) [][]byte

FieldsFunc interprets s as a sequence of UTF-8-encoded code points. It splits the slice s at each run of code points c satisfying f(c) and returns a slice of subslices of s. If all code points in s satisfy f(c), or len(s) == 0, an empty slice is returned. FieldsFunc makes no guarantees about the order in which it calls f(c). If f does not return consistent results for a given c, FieldsFunc may crash.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"unicode"
)

func main() {
	f := func(c rune) bool {
		return !unicode.IsLetter(c) && !unicode.IsNumber(c)
	}
	fmt.Printf("Fields are: %q", bytes.FieldsFunc([]byte("  foo1;bar2,baz3..."), f))
}

Output:

Fields are: ["foo1" "bar2" "baz3"]

func HasPrefix 

func HasPrefix(s, prefix []byte) bool

HasPrefix tests whether the byte slice s begins with prefix.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.HasPrefix([]byte("Gopher"), []byte("Go")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.HasPrefix([]byte("Gopher"), []byte("C")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.HasPrefix([]byte("Gopher"), []byte("")))
}

Output:

true
false
true

func HasSuffix 

func HasSuffix(s, suffix []byte) bool

HasSuffix tests whether the byte slice s ends with suffix.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.HasSuffix([]byte("Amigo"), []byte("go")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.HasSuffix([]byte("Amigo"), []byte("O")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.HasSuffix([]byte("Amigo"), []byte("Ami")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.HasSuffix([]byte("Amigo"), []byte("")))
}

Output:

true
false
false
true

func Index 

func Index(s, sep []byte) int

Index returns the index of the first instance of sep in s, or -1 if sep is not present in s.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.Index([]byte("chicken"), []byte("ken")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.Index([]byte("chicken"), []byte("dmr")))
}

Output:

4
-1

func IndexAny 

func IndexAny(s []byte, chars string) int

IndexAny interprets s as a sequence of UTF-8-encoded Unicode code points. It returns the byte index of the first occurrence in s of any of the Unicode code points in chars. It returns -1 if chars is empty or if there is no code point in common.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.IndexAny([]byte("chicken"), "aeiouy"))
	fmt.Println(bytes.IndexAny([]byte("crwth"), "aeiouy"))
}

Output:

2
-1

func IndexByte 

func IndexByte(b []byte, c byte) int

IndexByte returns the index of the first instance of c in b, or -1 if c is not present in b.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.IndexByte([]byte("chicken"), byte('k')))
	fmt.Println(bytes.IndexByte([]byte("chicken"), byte('g')))
}

Output:

4
-1

func IndexFunc 

func IndexFunc(s []byte, f func(r rune) bool) int

IndexFunc interprets s as a sequence of UTF-8-encoded code points. It returns the byte index in s of the first Unicode code point satisfying f(c), or -1 if none do.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"unicode"
)

func main() {
	f := func(c rune) bool {
		return unicode.Is(unicode.Han, c)
	}
	fmt.Println(bytes.IndexFunc([]byte("Hello, 世界"), f))
	fmt.Println(bytes.IndexFunc([]byte("Hello, world"), f))
}

Output:

7
-1

func IndexRune 

func IndexRune(s []byte, r rune) int

IndexRune interprets s as a sequence of UTF-8-encoded code points. It returns the byte index of the first occurrence in s of the given rune. It returns -1 if rune is not present in s. If r is utf8.RuneError, it returns the first instance of any invalid UTF-8 byte sequence.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.IndexRune([]byte("chicken"), 'k'))
	fmt.Println(bytes.IndexRune([]byte("chicken"), 'd'))
}

Output:

4
-1

func Join 

func Join(s [][]byte, sep []byte) []byte

Join concatenates the elements of s to create a new byte slice. The separator sep is placed between elements in the resulting slice.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	s := [][]byte{[]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), []byte("baz")}
	fmt.Printf("%s", bytes.Join(s, []byte(", ")))
}

