core

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Published: Jul 29, 2015 License: MPL-2.0 Imports: 33 Imported by: 0

Documentation

Index

Constants

View Source
const (
	StatusUnknown    = AcmeStatus("unknown")    // Unknown status; the default
	StatusPending    = AcmeStatus("pending")    // In process; client has next action
	StatusProcessing = AcmeStatus("processing") // In process; server has next action
	StatusValid      = AcmeStatus("valid")      // Validation succeeded
	StatusInvalid    = AcmeStatus("invalid")    // Validation failed
	StatusRevoked    = AcmeStatus("revoked")    // Object no longer valid
)

These statuses are the states of authorizations

View Source
const (
	OCSPStatusGood    = OCSPStatus("good")
	OCSPStatusRevoked = OCSPStatus("revoked")
)

These status are the states of OCSP

View Source
const (
	ConnectionProblem     = ProblemType("urn:acme:error:connection")
	MalformedProblem      = ProblemType("urn:acme:error:malformed")
	ServerInternalProblem = ProblemType("urn:acme:error:serverInternal")
	TLSProblem            = ProblemType("urn:acme:error:tls")
	UnauthorizedProblem   = ProblemType("urn:acme:error:unauthorized")
	UnknownHostProblem    = ProblemType("urn:acme:error:unknownHost")
)

Error types that can be used in ACME payloads

View Source
const (
	ChallengeTypeSimpleHTTP    = "simpleHttp"
	ChallengeTypeDVSNI         = "dvsni"
	ChallengeTypeDNS           = "dns"
	ChallengeTypeRecoveryToken = "recoveryToken"
)

These types are the available challenges

View Source
const (
	IdentifierDNS = IdentifierType("dns")
)

These types are the available identification mechanisms

View Source
const MaxUsed = 65536

MaxUsed defines the maximum number of Nonces we're willing to hold in memory.

Variables

View Source
var BuildHost string

BuildHost is set by the compiler and is used by GetBuildHost

View Source
var BuildID string

BuildID is set by the compiler (using -ldflags "-X core.BuildID $(git rev-parse --short HEAD)") and is used by GetBuildID

View Source
var BuildTime string

BuildTime is set by the compiler and is used by GetBuildTime

Functions

func B64dec

func B64dec(x string) ([]byte, error)

B64dec decodes a byte array from unpadded, URL-safe Base64

func B64enc

func B64enc(x []byte) string

B64enc encodes a byte array as unpadded, URL-safe Base64

func Fingerprint256

func Fingerprint256(data []byte) string

Fingerprint256 produces an unpadded, URL-safe Base64-encoded SHA256 digest of the data.

func GetBuildHost

func GetBuildHost() (retID string)

GetBuildHost identifies the building host

func GetBuildID

func GetBuildID() (retID string)

GetBuildID identifies what build is running.

func GetBuildTime

func GetBuildTime() (retID string)

GetBuildTime identifies when this build was made

func GoodKey

func GoodKey(key crypto.PublicKey, maxKeySize int) error

GoodKey returns true iff the key is acceptable for both TLS use and account key use (our requirements are the same for either one), according to basic strength and algorithm checking. TODO: Support JsonWebKeys once go-jose migration is done.

func GoodKeyECDSA

func GoodKeyECDSA(key ecdsa.PublicKey, maxKeySize int) (err error)

GoodKeyECDSA determines if an ECDSA pubkey meets our requirements

func GoodKeyRSA

func GoodKeyRSA(key rsa.PublicKey, maxKeySize int) (err error)

GoodKeyRSA determines if a RSA pubkey meets our requirements

func KeyDigest

func KeyDigest(key crypto.PublicKey) (string, error)

KeyDigest produces a padded, standard Base64-encoded SHA256 digest of a provided public key.

func KeyDigestEquals

func KeyDigestEquals(j, k crypto.PublicKey) bool

KeyDigestEquals determines whether two public keys have the same digest.

func NewToken

func NewToken() string

NewToken produces a random string for Challenges, etc.

func RandomString

func RandomString(byteLength int) string

RandomString returns a randomly generated string of the requested length.

func SerialToString

func SerialToString(serial *big.Int) string

SerialToString converts a certificate serial number (big.Int) to a String consistently.

func StringToSerial

func StringToSerial(serial string) (*big.Int, error)

StringToSerial converts a string into a certificate serial number (big.Int) consistently.

func UniqueNames

func UniqueNames(names []string) (unique []string)

UniqueNames returns the set of all unique names in the input.

func VerifyCSR

func VerifyCSR(csr *x509.CertificateRequest) error

VerifyCSR verifies that a Certificate Signature Request is well-formed.

