ethereum

README

Go Usechain

Official golang implementation of the Usechain.

The source files are based on go-ethereum, thanks to Ethereum authors.

Many documents you can reference to go-ethereum.

Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch. Binary archives are published at https://github.com/usechain/go-usechain/releases .

Building the source

Building usechain requires both a Go (version 1.10 or later) and a C compiler. You can install them using your favourite package manager. Once the dependencies are installed, run

    $ make used

or, to build the full suite of utilities:

    $ make all

Identity Verification

To begin with, you need to upload your identity informations to acquire certificate from certificate authority. Remember to store the key you received from CA after you upload the informations.

    $ ./build/bin/used verify

    $ ./build/bin/used verify --info=userData.json --photo="<yourphotopath1>;<yourphotopath2>"

After waiting serval hours when CA confirmed your informations and documents, you can download your certificate. You will be noticed if you failed verification.

    $ ./build/bin/used verify --query=<yourkey>

One more step, open your used console and send verification transaction.

> use.sendCreditRegisterTransaction({from:<yourethaddress>,to:"0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000001",gas:'0x332423'})
// 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000001 is the address of CA verification smart contract

Pleas refer to 用户身份认证流程 for more details.

Programatically interfacing usechain nodes

As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with usechain and the usechain network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid this, usechain has built in support for a JSON-RPC based APIs . These can be exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (unix sockets on unix based platforms, and named pipes on Windows).

The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by usechain, whereas the HTTP and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a subset of APIs due to security reasons. These can be turned on/off and configured as you'd expect.

HTTP based JSON-RPC API options:

• --rpc Enable the HTTP-RPC server
• --rpcaddr HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
• --rpcport HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
• --rpcapi API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: "eth,net,web3")
• --rpccorsdomain Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
• --ws Enable the WS-RPC server
• --wsaddr WS-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
• --wsport WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
• --wsapi API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: "eth,net,web3")
• --wsorigins Origins from which to accept websockets requests
• --ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server
• --ipcapi API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: "admin,debug,eth,miner,net,personal,shh,txpool,web3")
• --ipcpath Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)

You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to connect via HTTP, WS or IPC to a usechain node configured with the above flags and you'll need to speak JSON-RPC on all transports. You can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!

Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based transport before doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert usechain nodes with exposed APIs! Further, all browser tabs can access locally running webservers, so malicious webpages could try to subvert locally available APIs!

Operating a private network

Maintaining your own private network is more involved as a lot of configurations taken for granted in the official networks need to be manually set up.

Defining the private genesis state

First, you'll need to create the genesis state of your networks, which all nodes need to be aware of and agree upon. This consists of a JSON file (e.g. call it genesis.json, you can find it in go-usechain/build/config/):

{
  "nonce":"0x0000000000000042",
  "mixhash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "difficulty": "0x4000",
  "alloc": {
              "0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000001": {
                "balance": "1000000000000000000000000000",
                "code": "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                "storage": {
                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
                }
              }
	},
  "coinbase":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp": "0x00",
  "parentHash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "extraData": "",
  "config":{
    "chainId":2
  },

  "gasLimit": "0xc845880"
}

The above fields should be fine for most purposes, although we'd recommend changing the nonce to some random value so you prevent unknown remote nodes from being able to connect to you. If you'd like to pre-fund some accounts for easier testing, you can populate the alloc field with account configs:

"alloc": {
  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {"balance": "111111111"},
  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": {"balance": "222222222"}
}

With the genesis state defined in the above JSON file, you'll need to initialize every usechain node with it prior to starting it up to ensure all blockchain parameters are correctly set:

$ used init path/to/genesis.json

Creating the rendezvous point

With all nodes that you want to run initialized to the desired genesis state, you'll need to start a bootstrap node that others can use to find each other in your network and/or over the internet. The clean way is to configure and run a dedicated bootnode:

$ bootnode --genkey=boot.key
$ bootnode --nodekey=boot.key

With the bootnode online, it will display an enode URL that other nodes can use to connect to it and exchange peer information. Make sure to replace the displayed IP address information (most probably [::]) with your externally accessible IP to get the actual enode URL.

Note: You could also use a full fledged usechain node as a bootnode, but it's the less recommended way.

Starting up your member nodes

With the bootnode operational and externally reachable (you can try telnet <ip> <port> or nc -v <ip> <port> to ensure it's indeed reachable), start every subsequent usechain node pointed to the bootnode for peer discovery via the --bootnodes flag. It will probably also be desirable to keep the data directory of your private network separated, so do also specify a custom --datadir flag.

