s2

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 Go to latest Published: Nov 17, 2022 License: Apache-2.0 Imports: 19 Imported by: 0

Documentation

Overview

Package s2 is a library for working with geometry in S² (spherical geometry).

Its related packages, parallel to this one, are s1 (operates on S¹), r1 (operates on ℝ¹), r2 (operates on ℝ²) and r3 (operates on ℝ³).

This package provides types and functions for the S2 cell hierarchy and coordinate systems. The S2 cell hierarchy is a hierarchical decomposition of the surface of a unit sphere (S²) into “cells”; it is highly efficient, scales from continental size to under 1 cm² and preserves spatial locality (nearby cells have close IDs).

More information including an in-depth introduction to S2 can be found on the S2 website https://s2geometry.io/

Index

Examples

Constants

View Source 
const SentinelCellID = CellID(^uint64(0))

SentinelCellID is an invalid cell ID guaranteed to be larger than any valid cell ID. It is used primarily by ShapeIndex. The value is also used by some S2 types when encoding data. Note that the sentinel's RangeMin == RangeMax == itself.

Variables

View Source 
var (
	MinAngleSpanMetric = Metric{1, 4.0 / 3}
	AvgAngleSpanMetric = Metric{1, math.Pi / 2}
	MaxAngleSpanMetric = Metric{1, 1.704897179199218452}
)

Each cell is bounded by four planes passing through its four edges and the center of the sphere. These metrics relate to the angle between each pair of opposite bounding planes, or equivalently, between the planes corresponding to two different s-values or two different t-values.

View Source 
var (
	MinWidthMetric = Metric{1, 2 * math.Sqrt2 / 3}
	AvgWidthMetric = Metric{1, 1.434523672886099389}
	MaxWidthMetric = Metric{1, MaxAngleSpanMetric.Deriv}
)

The width of geometric figure is defined as the distance between two parallel bounding lines in a given direction. For cells, the minimum width is always attained between two opposite edges, and the maximum width is attained between two opposite vertices. However, for our purposes we redefine the width of a cell as the perpendicular distance between a pair of opposite edges. A cell therefore has two widths, one in each direction. The minimum width according to this definition agrees with the classic geometric one, but the maximum width is different. (The maximum geometric width corresponds to MaxDiag defined below.)

The average width in both directions for all cells at level k is approximately AvgWidthMetric.Value(k).

The width is useful for bounding the minimum or maximum distance from a point on one edge of a cell to the closest point on the opposite edge. For example, this is useful when growing regions by a fixed distance.

View Source 
var (
	MinEdgeMetric = Metric{1, 2 * math.Sqrt2 / 3}
	AvgEdgeMetric = Metric{1, 1.459213746386106062}
	MaxEdgeMetric = Metric{1, MaxAngleSpanMetric.Deriv}

	// MaxEdgeAspect is the maximum edge aspect ratio over all cells at any level,
	// where the edge aspect ratio of a cell is defined as the ratio of its longest
	// edge length to its shortest edge length.
	MaxEdgeAspect = 1.442615274452682920

	MinAreaMetric = Metric{2, 8 * math.Sqrt2 / 9}
	AvgAreaMetric = Metric{2, 4 * math.Pi / 6}
	MaxAreaMetric = Metric{2, 2.635799256963161491}
)

The edge length metrics can be used to bound the minimum, maximum, or average distance from the center of one cell to the center of one of its edge neighbors. In particular, it can be used to bound the distance between adjacent cell centers along the space-filling Hilbert curve for cells at any given level.

View Source 
var (
	MinDiagMetric = Metric{1, 8 * math.Sqrt2 / 9}
	AvgDiagMetric = Metric{1, 2.060422738998471683}
	MaxDiagMetric = Metric{1, 2.438654594434021032}

	// MaxDiagAspect is the maximum diagonal aspect ratio over all cells at any
	// level, where the diagonal aspect ratio of a cell is defined as the ratio
	// of its longest diagonal length to its shortest diagonal length.
	MaxDiagAspect = math.Sqrt(3)
)

The maximum diagonal is also the maximum diameter of any cell, and also the maximum geometric width (see the comment for widths). For example, the distance from an arbitrary point to the closest cell center at a given level is at most half the maximum diagonal length.