Note: this is the missing CertificateRequest.Verify() method

Types

type AcmeIdentifier

type AcmeIdentifier struct {
	Type  IdentifierType `json:"type"`  // The type of identifier being encoded
	Value string         `json:"value"` // The identifier itself
}

An AcmeIdentifier encodes an identifier that can be validated by ACME. The protocol allows for different types of identifier to be supported (DNS names, IP addresses, etc.), but currently we only support domain names.

type AcmeStatus

type AcmeStatus string

AcmeStatus defines the state of a given authorization

type AcmeURL

type AcmeURL url.URL

AcmeURL is a URL that automatically marshal/unmarshal to JSON strings

func (AcmeURL) MarshalJSON

func (u AcmeURL) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)

MarshalJSON encodes an AcmeURL for transfer

func (AcmeURL) PathSegments

func (u AcmeURL) PathSegments() (segments []string)

PathSegments splits an AcmeURL into segments on the '/' characters

func (AcmeURL) String

func (u AcmeURL) String() string

func (*AcmeURL) UnmarshalJSON

func (u *AcmeURL) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error

UnmarshalJSON decodes an AcmeURL from transfer

type Authorization

type Authorization struct {
	// An identifier for this authorization, unique across
	// authorizations and certificates within this instance.
	ID string `json:"id,omitempty" db:"id"`

	// The identifier for which authorization is being given
	Identifier AcmeIdentifier `json:"identifier,omitempty" db:"identifier"`

	// The registration ID associated with the authorization
	RegistrationID int64 `json:"regId,omitempty" db:"registrationID"`

	// The status of the validation of this authorization
	Status AcmeStatus `json:"status,omitempty" db:"status"`

	// The date after which this authorization will be no
	// longer be considered valid
	Expires *time.Time `json:"expires,omitempty" db:"expires"`

	// An array of challenges objects used to validate the
	// applicant's control of the identifier.  For authorizations
	// in process, these are challenges to be fulfilled; for
	// final authorizations, they describe the evidence that
	// the server used in support of granting the authorization.
	Challenges []Challenge `json:"challenges,omitempty" db:"challenges"`

	// The server may suggest combinations of challenges if it
	// requires more than one challenge to be completed.
	Combinations [][]int `json:"combinations,omitempty" db:"combinations"`
}

Authorization represents the authorization of an account key holder to act on behalf of a domain. This struct is intended to be used both internally and for JSON marshaling on the wire. Any fields that should be suppressed on the wire (e.g., ID, regID) must be made empty before marshaling.

type Buffer

type Buffer []byte

Buffer is a variable-length collection of bytes

type CRL

type CRL struct {
	// serial: Same as certificate serial.
	Serial string `db:"serial"`

	// createdAt: The date the CRL was signed.
	CreatedAt time.Time `db:"createdAt"`

	// crl: The encoded and signed CRL.
	CRL string `db:"crl"`
}

CRL is a large table of signed CRLs. This contains all historical CRLs we've signed, is append-only, and is likely to get quite large. It must be administratively truncated outside of Boulder.

type Certificate

type Certificate struct {
	RegistrationID int64 `db:"registrationID"`

	// The revocation status of the certificate.
	// * "valid" - not revoked
	// * "revoked" - revoked
	Status AcmeStatus `db:"status"`

	Serial  string    `db:"serial"`
	Digest  string    `db:"digest"`
	DER     []byte    `db:"der"`
	Issued  time.Time `db:"issued"`
	Expires time.Time `db:"expires"`
}

Certificate objects are entirely internal to the server. The only thing exposed on the wire is the certificate itself.

func (Certificate) MatchesCSR

func (cert Certificate) MatchesCSR(csr *x509.CertificateRequest, earliestExpiry time.Time) (err error)