$ used --datadir=path/to/custom/data/folder --bootnodes=<bootnode-enode-url-from-above>

Note: Since your network will be completely cut off from the main and test networks, you'll also need to configure a miner to process transactions and create new blocks for you.

Running a private miner

Mining on the public usechain network is a complex task as it's only feasible using GPUs, requiring an OpenCL or CUDA enabled ethminer instance. For information on such a setup, please consult the EtherMining subreddit and the Genoil miner repository.

In a private network setting however, a single CPU miner instance is more than enough for practical purposes as it can produce a stable stream of blocks at the correct intervals without needing heavy resources (consider running on a single thread, no need for multiple ones either). To start a usechain instance for mining, run it with all your usual flags, extended by:

$ used <usual-flags> --mine --minerthreads=1 --usebase=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Which will start mining blocks and transactions on a single CPU thread, crediting all proceedings to the account specified by --usebase. You can further tune the mining by changing the default gas limit blocks converge to (--targetgaslimit) and the price transactions are accepted at (--gasprice).

Contribution

Thank you for considering to help out with the source code! We welcome contributions from anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!

If you'd like to contribute to go-usechain, please fork, fix, commit and send a pull request for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit more complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on our gitter channel to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get some early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review and merge procedures quick and simple.

Please make sure your contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:

• Code must adhere to the official Go formatting guidelines (i.e. uses gofmt).
• Code must be documented adhering to the official Go commentary guidelines.
• Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the master branch.
• Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
  • E.g. "eth, rpc: make trace configs optional"

Please see the Developers' Guide for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies and testing procedures.

License

The go-usechain library (i.e. all code outside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING.LESSER file.

The go-usechain binaries (i.e. all code inside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING file. contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:

• Code must adhere to the official Go formatting guidelines (i.e. uses gofmt).
• Code must be documented adhering to the official Go commentary guidelines.
• Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the master branch.
• Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
  • E.g. "eth, rpc: make trace configs optional"

Please see the Developers' Guide for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies and testing procedures.

Documentation

Overview

Package ethereum defines interfaces for interacting with Ethereum.

Index

• Variables
• type CallMsg
• type ChainReader
• type ChainStateReader
• type ChainSyncReader
• type ContractCaller
• type FilterQuery
• type GasEstimator
• type GasPricer
• type LogFilterer
• type PendingContractCaller
• type PendingStateEventer
• type PendingStateReader
• type Subscription
• type SyncProgress
• type TransactionReader
• type TransactionSender

Variables

var NotFound = errors.New("not found")

NotFound is returned by API methods if the requested item does not exist.

Types

type CallMsg

type CallMsg struct {
	Flag     uint8
	From     common.Address  // the sender of the 'transaction'
	To       *common.Address // the destination contract (nil for contract creation)
	Gas      uint64          // if 0, the call executes with near-infinite gas
	GasPrice *big.Int        // hui <-> gas exchange ratio
	Value    *big.Int        // amount of hui sent along with the call
	Data     []byte          // input data, usually an ABI-encoded contract method invocation
}

CallMsg contains parameters for contract calls.

type ChainReader

type ChainReader interface {
	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error)
	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
	TransactionCount(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash) (uint, error)
	TransactionInBlock(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash, index uint) (*types.Transaction, error)

	// This method subscribes to notifications about changes of the head block of
	// the canonical chain.
	SubscribeNewHead(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Header) (Subscription, error)
}

ChainReader provides access to the blockchain. The methods in this interface access raw data from either the canonical chain (when requesting by block number) or any blockchain fork that was previously downloaded and processed by the node. The block number argument can be nil to select the latest canonical block. Reading block headers should be preferred over full blocks whenever possible.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type ChainStateReader

type ChainStateReader interface {
	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
	StorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (uint64, error)
}

ChainStateReader wraps access to the state trie of the canonical blockchain. Note that implementations of the interface may be unable to return state values for old blocks. In many cases, using CallContract can be preferable to reading raw contract storage.

type ChainSyncReader

type ChainSyncReader interface {
	SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) (*SyncProgress, error)
}

ChainSyncReader wraps access to the node's current sync status. If there's no sync currently running, it returns nil.

type ContractCaller

type ContractCaller interface {
	CallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
}

A ContractCaller provides contract calls, essentially transactions that are executed by the EVM but not mined into the blockchain. ContractCall is a low-level method to execute such calls. For applications which are structured around specific contracts, the abigen tool provides a nicer, properly typed way to perform calls.