Functions

func Angle 

func Angle(a, b, c Point) s1.Angle

Angle returns the interior angle at the vertex B in the triangle ABC. The return value is always in the range [0, pi]. All points should be normalized. Ensures that Angle(a,b,c) == Angle(c,b,a) for all a,b,c.

The angle is undefined if A or C is diametrically opposite from B, and becomes numerically unstable as the length of edge AB or BC approaches 180 degrees.

func ChordAngleBetweenPoints 

func ChordAngleBetweenPoints(x, y Point) s1.ChordAngle

ChordAngleBetweenPoints constructs a ChordAngle corresponding to the distance between the two given points. The points must be unit length.

func ClipEdge 

func ClipEdge(a, b r2.Point, clip r2.Rect) (aClip, bClip r2.Point, intersects bool)

ClipEdge returns the portion of the edge defined by AB that is contained by the given rectangle. If there is no intersection, false is returned and aClip and bClip are undefined.

func ClipToFace 

func ClipToFace(a, b Point, face int) (aUV, bUV r2.Point, intersects bool)

ClipToFace returns the (u,v) coordinates for the portion of the edge AB that intersects the given face, or false if the edge AB does not intersect. This method guarantees that the clipped vertices lie within the [-1,1]x[-1,1] cube face rectangle and are within faceClipErrorUVDist of the line AB, but the results may differ from those produced by FaceSegments.

func ClipToPaddedFace 

func ClipToPaddedFace(a, b Point, f int, padding float64) (aUV, bUV r2.Point, intersects bool)

ClipToPaddedFace returns the (u,v) coordinates for the portion of the edge AB that intersects the given face, but rather than clipping to the square [-1,1]x[-1,1] in (u,v) space, this method clips to [-R,R]x[-R,R] where R=(1+padding). Padding must be non-negative.

func CompareDistance 

func CompareDistance(x, y Point, r s1.ChordAngle) int

CompareDistance returns -1, 0, or +1 according to whether the distance XY is respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the provided chord angle. Distances are measured with respect to the positions of all points as though they are projected to lie exactly on the surface of the unit sphere.

func CompareDistances 

func CompareDistances(x, a, b Point) int

CompareDistances returns -1, 0, or +1 according to whether AX < BX, A == B, or AX > BX respectively. Distances are measured with respect to the positions of X, A, and B as though they were reprojected to lie exactly on the surface of the unit sphere. Furthermore, this method uses symbolic perturbations to ensure that the result is non-zero whenever A != B, even when AX == BX exactly, or even when A and B project to the same point on the sphere. Such results are guaranteed to be self-consistent, i.e. if AB < BC and BC < AC, then AB < AC.

func DistanceFraction 

func DistanceFraction(x, a, b Point) float64

DistanceFraction returns the distance ratio of the point X along an edge AB. If X is on the line segment AB, this is the fraction T such that X == Interpolate(T, A, B).

This requires that A and B are distinct.

func DistanceFromSegment 

func DistanceFromSegment(x, a, b Point) s1.Angle

DistanceFromSegment returns the distance of point X from line segment AB. The points are expected to be normalized. The result is very accurate for small distances but may have some numerical error if the distance is large (approximately pi/2 or greater). The case A == B is handled correctly.

func EdgeOrVertexCrossing 

func EdgeOrVertexCrossing(a, b, c, d Point) bool

EdgeOrVertexCrossing is a convenience function that calls CrossingSign to handle cases where all four vertices are distinct, and VertexCrossing to handle cases where two or more vertices are the same. This defines a crossing function such that point-in-polygon containment tests can be implemented by simply counting edge crossings.

func EdgePairClosestPoints 

func EdgePairClosestPoints(a0, a1, b0, b1 Point) (Point, Point)

EdgePairClosestPoints returns the pair of points (a, b) that achieves the minimum distance between edges a0a1 and b0b1, where a is a point on a0a1 and b is a point on b0b1. If the two edges intersect, a and b are both equal to the intersection point. Handles a0 == a1 and b0 == b1 correctly.

func GirardArea 

func GirardArea(a, b, c Point) float64

GirardArea returns the area of the triangle computed using Girard's formula. All points should be unit length, and no two points should be antipodal.