Output:

foo, bar, baz

func LastIndex 

func LastIndex(s, sep []byte) int

LastIndex returns the index of the last instance of sep in s, or -1 if sep is not present in s.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.Index([]byte("go gopher"), []byte("go")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndex([]byte("go gopher"), []byte("go")))
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndex([]byte("go gopher"), []byte("rodent")))
}

Output:

0
3
-1

func LastIndexAny 

func LastIndexAny(s []byte, chars string) int

LastIndexAny interprets s as a sequence of UTF-8-encoded Unicode code points. It returns the byte index of the last occurrence in s of any of the Unicode code points in chars. It returns -1 if chars is empty or if there is no code point in common.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexAny([]byte("go gopher"), "MüQp"))
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexAny([]byte("go 地鼠"), "地大"))
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexAny([]byte("go gopher"), "z,!."))
}

Output:

5
3
-1

func LastIndexByte 

func LastIndexByte(s []byte, c byte) int

LastIndexByte returns the index of the last instance of c in s, or -1 if c is not present in s.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexByte([]byte("go gopher"), byte('g')))
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexByte([]byte("go gopher"), byte('r')))
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexByte([]byte("go gopher"), byte('z')))
}

Output:

3
8
-1

func LastIndexFunc 

func LastIndexFunc(s []byte, f func(r rune) bool) int

LastIndexFunc interprets s as a sequence of UTF-8-encoded code points. It returns the byte index in s of the last Unicode code point satisfying f(c), or -1 if none do.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"unicode"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexFunc([]byte("go gopher!"), unicode.IsLetter))
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexFunc([]byte("go gopher!"), unicode.IsPunct))
	fmt.Println(bytes.LastIndexFunc([]byte("go gopher!"), unicode.IsNumber))
}

Output:

8
9
-1

func Map 

func Map(mapping func(r rune) rune, s []byte) []byte

Map returns a copy of the byte slice s with all its characters modified according to the mapping function. If mapping returns a negative value, the character is dropped from the byte slice with no replacement. The characters in s and the output are interpreted as UTF-8-encoded code points.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	rot13 := func(r rune) rune {
		switch {
		case r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z':
			return 'A' + (r-'A'+13)%26
		case r >= 'a' && r <= 'z':
			return 'a' + (r-'a'+13)%26
		}
		return r
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s", bytes.Map(rot13, []byte("'Twas brillig and the slithy gopher...")))
}

Output:

'Gjnf oevyyvt naq gur fyvgul tbcure...

func Repeat 

func Repeat(b []byte, count int) []byte

Repeat returns a new byte slice consisting of count copies of b.

It panics if count is negative or if the result of (len(b) * count) overflows.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("ba%s", bytes.Repeat([]byte("na"), 2))
}

Output:

banana

func Replace 

func Replace(s, old, new []byte, n int) []byte

Replace returns a copy of the slice s with the first n non-overlapping instances of old replaced by new. If old is empty, it matches at the beginning of the slice and after each UTF-8 sequence, yielding up to k+1 replacements for a k-rune slice. If n < 0, there is no limit on the number of replacements.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bytes.Replace([]byte("oink oink oink"), []byte("k"), []byte("ky"), 2))
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bytes.Replace([]byte("oink oink oink"), []byte("oink"), []byte("moo"), -1))
}

Output:

oinky oinky oink
moo moo moo

func ReplaceAll 

func ReplaceAll(s, old, new []byte) []byte

ReplaceAll returns a copy of the slice s with all non-overlapping instances of old replaced by new. If old is empty, it matches at the beginning of the slice and after each UTF-8 sequence, yielding up to k+1 replacements for a k-rune slice.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bytes.ReplaceAll([]byte("oink oink oink"), []byte("oink"), []byte("moo")))
}

Output:

moo moo moo

func Runes 

func Runes(s []byte) []rune

Runes interprets s as a sequence of UTF-8-encoded code points. It returns a slice of runes (Unicode code points) equivalent to s.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	rs := bytes.Runes([]byte("go gopher"))
	for _, r := range rs {
		fmt.Printf("%#U\n", r)
	}
}

Output:

