vet

README

Vet is a tool that checks correctness of Go programs. It runs a suite of tests,
each tailored to check for a particular class of errors. Examples include incorrect
Printf format verbs and malformed build tags.

Over time many checks have been added to vet's suite, but many more have been
rejected as not appropriate for the tool. The criteria applied when selecting which
checks to add are:

Correctness:

Vet's checks are about correctness, not style. A vet check must identify real or
potential bugs that could cause incorrect compilation or execution. A check that
only identifies stylistic points or alternative correct approaches to a situation
is not acceptable.

Frequency:

Vet is run every day by many programmers, often as part of every compilation or
submission. The cost in execution time is considerable, especially in aggregate,
so checks must be likely enough to find real problems that they are worth the
overhead of the added check. A new check that finds only a handful of problems
across all existing programs, even if the problem is significant, is not worth
adding to the suite everyone runs daily.

Precision:

Most of vet's checks are heuristic and can generate both false positives (flagging
correct programs) and false negatives (not flagging incorrect ones). The rate of
both these failures must be very small. A check that is too noisy will be ignored
by the programmer overwhelmed by the output; a check that misses too many of the
cases it's looking for will give a false sense of security. Neither is acceptable.
A vet check must be accurate enough that everything it reports is worth examining,
and complete enough to encourage real confidence.

Documentation

Overview

Vet examines Go source code and reports suspicious constructs, such as Printf calls whose arguments do not align with the format string. Vet uses heuristics that do not guarantee all reports are genuine problems, but it can find errors not caught by the compilers.

Vet is normally invoked using the go command by running "go vet":

go vet

vets the package in the current directory.

go vet package/path/name

vets the package whose path is provided.

Use "go help packages" to see other ways of specifying which packages to vet.

Vet's exit code is 2 for erroneous invocation of the tool, 1 if a problem was reported, and 0 otherwise. Note that the tool does not check every possible problem and depends on unreliable heuristics so it should be used as guidance only, not as a firm indicator of program correctness.

By default the -all flag is set so all checks are performed. If any flags are explicitly set to true, only those tests are run. Conversely, if any flag is explicitly set to false, only those tests are disabled. Thus -printf=true runs the printf check, -printf=false runs all checks except the printf check.

By default vet uses the object files generated by 'go install some/pkg' to typecheck the code. If the -source flag is provided, vet uses only source code.

Available checks:

Assembly declarations

Flag: -asmdecl

Mismatches between assembly files and Go function declarations.

Useless assignments

Flag: -assign

Check for useless assignments.

Atomic mistakes

Flag: -atomic

Common mistaken usages of the sync/atomic package.

Boolean conditions

Flag: -bool

Mistakes involving boolean operators.

Build tags

Flag: -buildtags

Badly formed or misplaced +build tags.

Invalid uses of cgo

Flag: -cgocall

Detect some violations of the cgo pointer passing rules.

Unkeyed composite literals

Flag: -composites

Composite struct literals that do not use the field-keyed syntax.

Copying locks

Flag: -copylocks

Locks that are erroneously passed by value.

HTTP responses used incorrectly

Flag: -httpresponse

Mistakes deferring a function call on an HTTP response before checking whether the error returned with the response was nil.

Failure to call the cancelation function returned by WithCancel

Flag: -lostcancel

The cancelation function returned by context.WithCancel, WithTimeout, and WithDeadline must be called or the new context will remain live until its parent context is cancelled. (The background context is never cancelled.)

Methods

Flag: -methods

Non-standard signatures for methods with familiar names, including:

Format GobEncode GobDecode MarshalJSON MarshalXML
Peek ReadByte ReadFrom ReadRune Scan Seek
UnmarshalJSON UnreadByte UnreadRune WriteByte
WriteTo

Nil function comparison

Flag: -nilfunc

Comparisons between functions and nil.

Printf family

Flag: -printf

Suspicious calls to fmt.Print, fmt.Printf, and related functions. The check applies to known functions (for example, those in package fmt) as well as any detected wrappers of known functions.

The -printfuncs flag specifies a comma-separated list of names of additional known formatting functions. Each name can be of the form pkg.Name or pkg.Type.Name, where pkg is a complete import path, or else can be a case-insensitive unqualified identifier like "errorf". If a listed name ends in f, the function is assumed to be Printf-like, taking a format string before the argument list. Otherwise it is assumed to be Print-like, taking a list of arguments with no format string.

Range loop variables

Flag: -rangeloops

Incorrect uses of range loop variables in closures.

Shadowed variables

Flag: -shadow=false (experimental; must be set explicitly)

Variables that may have been unintentionally shadowed.

Shifts

Flag: -shift

Shifts equal to or longer than the variable's length.

Struct tags

Flag: -structtags

Struct tags that do not follow the format understood by reflect.StructTag.Get. Well-known encoding struct tags (json, xml) used with unexported fields.

Tests and documentation examples

Flag: -tests

Mistakes involving tests including functions with incorrect names or signatures and example tests that document identifiers not in the package.

Unreachable code

Flag: -unreachable

Unreachable code.

Misuse of unsafe Pointers

Flag: -unsafeptr

Likely incorrect uses of unsafe.Pointer to convert integers to pointers. A conversion from uintptr to unsafe.Pointer is invalid if it implies that there is a uintptr-typed word in memory that holds a pointer value, because that word will be invisible to stack copying and to the garbage collector.

Unused result of certain function calls

Flag: -unusedresult

Calls to well-known functions and methods that return a value that is discarded. By default, this includes functions like fmt.Errorf and fmt.Sprintf and methods like String and Error. The flags -unusedfuncs and -unusedstringmethods control the set.

Other flags

These flags configure the behavior of vet:

-all (default true)
	Enable all non-experimental checks.
-v
	Verbose mode
-printfuncs
	A comma-separated list of print-like function names
	to supplement the standard list.
	For more information, see the discussion of the -printf flag.
-shadowstrict
	Whether to be strict about shadowing; can be noisy.

Using vet directly

For testing and debugging vet can be run directly by invoking "go tool vet" or just running the binary. Run this way, vet might not have up to date information for imported packages.

go tool vet source/directory/*.go

vets the files named, all of which must be in the same package.

go tool vet source/directory

recursively descends the directory, vetting each package it finds.