This method is about twice as fast as PointArea() but has poor relative accuracy for small triangles. The maximum error is about 5e-15 (about 0.25 square meters on the Earth's surface) and the average error is about 1e-15. These bounds apply to triangles of any size, even as the maximum edge length of the triangle approaches 180 degrees. But note that for such triangles, tiny perturbations of the input points can change the true mathematical area dramatically.

func IsDistanceLess 

func IsDistanceLess(x, a, b Point, limit s1.ChordAngle) bool

IsDistanceLess reports whether the distance from X to the edge AB is less than limit. (For less than or equal to, specify limit.Successor()). This method is faster than DistanceFromSegment(). If you want to compare against a fixed s1.Angle, you should convert it to an s1.ChordAngle once and save the value, since this conversion is relatively expensive.

func IsInteriorDistanceLess 

func IsInteriorDistanceLess(x, a, b Point, limit s1.ChordAngle) bool

IsInteriorDistanceLess reports whether the minimum distance from X to the edge AB is attained at an interior point of AB (i.e., not an endpoint), and that distance is less than limit. (Specify limit.Successor() for less than or equal to).

func OrderedCCW 

func OrderedCCW(a, b, c, o Point) bool

OrderedCCW returns true if the edges OA, OB, and OC are encountered in that order while sweeping CCW around the point O.

You can think of this as testing whether A <= B <= C with respect to the CCW ordering around O that starts at A, or equivalently, whether B is contained in the range of angles (inclusive) that starts at A and extends CCW to C. Properties: 

(1) If OrderedCCW(a,b,c,o) && OrderedCCW(b,a,c,o), then a == b
(2) If OrderedCCW(a,b,c,o) && OrderedCCW(a,c,b,o), then b == c
(3) If OrderedCCW(a,b,c,o) && OrderedCCW(c,b,a,o), then a == b == c
(4) If a == b or b == c, then OrderedCCW(a,b,c,o) is true
(5) Otherwise if a == c, then OrderedCCW(a,b,c,o) is false

func PointArea 

func PointArea(a, b, c Point) float64

PointArea returns the area of triangle ABC. This method combines two different algorithms to get accurate results for both large and small triangles. The maximum error is about 5e-15 (about 0.25 square meters on the Earth's surface), the same as GirardArea below, but unlike that method it is also accurate for small triangles. Example: when the true area is 100 square meters, PointArea yields an error about 1 trillion times smaller than GirardArea.

All points should be unit length, and no two points should be antipodal. The area is always positive.

func Sign 

func Sign(a, b, c Point) bool

Sign returns true if the points A, B, C are strictly counterclockwise, and returns false if the points are clockwise or collinear (i.e. if they are all contained on some great circle).

Due to numerical errors, situations may arise that are mathematically impossible, e.g. ABC may be considered strictly CCW while BCA is not. However, the implementation guarantees the following:

If Sign(a,b,c), then !Sign(c,b,a) for all a,b,c.

func SignedArea 

func SignedArea(a, b, c Point) float64

SignedArea returns a positive value for counterclockwise triangles and a negative value otherwise (similar to PointArea).

func TurnAngle 

func TurnAngle(a, b, c Point) s1.Angle

TurnAngle returns the exterior angle at vertex B in the triangle ABC. The return value is positive if ABC is counterclockwise and negative otherwise. If you imagine an ant walking from A to B to C, this is the angle that the ant turns at vertex B (positive = left = CCW, negative = right = CW). This quantity is also known as the "geodesic curvature" at B.