MatchesCSR tests the contents of a generated certificate to make sure that the PublicKey, CommonName, and DNSNames match those provided in the CSR that was used to generate the certificate. It also checks the following fields for:

  • notAfter is after earliestExpiry
  • notBefore is not more than 24 hours ago
  • BasicConstraintsValid is true
  • IsCA is false
  • ExtKeyUsage only contains ExtKeyUsageServerAuth & ExtKeyUsageClientAuth
  • Subject only contains CommonName & Names

type CertificateAuthority

type CertificateAuthority interface {
	// [RegistrationAuthority]
	IssueCertificate(x509.CertificateRequest, int64, time.Time) (Certificate, error)
	RevokeCertificate(string, int) error
	GenerateOCSP(OCSPSigningRequest) ([]byte, error)
}

CertificateAuthority defines the public interface for the Boulder CA

type CertificateAuthorityDatabase

type CertificateAuthorityDatabase interface {
	CreateTablesIfNotExists() error
	IncrementAndGetSerial(*gorp.Transaction) (int64, error)
	Begin() (*gorp.Transaction, error)
}

CertificateAuthorityDatabase represents an atomic sequence source

type CertificateIssuanceError

type CertificateIssuanceError string

CertificateIssuanceError indicates the certificate failed to be issued for some reason.

func (CertificateIssuanceError) Error

func (e CertificateIssuanceError) Error() string

type CertificateRequest

type CertificateRequest struct {
	CSR            *x509.CertificateRequest // The CSR
	Authorizations []AcmeURL                // Links to Authorization over the account key
	Bytes          []byte                   // The original bytes of the CSR, for logging.
}

CertificateRequest is just a CSR together with URIs pointing to authorizations that should collectively authorize the certificate being requsted.

This data is unmarshalled from JSON by way of rawCertificateRequest, which represents the actual structure received from the client.

func (CertificateRequest) MarshalJSON

func (cr CertificateRequest) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)

MarshalJSON provides an implementation for encoding CertificateRequest objects.

func (*CertificateRequest) UnmarshalJSON

func (cr *CertificateRequest) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error

UnmarshalJSON provides an implementation for decoding CertificateRequest objects.

type CertificateStatus

type CertificateStatus struct {
	Serial string `db:"serial"`

	// subscriberApproved: true iff the subscriber has posted back to the server
	//   that they accept the certificate, otherwise 0.
	SubscriberApproved bool `db:"subscriberApproved"`

	// status: 'good' or 'revoked'. Note that good, expired certificates remain
	//   with status 'good' but don't necessarily get fresh OCSP responses.
	Status OCSPStatus `db:"status"`

	// ocspLastUpdated: The date and time of the last time we generated an OCSP
	//   response. If we have never generated one, this has the zero value of
	//   time.Time, i.e. Jan 1 1970.
	OCSPLastUpdated time.Time `db:"ocspLastUpdated"`

	// revokedDate: If status is 'revoked', this is the date and time it was
	//   revoked. Otherwise it has the zero value of time.Time, i.e. Jan 1 1970.
	RevokedDate time.Time `db:"revokedDate"`

	// revokedReason: If status is 'revoked', this is the reason code for the
	//   revocation. Otherwise it is zero (which happens to be the reason
	//   code for 'unspecified').
	RevokedReason int `db:"revokedReason"`

	LockCol int64 `json:"-"`
}

CertificateStatus structs are internal to the server. They represent the latest data about the status of the certificate, required for OCSP updating and for validating that the subscriber has accepted the certificate.

type Challenge

type Challenge struct {
	// The type of challenge
	Type string `json:"type"`

	// The status of this challenge
	Status AcmeStatus `json:"status,omitempty"`

	// Contains the error that occured during challenge validation, if any
	Error *ProblemDetails `json:"error,omitempty"`

	// If successful, the time at which this challenge
	// was completed by the server.
	Validated *time.Time `json:"validated,omitempty"`

	// A URI to which a response can be POSTed
	URI AcmeURL `json:"uri"`

	// Used by simpleHTTP, recoveryToken, and dns challenges
	Token string `json:"token,omitempty"`

	// Used by simpleHTTP challenges
	Path string `json:"path,omitempty"`
	TLS  *bool  `json:"tls,omitempty"`

	// Used by dvsni challenges
	R     string `json:"r,omitempty"`
	S     string `json:"s,omitempty"`
	Nonce string `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
}

Challenge is an aggregate of all data needed for any challenges.