U+0067 'g'
U+006F 'o'
U+0020 ' '
U+0067 'g'
U+006F 'o'
U+0070 'p'
U+0068 'h'
U+0065 'e'
U+0072 'r'

func Split 

func Split(s, sep []byte) [][]byte

Split slices s into all subslices separated by sep and returns a slice of the subslices between those separators. If sep is empty, Split splits after each UTF-8 sequence. It is equivalent to SplitN with a count of -1.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%q\n", bytes.Split([]byte("a,b,c"), []byte(",")))
	fmt.Printf("%q\n", bytes.Split([]byte("a man a plan a canal panama"), []byte("a ")))
	fmt.Printf("%q\n", bytes.Split([]byte(" xyz "), []byte("")))
	fmt.Printf("%q\n", bytes.Split([]byte(""), []byte("Bernardo O'Higgins")))
}

Output:

["a" "b" "c"]
["" "man " "plan " "canal panama"]
[" " "x" "y" "z" " "]
[""]

func SplitAfter 

func SplitAfter(s, sep []byte) [][]byte

SplitAfter slices s into all subslices after each instance of sep and returns a slice of those subslices. If sep is empty, SplitAfter splits after each UTF-8 sequence. It is equivalent to SplitAfterN with a count of -1.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%q\n", bytes.SplitAfter([]byte("a,b,c"), []byte(",")))
}

Output:

["a," "b," "c"]

func SplitAfterN 

func SplitAfterN(s, sep []byte, n int) [][]byte

SplitAfterN slices s into subslices after each instance of sep and returns a slice of those subslices. If sep is empty, SplitAfterN splits after each UTF-8 sequence. The count determines the number of subslices to return: 

n > 0: at most n subslices; the last subslice will be the unsplit remainder.
n == 0: the result is nil (zero subslices)
n < 0: all subslices
Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%q\n", bytes.SplitAfterN([]byte("a,b,c"), []byte(","), 2))
}

Output:

["a," "b,c"]

func SplitN 

func SplitN(s, sep []byte, n int) [][]byte

SplitN slices s into subslices separated by sep and returns a slice of the subslices between those separators. If sep is empty, SplitN splits after each UTF-8 sequence. The count determines the number of subslices to return: 

n > 0: at most n subslices; the last subslice will be the unsplit remainder.
n == 0: the result is nil (zero subslices)
n < 0: all subslices
Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%q\n", bytes.SplitN([]byte("a,b,c"), []byte(","), 2))
	z := bytes.SplitN([]byte("a,b,c"), []byte(","), 0)
	fmt.Printf("%q (nil = %v)\n", z, z == nil)
}

Output:

["a" "b,c"]
[] (nil = true)

func Title 

func Title(s []byte) []byte

Title treats s as UTF-8-encoded bytes and returns a copy with all Unicode letters that begin words mapped to their title case.

BUG(rsc): The rule Title uses for word boundaries does not handle Unicode punctuation properly.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%s", bytes.Title([]byte("her royal highness")))
}

Output:

Her Royal Highness

func ToLower 

func ToLower(s []byte) []byte

ToLower treats s as UTF-8-encoded bytes and returns a copy with all the Unicode letters mapped to their lower case.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%s", bytes.ToLower([]byte("Gopher")))
}

Output:

gopher

func ToLowerSpecial 

func ToLowerSpecial(c unicode.SpecialCase, s []byte) []byte

ToLowerSpecial treats s as UTF-8-encoded bytes and returns a copy with all the Unicode letters mapped to their lower case, giving priority to the special casing rules.

func ToTitle 

func ToTitle(s []byte) []byte

ToTitle treats s as UTF-8-encoded bytes and returns a copy with all the Unicode letters mapped to their title case.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bytes.ToTitle([]byte("loud noises")))
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bytes.ToTitle([]byte("хлеб")))
}

Output:

LOUD NOISES
ХЛЕБ

func ToTitleSpecial 

func ToTitleSpecial(c unicode.SpecialCase, s []byte) []byte

ToTitleSpecial treats s as UTF-8-encoded bytes and returns a copy with all the Unicode letters mapped to their title case, giving priority to the special casing rules.