Ensures that TurnAngle(a,b,c) == -TurnAngle(c,b,a) for all distinct a,b,c. The result is undefined if (a == b || b == c), but is either -Pi or Pi if (a == c). All points should be normalized.

func UpdateMaxDistance 

func UpdateMaxDistance(x, a, b Point, maxDist s1.ChordAngle) (s1.ChordAngle, bool)

UpdateMaxDistance checks if the distance from X to the edge AB is greater than maxDist, and if so, returns the updated value and true. Otherwise it returns false. The case A == B is handled correctly.

func UpdateMinDistance 

func UpdateMinDistance(x, a, b Point, minDist s1.ChordAngle) (s1.ChordAngle, bool)

UpdateMinDistance checks if the distance from X to the edge AB is less than minDist, and if so, returns the updated value and true. The case A == B is handled correctly.

Use this method when you want to compute many distances and keep track of the minimum. It is significantly faster than using DistanceFromSegment because (1) using s1.ChordAngle is much faster than s1.Angle, and (2) it can save a lot of work by not actually computing the distance when it is obviously larger than the current minimum.

func UpdateMinInteriorDistance 

func UpdateMinInteriorDistance(x, a, b Point, minDist s1.ChordAngle) (s1.ChordAngle, bool)

UpdateMinInteriorDistance reports whether the minimum distance from X to AB is attained at an interior point of AB (i.e., not an endpoint), and that distance is less than minDist. If so, the value of minDist is updated and true is returned. Otherwise it is unchanged and returns false.

func VertexCrossing 

func VertexCrossing(a, b, c, d Point) bool

VertexCrossing reports whether two edges "cross" in such a way that point-in-polygon containment tests can be implemented by counting the number of edge crossings.

Given two edges AB and CD where at least two vertices are identical (i.e. CrossingSign(a,b,c,d) == 0), the basic rule is that a "crossing" occurs if AB is encountered after CD during a CCW sweep around the shared vertex starting from a fixed reference point.

Note that according to this rule, if AB crosses CD then in general CD does not cross AB. However, this leads to the correct result when counting polygon edge crossings. For example, suppose that A,B,C are three consecutive vertices of a CCW polygon. If we now consider the edge crossings of a segment BP as P sweeps around B, the crossing number changes parity exactly when BP crosses BA or BC.

Useful properties of VertexCrossing (VC): 

(1) VC(a,a,c,d) == VC(a,b,c,c) == false
(2) VC(a,b,a,b) == VC(a,b,b,a) == true
(3) VC(a,b,c,d) == VC(a,b,d,c) == VC(b,a,c,d) == VC(b,a,d,c)
(3) If exactly one of a,b equals one of c,d, then exactly one of
    VC(a,b,c,d) and VC(c,d,a,b) is true

It is an error to call this method with 4 distinct vertices.

func WedgeContains 

func WedgeContains(a0, ab1, a2, b0, b2 Point) bool

WedgeContains reports whether non-empty wedge A=(a0, ab1, a2) contains B=(b0, ab1, b2). Equivalent to WedgeRelation == WedgeProperlyContains || WedgeEquals.

func WedgeIntersects 

func WedgeIntersects(a0, ab1, a2, b0, b2 Point) bool

WedgeIntersects reports whether non-empty wedge A=(a0, ab1, a2) intersects B=(b0, ab1, b2). Equivalent but faster than WedgeRelation != WedgeIsDisjoint

Types

type Cap 

type Cap struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Cap represents a disc-shaped region defined by a center and radius. Technically this shape is called a "spherical cap" (rather than disc) because it is not planar; the cap represents a portion of the sphere that has been cut off by a plane. The boundary of the cap is the circle defined by the intersection of the sphere and the plane. For containment purposes, the cap is a closed set, i.e. it contains its boundary.

For the most part, you can use a spherical cap wherever you would use a disc in planar geometry. The radius of the cap is measured along the surface of the sphere (rather than the straight-line distance through the interior). Thus a cap of radius π/2 is a hemisphere, and a cap of radius π covers the entire sphere.