Rather than define individual types for different types of challenge, we just throw all the elements into one bucket, together with the common metadata elements.

func DNSChallenge

func DNSChallenge() Challenge

DNSChallenge constructs a random DNS challenge

func DvsniChallenge

func DvsniChallenge() Challenge

DvsniChallenge constructs a random DVSNI challenge

func SimpleHTTPChallenge

func SimpleHTTPChallenge() Challenge

SimpleHTTPChallenge constructs a random HTTP challenge

func (Challenge) IsSane

func (ch Challenge) IsSane(completed bool) bool

IsSane checks the sanity of a challenge object before issued to the client (completed = false) and before validation (completed = true).

func (Challenge) MergeResponse

func (ch Challenge) MergeResponse(resp Challenge) Challenge

MergeResponse copies a subset of client-provided data to the current Challenge. Note: This method does not update the challenge on the left side of the '.'

type DNSResolver

type DNSResolver interface {
	ExchangeOne(string, uint16) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error)
	LookupTXT(string) ([]string, time.Duration, error)
	LookupHost(string) ([]net.IP, time.Duration, time.Duration, error)
	LookupCNAME(string) (string, time.Duration, error)
	LookupDNAME(string) (string, time.Duration, error)
	LookupCAA(string) ([]*dns.CAA, time.Duration, error)
	LookupMX(string) ([]string, time.Duration, error)
}

DNSResolver defines methods used for DNS resolution

type DNSResolverImpl

type DNSResolverImpl struct {
	DNSClient *dns.Client
	Servers   []string
}

DNSResolverImpl represents a resolver system

func NewDNSResolverImpl

func NewDNSResolverImpl(dialTimeout time.Duration, servers []string) *DNSResolverImpl

NewDNSResolverImpl constructs a new DNS resolver object that utilizes the provided list of DNS servers for resolution.

func (*DNSResolverImpl) ExchangeOne

func (dnsResolver *DNSResolverImpl) ExchangeOne(hostname string, qtype uint16) (rsp *dns.Msg, rtt time.Duration, err error)

ExchangeOne performs a single DNS exchange with a randomly chosen server out of the server list, returning the response, time, and error (if any). This method sets the DNSSEC OK bit on the message to true before sending it to the resolver in case validation isn't the resolvers default behaviour.

func (*DNSResolverImpl) LookupCAA

func (dnsResolver *DNSResolverImpl) LookupCAA(hostname string) ([]*dns.CAA, time.Duration, error)

LookupCAA sends a DNS query to find all CAA records associated with the provided hostname. If the response code from the resolver is SERVFAIL an empty slice of CAA records is returned.

func (*DNSResolverImpl) LookupCNAME

func (dnsResolver *DNSResolverImpl) LookupCNAME(hostname string) (string, time.Duration, error)

LookupCNAME returns the target name if a CNAME record exists for the given domain name. If the CNAME does not exist (NXDOMAIN, NXRRSET, or a successful response with no CNAME records), it returns the empty string and a nil error.

func (*DNSResolverImpl) LookupDNAME

func (dnsResolver *DNSResolverImpl) LookupDNAME(hostname string) (string, time.Duration, error)

LookupDNAME is LookupCNAME, but for DNAME.

func (*DNSResolverImpl) LookupHost

func (dnsResolver *DNSResolverImpl) LookupHost(hostname string) ([]net.IP, time.Duration, time.Duration, error)

LookupHost sends a DNS query to find all A/AAAA records associated with the provided hostname.

func (*DNSResolverImpl) LookupMX

func (dnsResolver *DNSResolverImpl) LookupMX(hostname string) ([]string, time.Duration, error)

LookupMX sends a DNS query to find a MX record associated hostname and returns the record target.

func (*DNSResolverImpl) LookupTXT

func (dnsResolver *DNSResolverImpl) LookupTXT(hostname string) ([]string, time.Duration, error)

LookupTXT sends a DNS query to find all TXT records associated with the provided hostname.