func ToUpper 

func ToUpper(s []byte) []byte

ToUpper treats s as UTF-8-encoded bytes and returns a copy with all the Unicode letters within it mapped to their upper case.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%s", bytes.ToUpper([]byte("Gopher")))
}

Output:

GOPHER

func ToUpperSpecial 

func ToUpperSpecial(c unicode.SpecialCase, s []byte) []byte

ToUpperSpecial treats s as UTF-8-encoded bytes and returns a copy with all the Unicode letters mapped to their upper case, giving priority to the special casing rules.

func Trim 

func Trim(s []byte, cutset string) []byte

Trim returns a subslice of s by slicing off all leading and trailing UTF-8-encoded code points contained in cutset.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("[%q]", bytes.Trim([]byte(" !!! Achtung! Achtung! !!! "), "! "))
}

Output:

["Achtung! Achtung"]

func TrimFunc 

func TrimFunc(s []byte, f func(r rune) bool) []byte

TrimFunc returns a subslice of s by slicing off all leading and trailing UTF-8-encoded code points c that satisfy f(c).

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"unicode"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimFunc([]byte("go-gopher!"), unicode.IsLetter)))
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimFunc([]byte("\"go-gopher!\""), unicode.IsLetter)))
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimFunc([]byte("go-gopher!"), unicode.IsPunct)))
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimFunc([]byte("1234go-gopher!567"), unicode.IsNumber)))
}

Output:

-gopher!
"go-gopher!"
go-gopher
go-gopher!

func TrimLeft 

func TrimLeft(s []byte, cutset string) []byte

TrimLeft returns a subslice of s by slicing off all leading UTF-8-encoded code points contained in cutset.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Print(string(bytes.TrimLeft([]byte("453gopher8257"), "0123456789")))
}

Output:

gopher8257

func TrimLeftFunc 

func TrimLeftFunc(s []byte, f func(r rune) bool) []byte

TrimLeftFunc treats s as UTF-8-encoded bytes and returns a subslice of s by slicing off all leading UTF-8-encoded code points c that satisfy f(c).

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"unicode"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimLeftFunc([]byte("go-gopher"), unicode.IsLetter)))
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimLeftFunc([]byte("go-gopher!"), unicode.IsPunct)))
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimLeftFunc([]byte("1234go-gopher!567"), unicode.IsNumber)))
}

Output:

-gopher
go-gopher!
go-gopher!567

func TrimPrefix 

func TrimPrefix(s, prefix []byte) []byte

TrimPrefix returns s without the provided leading prefix string. If s doesn't start with prefix, s is returned unchanged.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	var b = []byte("Goodbye,, world!")
	b = bytes.TrimPrefix(b, []byte("Goodbye,"))
	b = bytes.TrimPrefix(b, []byte("See ya,"))
	fmt.Printf("Hello%s", b)
}

Output:

Hello, world!

func TrimRight 

func TrimRight(s []byte, cutset string) []byte

TrimRight returns a subslice of s by slicing off all trailing UTF-8-encoded code points that are contained in cutset.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Print(string(bytes.TrimRight([]byte("453gopher8257"), "0123456789")))
}

Output:

453gopher

func TrimRightFunc 

func TrimRightFunc(s []byte, f func(r rune) bool) []byte

TrimRightFunc returns a subslice of s by slicing off all trailing UTF-8-encoded code points c that satisfy f(c).

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"unicode"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimRightFunc([]byte("go-gopher"), unicode.IsLetter)))
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimRightFunc([]byte("go-gopher!"), unicode.IsPunct)))
	fmt.Println(string(bytes.TrimRightFunc([]byte("1234go-gopher!567"), unicode.IsNumber)))
}

Output:

go-
go-gopher
1234go-gopher!

func TrimSpace 

func TrimSpace(s []byte) []byte

TrimSpace returns a subslice of s by slicing off all leading and trailing white space, as defined by Unicode.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%s", bytes.TrimSpace([]byte(" \t\n a lone gopher \n\t\r\n")))
}

Output:

a lone gopher

func TrimSuffix 

func TrimSuffix(s, suffix []byte) []byte

TrimSuffix returns s without the provided trailing suffix string. If s doesn't end with suffix, s is returned unchanged.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	var b = []byte("Hello, goodbye, etc!")
	b = bytes.TrimSuffix(b, []byte("goodbye, etc!"))
	b = bytes.TrimSuffix(b, []byte("gopher"))
	b = append(b, bytes.TrimSuffix([]byte("world!"), []byte("x!"))...)
	os.Stdout.Write(b)
}

Output:

Hello, world!