The center is a point on the surface of the unit sphere. (Hence the need for it to be of unit length.)

A cap can also be defined by its center point and height. The height is the distance from the center point to the cutoff plane. There is also support for "empty" and "full" caps, which contain no points and all points respectively.

Here are some useful relationships between the cap height (h), the cap radius (r), the maximum chord length from the cap's center (d), and the radius of cap's base (a). 

  h = 1 - cos(r)
    = 2 * sin^2(r/2)
d^2 = 2 * h
    = a^2 + h^2

The zero value of Cap is an invalid cap. Use EmptyCap to get a valid empty cap.

func CapFromCenterAngle 

func CapFromCenterAngle(center Point, angle s1.Angle) Cap

CapFromCenterAngle constructs a cap with the given center and angle.

func CapFromCenterArea 

func CapFromCenterArea(center Point, area float64) Cap

CapFromCenterArea constructs a cap with the given center and surface area. Note that the area can also be interpreted as the solid angle subtended by the cap (because the sphere has unit radius). A negative area yields an empty cap; an area of 4*π or more yields a full cap.

func CapFromCenterChordAngle 

func CapFromCenterChordAngle(center Point, radius s1.ChordAngle) Cap

CapFromCenterChordAngle constructs a cap where the angle is expressed as an s1.ChordAngle. This constructor is more efficient than using an s1.Angle.

func CapFromCenterHeight 

func CapFromCenterHeight(center Point, height float64) Cap

CapFromCenterHeight constructs a cap with the given center and height. A negative height yields an empty cap; a height of 2 or more yields a full cap. The center should be unit length.

func CapFromPoint 

func CapFromPoint(p Point) Cap

CapFromPoint constructs a cap containing a single point.

func EmptyCap 

func EmptyCap() Cap

EmptyCap returns a cap that contains no points.

func FullCap 

func FullCap() Cap

FullCap returns a cap that contains all points.

func (Cap) AddCap 

func (c Cap) AddCap(other Cap) Cap

AddCap increases the cap height if necessary to include the other cap. If this cap is empty, it is set to the other cap.

func (Cap) AddPoint 

func (c Cap) AddPoint(p Point) Cap

AddPoint increases the cap if necessary to include the given point. If this cap is empty, then the center is set to the point with a zero height. p must be unit-length.

func (Cap) ApproxEqual 

func (c Cap) ApproxEqual(other Cap) bool

ApproxEqual reports whether this cap is equal to the other cap within the given tolerance.

func (Cap) Area 

func (c Cap) Area() float64

Area returns the surface area of the Cap on the unit sphere.

func (Cap) CapBound 

func (c Cap) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns a bounding spherical cap. This is not guaranteed to be exact.

func (Cap) CellUnionBound 

func (c Cap) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the Cap. In general the covering consists of at most 4 cells except for very large caps, which may need up to 6 cells. The output is not sorted.

func (Cap) Center 

func (c Cap) Center() Point

Center returns the cap's center point.

func (Cap) Centroid 

func (c Cap) Centroid() Point

Centroid returns the true centroid of the cap multiplied by its surface area The result lies on the ray from the origin through the cap's center, but it is not unit length. Note that if you just want the "surface centroid", i.e. the normalized result, then it is simpler to call Center.

The reason for multiplying the result by the cap area is to make it easier to compute the centroid of more complicated shapes. The centroid of a union of disjoint regions can be computed simply by adding their Centroid() results. Caveat: for caps that contain a single point (i.e., zero radius), this method always returns the origin (0, 0, 0). This is because shapes with no area don't affect the centroid of a union whose total area is positive.

func (Cap) Complement 

func (c Cap) Complement() Cap

Complement returns the complement of the interior of the cap. A cap and its complement have the same boundary but do not share any interior points. The complement operator is not a bijection because the complement of a singleton cap (containing a single point) is the same as the complement of an empty cap.

func (Cap) Contains 

func (c Cap) Contains(other Cap) bool

Contains reports whether this cap contains the other.