type DeniedCSR

type DeniedCSR struct {
	ID int `db:"id"`

	Names string `db:"names"`
}

DeniedCSR is a list of names we deny issuing.

type IdentifierType

type IdentifierType string

IdentifierType defines the available identification mechanisms for domains

type InternalServerError

type InternalServerError string

InternalServerError indicates that something has gone wrong unrelated to the user's input, and will be considered by the Load Balancer as an indication that this Boulder instance may be malfunctioning. Minimally, returning this will cause an error page to be generated at the CDN/LB for the client. Consequently, you should only use this error when Boulder's internal constraints have been violated.

func (InternalServerError) Error

func (e InternalServerError) Error() string

type JSONBuffer

type JSONBuffer []byte

JSONBuffer fields get encoded and decoded JOSE-style, in base64url encoding with stripped padding.

func (JSONBuffer) MarshalJSON

func (jb JSONBuffer) MarshalJSON() (result []byte, err error)

MarshalJSON encodes a JSONBuffer for transmission.

func (*JSONBuffer) UnmarshalJSON

func (jb *JSONBuffer) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) (err error)

UnmarshalJSON decodes a JSONBuffer to an object.

type MalformedRequestError

type MalformedRequestError string

MalformedRequestError indicates the user data was improper

func (MalformedRequestError) Error

func (e MalformedRequestError) Error() string

type NonceService

type NonceService struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

NonceService generates, cancels, and tracks Nonces.

func NewNonceService

func NewNonceService() (NonceService, error)

NewNonceService constructs a NonceService with defaults

func (*NonceService) Nonce

func (ns *NonceService) Nonce() (string, error)

Nonce provides a new Nonce.

func (*NonceService) Valid

func (ns *NonceService) Valid(nonce string) bool

Valid determines whether the provided Nonce string is valid, returning true if so.

type NotFoundError

type NotFoundError string

NotFoundError indicates the destination was unknown. Whoa oh oh ohhh.

func (NotFoundError) Error

func (e NotFoundError) Error() string

type NotSupportedError

type NotSupportedError string

NotSupportedError indicates a method is not yet supported

func (NotSupportedError) Error

func (e NotSupportedError) Error() string

type OCSPResponse

type OCSPResponse struct {
	ID int `db:"id"`

	// serial: Same as certificate serial.
	Serial string `db:"serial"`

	// createdAt: The date the response was signed.
	CreatedAt time.Time `db:"createdAt"`

	// response: The encoded and signed CRL.
	Response []byte `db:"response"`
}

OCSPResponse is a (large) table of OCSP responses. This contains all historical OCSP responses we've signed, is append-only, and is likely to get quite large. It must be administratively truncated outside of Boulder.

type OCSPSigningRequest

type OCSPSigningRequest struct {
	CertDER   []byte
	Status    string
	Reason    int
	RevokedAt time.Time
}

OCSPSigningRequest is a transfer object representing an OCSP Signing Request

type OCSPStatus

type OCSPStatus string

OCSPStatus defines the state of OCSP for a domain

type PolicyAuthority

type PolicyAuthority interface {
	WillingToIssue(AcmeIdentifier) error
	ChallengesFor(AcmeIdentifier) ([]Challenge, [][]int)
}

PolicyAuthority defines the public interface for the Boulder PA

type ProblemDetails

type ProblemDetails struct {
	Type   ProblemType `json:"type,omitempty"`
	Detail string      `json:"detail,omitempty"`
}

ProblemDetails objects represent problem documents https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-http-problem-00

func (*ProblemDetails) Error

func (pd *ProblemDetails) Error() string

type ProblemType

type ProblemType string

ProblemType defines the error types in the ACME protocol

type Registration

type Registration struct {
	// Unique identifier
	ID int64 `json:"id" db:"id"`

	// Account key to which the details are attached
	Key jose.JsonWebKey `json:"key" db:"jwk"`

	// Recovery Token is used to prove connection to an earlier transaction
	RecoveryToken string `json:"recoveryToken" db:"recoveryToken"`

	// Contact URIs
	Contact []AcmeURL `json:"contact,omitempty" db:"contact"`

	// Agreement with terms of service
	Agreement string `json:"agreement,omitempty" db:"agreement"`