type FilterQuery

type FilterQuery struct {
	FromBlock *big.Int         // beginning of the queried range, nil means genesis block
	ToBlock   *big.Int         // end of the range, nil means latest block
	Addresses []common.Address // restricts matches to events created by specific contracts

	// The Topic list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list
	// of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element slice matches any
	// topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the
	// contained topics.
	//
	// Examples:
	// {} or nil          matches any topic list
	// {{A}}              matches topic A in first position
	// {{}, {B}}          matches any topic in first position, B in second position
	// {{A}}, {B}}        matches topic A in first position, B in second position
	// {{A, B}}, {C, D}}  matches topic (A OR B) in first position, (C OR D) in second position
	Topics [][]common.Hash
}

FilterQuery contains options for contract log filtering.

type GasEstimator

type GasEstimator interface {
	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) (uint64, error)
}

GasEstimator wraps EstimateGas, which tries to estimate the gas needed to execute a specific transaction based on the pending state. There is no guarantee that this is the true gas limit requirement as other transactions may be added or removed by miners, but it should provide a basis for setting a reasonable default.

type GasPricer

type GasPricer interface {
	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
}

GasPricer wraps the gas price oracle, which monitors the blockchain to determine the optimal gas price given current fee market conditions.

type LogFilterer

type LogFilterer interface {
	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery) ([]types.Log, error)
	SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery, ch chan<- types.Log) (Subscription, error)
}

LogFilterer provides access to contract log events using a one-off query or continuous event subscription.

Logs received through a streaming query subscription may have Removed set to true, indicating that the log was reverted due to a chain reorganisation.

type PendingContractCaller

type PendingContractCaller interface {
	PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) ([]byte, error)
}

PendingContractCaller can be used to perform calls against the pending state.

type PendingStateEventer

type PendingStateEventer interface {
	SubscribePendingTransactions(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Transaction) (Subscription, error)
}

A PendingStateEventer provides access to real time notifications about changes to the pending state.

type PendingStateReader

type PendingStateReader interface {
	PendingBalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (*big.Int, error)
	PendingStorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
	PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) ([]byte, error)
	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error)
	PendingTransactionCount(ctx context.Context) (uint, error)
}

A PendingStateReader provides access to the pending state, which is the result of all known executable transactions which have not yet been included in the blockchain. It is commonly used to display the result of ’unconfirmed’ actions (e.g. wallet value transfers) initiated by the user. The PendingNonceAt operation is a good way to retrieve the next available transaction nonce for a specific account.

type Subscription

type Subscription interface {
	// Unsubscribe cancels the sending of events to the data channel
	// and closes the error channel.
	Unsubscribe()
	// Err returns the subscription error channel. The error channel receives
	// a value if there is an issue with the subscription (e.g. the network connection
	// delivering the events has been closed). Only one value will ever be sent.
	// The error channel is closed by Unsubscribe.
	Err() <-chan error
}

Subscription represents an event subscription where events are delivered on a data channel.

type SyncProgress

type SyncProgress struct {
	StartingBlock uint64 // Block number where sync began
	CurrentBlock  uint64 // Current block number where sync is at
	HighestBlock  uint64 // Highest alleged block number in the chain
	PulledStates  uint64 // Number of state trie entries already downloaded
	KnownStates   uint64 // Total number of state trie entries known about
}

SyncProgress gives progress indications when the node is synchronising with the Ethereum network.

type TransactionReader

type TransactionReader interface {
	// TransactionByHash checks the pool of pending transactions in addition to the
	// blockchain. The isPending return value indicates whether the transaction has been
	// mined yet. Note that the transaction may not be part of the canonical chain even if
	// it's not pending.
	TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (tx *types.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
	// TransactionReceipt returns the receipt of a mined transaction. Note that the
	// transaction may not be included in the current canonical chain even if a receipt
	// exists.
	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
}

TransactionReader provides access to past transactions and their receipts. Implementations may impose arbitrary restrictions on the transactions and receipts that can be retrieved. Historic transactions may not be available.

Avoid relying on this interface if possible. Contract logs (through the LogFilterer interface) are more reliable and usually safer in the presence of chain reorganisations.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type TransactionSender

type TransactionSender interface {
	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
}

TransactionSender wraps transaction sending. The SendTransaction method injects a signed transaction into the pending transaction pool for execution. If the transaction was a contract creation, the TransactionReceipt method can be used to retrieve the contract address after the transaction has been mined.

The transaction must be signed and have a valid nonce to be included. Consumers of the API can use package accounts to maintain local private keys and need can retrieve the next available nonce using PendingNonceAt.