func (Cap) ContainsCell 

func (c Cap) ContainsCell(cell Cell) bool

ContainsCell reports whether the cap contains the given cell.

func (Cap) ContainsPoint 

func (c Cap) ContainsPoint(p Point) bool

ContainsPoint reports whether this cap contains the point.

func (*Cap) Decode 

func (c *Cap) Decode(r io.Reader) error

Decode decodes the Cap.

func (Cap) Encode 

func (c Cap) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the Cap.

func (Cap) Equal 

func (c Cap) Equal(other Cap) bool

Equal reports whether this cap is equal to the other cap.

func (Cap) Expanded 

func (c Cap) Expanded(distance s1.Angle) Cap

Expanded returns a new cap expanded by the given angle. If the cap is empty, it returns an empty cap.

func (Cap) Height 

func (c Cap) Height() float64

Height returns the height of the cap. This is the distance from the center point to the cutoff plane.

func (Cap) InteriorContainsPoint 

func (c Cap) InteriorContainsPoint(p Point) bool

InteriorContainsPoint reports whether the point is within the interior of this cap.

func (Cap) InteriorIntersects 

func (c Cap) InteriorIntersects(other Cap) bool

InteriorIntersects reports whether this caps interior intersects the other cap.

func (Cap) Intersects 

func (c Cap) Intersects(other Cap) bool

Intersects reports whether this cap intersects the other cap. i.e. whether they have any points in common.

func (Cap) IntersectsCell 

func (c Cap) IntersectsCell(cell Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether the cap intersects the cell.

func (Cap) IsEmpty 

func (c Cap) IsEmpty() bool

IsEmpty reports whether the cap is empty, i.e. it contains no points.

func (Cap) IsFull 

func (c Cap) IsFull() bool

IsFull reports whether the cap is full, i.e. it contains all points.

func (Cap) IsValid 

func (c Cap) IsValid() bool

IsValid reports whether the Cap is considered valid.

func (Cap) Radius 

func (c Cap) Radius() s1.Angle

Radius returns the cap radius as an s1.Angle. (Note that the cap angle is stored internally as a ChordAngle, so this method requires a trigonometric operation and may yield a slightly different result than the value passed to CapFromCenterAngle).

func (Cap) RectBound 

func (c Cap) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns a bounding latitude-longitude rectangle. The bounds are not guaranteed to be tight.

func (Cap) String 

func (c Cap) String() string

func (Cap) Union 

func (c Cap) Union(other Cap) Cap

Union returns the smallest cap which encloses this cap and other.

type Cell 

type Cell struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Cell is an S2 region object that represents a cell. Unlike CellIDs, it supports efficient containment and intersection tests. However, it is also a more expensive representation.

func CellFromCellID 

func CellFromCellID(id CellID) Cell

CellFromCellID constructs a Cell corresponding to the given CellID.

func CellFromLatLng 

func CellFromLatLng(ll LatLng) Cell

CellFromLatLng constructs a cell for the given LatLng.

func CellFromPoint 

func CellFromPoint(p Point) Cell

CellFromPoint constructs a cell for the given Point.

func (Cell) ApproxArea 

func (c Cell) ApproxArea() float64

ApproxArea returns the approximate area of this cell. This method is accurate to within 3% percent for all cell sizes and accurate to within 0.1% for cells at level 5 or higher (i.e. squares 350km to a side or smaller on the Earth's surface). It is moderately cheap to compute.

func (Cell) AverageArea 

func (c Cell) AverageArea() float64

AverageArea returns the average area of cells at the level of this cell. This is accurate to within a factor of 1.7.

func (Cell) BoundUV 

func (c Cell) BoundUV() r2.Rect

BoundUV returns the bounds of this cell in (u,v)-space.

func (Cell) BoundaryDistance 

func (c Cell) BoundaryDistance(target Point) s1.ChordAngle

BoundaryDistance reports the distance from the cell boundary to the given point.

func (Cell) CapBound 

func (c Cell) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns the bounding cap of this cell.