Types

type Buffer 

type Buffer struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A Buffer is a variable-sized buffer of bytes with Read and Write methods. The zero value for Buffer is an empty buffer ready to use. Buffer 是可变大小的字节缓冲器，实现了 Read 和 Write 方法

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	var b bytes.Buffer // A Buffer needs no initialization.
	b.Write([]byte("Hello "))
	fmt.Fprintf(&b, "world!")
	b.WriteTo(os.Stdout)
}

Output:

Hello world!
Example (Reader) 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/base64"
	"io"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	// A Buffer can turn a string or a []byte into an io.Reader.
	buf := bytes.NewBufferString("R29waGVycyBydWxlIQ==")
	dec := base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, buf)
	io.Copy(os.Stdout, dec)
}

Output:

Gophers rule!

func NewBuffer 

func NewBuffer(buf []byte) *Buffer

NewBuffer creates and initializes a new Buffer using buf as its initial contents. The new Buffer takes ownership of buf, and the caller should not use buf after this call. NewBuffer is intended to prepare a Buffer to read existing data. It can also be used to set the initial size of the internal buffer for writing. To do that, buf should have the desired capacity but a length of zero.

In most cases, new(Buffer) (or just declaring a Buffer variable) is sufficient to initialize a Buffer. NewBuffer 新建一个 bytes.Buffer

func NewBufferString 

func NewBufferString(s string) *Buffer

NewBufferString creates and initializes a new Buffer using string s as its initial contents. It is intended to prepare a buffer to read an existing string.

In most cases, new(Buffer) (or just declaring a Buffer variable) is sufficient to initialize a Buffer. NewBufferString 新建一个 bytes.Buffer ，是以 string 作为参数

func (*Buffer) Bytes 

func (b *Buffer) Bytes() []byte

Bytes returns a slice of length b.Len() holding the unread portion of the buffer. The slice is valid for use only until the next buffer modification (that is, only until the next call to a method like Read, Write, Reset, or Truncate). The slice aliases the buffer content at least until the next buffer modification, so immediate changes to the slice will affect the result of future reads. Bytes 返回未读的字节

func (*Buffer) Cap 

func (b *Buffer) Cap() int

Cap returns the capacity of the buffer's underlying byte slice, that is, the total space allocated for the buffer's data. Cap 返回容量

func (*Buffer) Grow 

func (b *Buffer) Grow(n int)

Grow grows the buffer's capacity, if necessary, to guarantee space for another n bytes. After Grow(n), at least n bytes can be written to the buffer without another allocation. If n is negative, Grow will panic. If the buffer can't grow it will panic with ErrTooLarge. Grow 扩容

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	var b bytes.Buffer
	b.Grow(64)
	bb := b.Bytes()
	b.Write([]byte("64 bytes or fewer"))
	fmt.Printf("%q", bb[:b.Len()])
}

Output:

"64 bytes or fewer"

func (*Buffer) Len 

func (b *Buffer) Len() int

Len returns the number of bytes of the unread portion of the buffer; b.Len() == len(b.Bytes()). Len 返回未读字节数

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	var b bytes.Buffer
	b.Grow(64)
	b.Write([]byte("abcde"))
	fmt.Printf("%d", b.Len())
}

Output:

5

func (*Buffer) Next 

func (b *Buffer) Next(n int) []byte

Next returns a slice containing the next n bytes from the buffer, advancing the buffer as if the bytes had been returned by Read. If there are fewer than n bytes in the buffer, Next returns the entire buffer. The slice is only valid until the next call to a read or write method. Next 返回接下来的 n 个 byte

func (*Buffer) Read 

func (b *Buffer) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)