	LockCol int64 `json:"-"`
}

Registration objects represent non-public metadata attached to account keys.

func (*Registration) MergeUpdate

func (r *Registration) MergeUpdate(input Registration)

MergeUpdate copies a subset of information from the input Registration into this one.

type RegistrationAuthority

type RegistrationAuthority interface {
	// [WebFrontEnd]
	NewRegistration(Registration) (Registration, error)

	// [WebFrontEnd]
	NewAuthorization(Authorization, int64) (Authorization, error)

	// [WebFrontEnd]
	NewCertificate(CertificateRequest, int64) (Certificate, error)

	// [WebFrontEnd]
	UpdateRegistration(Registration, Registration) (Registration, error)

	// [WebFrontEnd]
	UpdateAuthorization(Authorization, int, Challenge) (Authorization, error)

	// [WebFrontEnd]
	RevokeCertificate(x509.Certificate) error

	// [ValidationAuthority]
	OnValidationUpdate(Authorization) error
}

RegistrationAuthority defines the public interface for the Boulder RA

type SignatureValidationError

type SignatureValidationError string

SignatureValidationError indicates that the user's signature could not be verified, either through adversarial activity, or misconfiguration of the user client.

func (SignatureValidationError) Error

func (e SignatureValidationError) Error() string

type StorageAdder

type StorageAdder interface {
	NewRegistration(Registration) (Registration, error)
	UpdateRegistration(Registration) error

	NewPendingAuthorization(Authorization) (Authorization, error)
	UpdatePendingAuthorization(Authorization) error
	FinalizeAuthorization(Authorization) error
	MarkCertificateRevoked(serial string, ocspResponse []byte, reasonCode int) error
	UpdateOCSP(serial string, ocspResponse []byte) error

	AddCertificate([]byte, int64) (string, error)
}

StorageAdder are the Boulder SA's write/update methods

type StorageAuthority

type StorageAuthority interface {
	StorageGetter
	StorageAdder
}

StorageAuthority interface represents a simple key/value store. It is divided into StorageGetter and StorageUpdater interfaces for privilege separation.

type StorageGetter

type StorageGetter interface {
	GetRegistration(int64) (Registration, error)
	GetRegistrationByKey(jose.JsonWebKey) (Registration, error)
	GetAuthorization(string) (Authorization, error)
	GetCertificate(string) (Certificate, error)
	GetCertificateByShortSerial(string) (Certificate, error)
	GetCertificateStatus(string) (CertificateStatus, error)
	AlreadyDeniedCSR([]string) (bool, error)
}

StorageGetter are the Boulder SA's read-only methods

type SyntaxError

type SyntaxError string

SyntaxError indicates the user improperly formatted their data.

func (SyntaxError) Error

func (e SyntaxError) Error() string

type UnauthorizedError

type UnauthorizedError string

UnauthorizedError indicates the user did not satisfactorily prove identity

func (UnauthorizedError) Error

func (e UnauthorizedError) Error() string

type ValidationAuthority

type ValidationAuthority interface {
	// [RegistrationAuthority]
	UpdateValidations(Authorization, int) error
	CheckCAARecords(AcmeIdentifier) (bool, bool, error)
}

ValidationAuthority defines the public interface for the Boulder VA

type WebFrontEnd

type WebFrontEnd interface {
	// Set the base URL for authorizations
	SetAuthzBase(path string)

	// Set the base URL for certificates
	SetCertBase(path string)

	// This method represents the ACME new-registration resource
	NewRegistration(response http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request)

	// This method represents the ACME new-authorization resource
	NewAuthz(response http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request)

	// This method represents the ACME new-certificate resource
	NewCert(response http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request)

	// Provide access to requests for registration resources
	Registration(response http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request)

	// Provide access to requests for authorization resources
	Authz(response http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request)

	// Provide access to requests for authorization resources
	Cert(response http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request)
}

A WebFrontEnd object supplies methods that can be hooked into the Go http module's server functions, principally http.HandleFunc()

It also provides methods to configure the base for authorization and certificate URLs.

It is assumed that the ACME server is laid out as follows: * One URL for new-authorization -> NewAuthz * One URL for new-certificate -> NewCert * One path for authorizations -> Authz * One path for certificates -> Cert

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