func (Cell) CellUnionBound 

func (c Cell) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the Cell.

func (Cell) Center 

func (c Cell) Center() Point

Center returns the direction vector corresponding to the center in (s,t)-space of the given cell. This is the point at which the cell is divided into four subcells; it is not necessarily the centroid of the cell in (u,v)-space or (x,y,z)-space

func (Cell) Children 

func (c Cell) Children() ([4]Cell, bool)

Children returns the four direct children of this cell in traversal order and returns true. If this is a leaf cell, or the children could not be created, false is returned. The C++ method is called Subdivide.

func (Cell) ContainsCell 

func (c Cell) ContainsCell(oc Cell) bool

ContainsCell reports whether this cell contains the other cell.

func (Cell) ContainsPoint 

func (c Cell) ContainsPoint(p Point) bool

ContainsPoint reports whether this cell contains the given point. Note that unlike Loop/Polygon, a Cell is considered to be a closed set. This means that a point on a Cell's edge or vertex belong to the Cell and the relevant adjacent Cells too.

If you want every point to be contained by exactly one Cell, you will need to convert the Cell to a Loop.

func (*Cell) Decode 

func (c *Cell) Decode(r io.Reader) error

Decode decodes the Cell.

func (Cell) Distance 

func (c Cell) Distance(target Point) s1.ChordAngle

Distance reports the distance from the cell to the given point. Returns zero if the point is inside the cell.

func (Cell) DistanceToCell 

func (c Cell) DistanceToCell(target Cell) s1.ChordAngle

DistanceToCell returns the minimum distance from this cell to the given cell. It returns zero if one cell contains the other.

func (Cell) DistanceToEdge 

func (c Cell) DistanceToEdge(a, b Point) s1.ChordAngle

DistanceToEdge returns the minimum distance from the cell to the given edge AB. Returns zero if the edge intersects the cell interior.

func (Cell) Edge 

func (c Cell) Edge(k int) Point

Edge returns the inward-facing normal of the great circle passing through the CCW ordered edge from vertex k to vertex k+1 (mod 4) (for k = 0,1,2,3).

func (Cell) Encode 

func (c Cell) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the Cell.

func (Cell) ExactArea 

func (c Cell) ExactArea() float64

ExactArea returns the area of this cell as accurately as possible.

func (Cell) Face 

func (c Cell) Face() int

Face returns the face this cell is on.

func (Cell) ID 

func (c Cell) ID() CellID

ID returns the CellID this cell represents.

func (Cell) IntersectsCell 

func (c Cell) IntersectsCell(oc Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether the intersection of this cell and the other cell is not nil.

func (Cell) IsLeaf 

func (c Cell) IsLeaf() bool

IsLeaf returns whether this Cell is a leaf or not.

func (Cell) Level 

func (c Cell) Level() int

Level returns the level of this cell.

func (Cell) MaxDistance 

func (c Cell) MaxDistance(target Point) s1.ChordAngle

MaxDistance reports the maximum distance from the cell (including its interior) to the given point.

func (Cell) MaxDistanceToCell 

func (c Cell) MaxDistanceToCell(target Cell) s1.ChordAngle

MaxDistanceToCell returns the maximum distance from the cell (including its interior) to the given target cell.

func (Cell) MaxDistanceToEdge 

func (c Cell) MaxDistanceToEdge(a, b Point) s1.ChordAngle

MaxDistanceToEdge returns the maximum distance from the cell (including its interior) to the given edge AB.

func (Cell) RectBound 

func (c Cell) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns the bounding rectangle of this cell.

func (Cell) SizeIJ 

func (c Cell) SizeIJ() int

SizeIJ returns the edge length of this cell in (i,j)-space.

func (Cell) SizeST 

func (c Cell) SizeST() float64

SizeST returns the edge length of this cell in (s,t)-space.

func (Cell) Vertex 

func (c Cell) Vertex(k int) Point

Vertex returns the k-th vertex of the cell (k = 0,1,2,3) in CCW order (lower left, lower right, upper right, upper left in the UV plane).

type CellID 

type CellID uint64

CellID uniquely identifies a cell in the S2 cell decomposition. The most significant 3 bits encode the face number (0-5). The remaining 61 bits encode the position of the center of this cell along the Hilbert curve on that face. The zero value and the value (1<<64)-1 are invalid cell IDs. The first compares less than any valid cell ID, the second as greater than any valid cell ID.