Read reads the next len(p) bytes from the buffer or until the buffer is drained. The return value n is the number of bytes read. If the buffer has no data to return, err is io.EOF (unless len(p) is zero); otherwise it is nil. Read 读取

func (*Buffer) ReadByte 

func (b *Buffer) ReadByte() (byte, error)

ReadByte reads and returns the next byte from the buffer. If no byte is available, it returns error io.EOF. ReadByte 读取 1 byte

func (*Buffer) ReadBytes 

func (b *Buffer) ReadBytes(delim byte) (line []byte, err error)

ReadBytes reads until the first occurrence of delim in the input, returning a slice containing the data up to and including the delimiter. If ReadBytes encounters an error before finding a delimiter, it returns the data read before the error and the error itself (often io.EOF). ReadBytes returns err != nil if and only if the returned data does not end in delim. ReadBytes 读取直到输入中第一次出现 delim 为止，包含 delim 。

func (*Buffer) ReadFrom 

func (b *Buffer) ReadFrom(r io.Reader) (n int64, err error)

ReadFrom reads data from r until EOF and appends it to the buffer, growing the buffer as needed. The return value n is the number of bytes read. Any error except io.EOF encountered during the read is also returned. If the buffer becomes too large, ReadFrom will panic with ErrTooLarge. ReadFrom 从 io.Reader 读取

func (*Buffer) ReadRune 

func (b *Buffer) ReadRune() (r rune, size int, err error)

ReadRune reads and returns the next UTF-8-encoded Unicode code point from the buffer. If no bytes are available, the error returned is io.EOF. If the bytes are an erroneous UTF-8 encoding, it consumes one byte and returns U+FFFD, 1. ReadRune 读取 1 rune

func (*Buffer) ReadString 

func (b *Buffer) ReadString(delim byte) (line string, err error)

ReadString reads until the first occurrence of delim in the input, returning a string containing the data up to and including the delimiter. If ReadString encounters an error before finding a delimiter, it returns the data read before the error and the error itself (often io.EOF). ReadString returns err != nil if and only if the returned data does not end in delim. ReadString 类似于 ReadBytes ，但是返回的是 string

func (*Buffer) Reset 

func (b *Buffer) Reset()

Reset resets the buffer to be empty, but it retains the underlying storage for use by future writes. Reset is the same as Truncate(0). Reset 重置

func (*Buffer) String 

func (b *Buffer) String() string

String returns the contents of the unread portion of the buffer as a string. If the Buffer is a nil pointer, it returns "<nil>".

To build strings more efficiently, see the strings.Builder type. String 返回未读的字节，转为字符串

func (*Buffer) Truncate 

func (b *Buffer) Truncate(n int)

Truncate discards all but the first n unread bytes from the buffer but continues to use the same allocated storage. It panics if n is negative or greater than the length of the buffer. Truncate 丢弃前 n 个未读字节

func (*Buffer) UnreadByte 

func (b *Buffer) UnreadByte() error

UnreadByte unreads the last byte returned by the most recent successful read operation that read at least one byte. If a write has happened since the last read, if the last read returned an error, or if the read read zero bytes, UnreadByte returns an error. UnreadByte 撤销上次 ReadByte

func (*Buffer) UnreadRune 

func (b *Buffer) UnreadRune() error

UnreadRune unreads the last rune returned by ReadRune. If the most recent read or write operation on the buffer was not a successful ReadRune, UnreadRune returns an error. (In this regard it is stricter than UnreadByte, which will unread the last byte from any read operation.) UnreadRune 撤销上次 ReadRune

func (*Buffer) Write 

func (b *Buffer) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)

Write appends the contents of p to the buffer, growing the buffer as needed. The return value n is the length of p; err is always nil. If the buffer becomes too large, Write will panic with ErrTooLarge. Write 写 []byte

func (*Buffer) WriteByte 

func (b *Buffer) WriteByte(c byte) error

WriteByte appends the byte c to the buffer, growing the buffer as needed. The returned error is always nil, but is included to match bufio.Writer's WriteByte. If the buffer becomes too large, WriteByte will panic with ErrTooLarge. WriteByte 写一个字节

func (*Buffer) WriteRune 

func (b *Buffer) WriteRune(r rune) (n int, err error)

WriteRune appends the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode code point r to the buffer, returning its length and an error, which is always nil but is included to match bufio.Writer's WriteRune. The buffer is grown as needed; if it becomes too large, WriteRune will panic with ErrTooLarge.

func (*Buffer) WriteString 

func (b *Buffer) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error)

WriteString appends the contents of s to the buffer, growing the buffer as needed. The return value n is the length of s; err is always nil. If the buffer becomes too large, WriteString will panic with ErrTooLarge. WriteString 写 string

func (*Buffer) WriteTo 

func (b *Buffer) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)

WriteTo writes data to w until the buffer is drained or an error occurs. The return value n is the number of bytes written; it always fits into an int, but it is int64 to match the io.WriterTo interface. Any error encountered during the write is also returned. WriteTo 写到 io.Writer

type Reader 

type Reader struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A Reader implements the io.Reader, io.ReaderAt, io.WriterTo, io.Seeker, io.ByteScanner, and io.RuneScanner interfaces by reading from a byte slice. Unlike a Buffer, a Reader is read-only and supports seeking. The zero value for Reader operates like a Reader of an empty slice. Reader 实现 []byte 的接口： io.Reader, io.ReaderAt, io.WriterTo, io.Seeker, io.ByteScanner, io.RuneScanner

func NewReader 

func NewReader(b []byte) *Reader

NewReader returns a new Reader reading from b. NewReader 创建 bytes.Reader

func (*Reader) Len 

func (r *Reader) Len() int

Len returns the number of bytes of the unread portion of the slice. Len 返回还未读的长度

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bytes.NewReader([]byte("Hi!")).Len())
	fmt.Println(bytes.NewReader([]byte("こんにちは!")).Len())
}

Output:

3
16

func (*Reader) Read 

func (r *Reader) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error)

Read implements the io.Reader interface. Read 实现 io.Reader 接口

func (*Reader) ReadAt 

func (r *Reader) ReadAt(b []byte, off int64) (n int, err error)

ReadAt implements the io.ReaderAt interface. ReadAt 实现 io.ReaderAt 接口

func (*Reader) ReadByte 

func (r *Reader) ReadByte() (byte, error)

ReadByte implements the io.ByteReader interface. ReadByte 实现 io.ByteReader 接口

func (*Reader) ReadRune 

func (r *Reader) ReadRune() (ch rune, size int, err error)

ReadRune implements the io.RuneReader interface. ReadRune 实现 io.RuneReader 接口

func (*Reader) Reset 

func (r *Reader) Reset(b []byte)

Reset resets the Reader to be reading from b. Reset 重设

func (*Reader) Seek 

func (r *Reader) Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error)

Seek implements the io.Seeker interface. Seek 实现 io.Seeker 接口

func (*Reader) Size 

func (r *Reader) Size() int64

Size returns the original length of the underlying byte slice. Size is the number of bytes available for reading via ReadAt. The returned value is always the same and is not affected by calls to any other method. Size 返回原始长度，与是否读了无关

func (*Reader) UnreadByte 

func (r *Reader) UnreadByte() error

UnreadByte complements ReadByte in implementing the io.ByteScanner interface. UnreadByte 实现 io.ByteScanner 接口

func (*Reader) UnreadRune 

func (r *Reader) UnreadRune() error

UnreadRune complements ReadRune in implementing the io.RuneScanner interface. UnreadRune 实现 io.RuneScanner 接口

func (*Reader) WriteTo 

func (r *Reader) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)

WriteTo implements the io.WriterTo interface. WriteTo 实现 io.WriterTo 接口

Notes

Bugs

  • The rule Title uses for word boundaries does not handle Unicode punctuation properly.

Source Files

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