Sequentially increasing cell IDs follow a continuous space-filling curve over the entire sphere. They have the following properties:

  • The ID of a cell at level k consists of a 3-bit face number followed by k bit pairs that recursively select one of the four children of each cell. The next bit is always 1, and all other bits are 0. Therefore, the level of a cell is determined by the position of its lowest-numbered bit that is turned on (for a cell at level k, this position is 2 * (maxLevel - k)).

  • The ID of a parent cell is at the midpoint of the range of IDs spanned by its children (or by its descendants at any level).

Leaf cells are often used to represent points on the unit sphere, and this type provides methods for converting directly between these two representations. For cells that represent 2D regions rather than discrete point, it is better to use Cells.

func CellIDFromFace 

func CellIDFromFace(face int) CellID

CellIDFromFace returns the cell corresponding to a given S2 cube face.

func CellIDFromFacePosLevel 

func CellIDFromFacePosLevel(face int, pos uint64, level int) CellID

CellIDFromFacePosLevel returns a cell given its face in the range [0,5], the 61-bit Hilbert curve position pos within that face, and the level in the range [0,maxLevel]. The position in the cell ID will be truncated to correspond to the Hilbert curve position at the center of the returned cell.

func CellIDFromLatLng 

func CellIDFromLatLng(ll LatLng) CellID

CellIDFromLatLng returns the leaf cell containing ll.

func CellIDFromToken 

func CellIDFromToken(s string) CellID

CellIDFromToken returns a cell given a hex-encoded string of its uint64 ID.

func FloodFillRegionCovering 

func FloodFillRegionCovering(region Region, start CellID) []CellID

FloodFillRegionCovering returns all edge-connected cells at the same level as the given CellID that intersect the given region, in arbitrary order.

func SimpleRegionCovering 

func SimpleRegionCovering(region Region, start Point, level int) []CellID

SimpleRegionCovering returns a set of cells at the given level that cover the connected region and a starting point on the boundary or inside the region. The cells are returned in arbitrary order.

Note that this method is not faster than the regular Covering method for most region types, such as Cap or Polygon, and in fact it can be much slower when the output consists of a large number of cells. Currently it can be faster at generating coverings of long narrow regions such as polylines, but this may change in the future.

func (CellID) Advance 

func (ci CellID) Advance(steps int64) CellID

Advance advances or retreats the indicated number of steps along the Hilbert curve at the current level, and returns the new position. The position is never advanced past End() or before Begin().

func (CellID) AdvanceWrap 

func (ci CellID) AdvanceWrap(steps int64) CellID

AdvanceWrap advances or retreats the indicated number of steps along the Hilbert curve at the current level and returns the new position. The position wraps between the first and last faces as necessary.

func (CellID) AllNeighbors 

func (ci CellID) AllNeighbors(level int) []CellID

AllNeighbors returns all neighbors of this cell at the given level. Two cells X and Y are neighbors if their boundaries intersect but their interiors do not. In particular, two cells that intersect at a single point are neighbors. Note that for cells adjacent to a face vertex, the same neighbor may be returned more than once. There could be up to eight neighbors including the diagonal ones that share the vertex.

This requires level >= ci.Level().

func (CellID) ChildBegin 

func (ci CellID) ChildBegin() CellID

ChildBegin returns the first child in a traversal of the children of this cell, in Hilbert curve order. 

for ci := c.ChildBegin(); ci != c.ChildEnd(); ci = ci.Next() {
    ...
}

func (CellID) ChildBeginAtLevel 

func (ci CellID) ChildBeginAtLevel(level int) CellID

ChildBeginAtLevel returns the first cell in a traversal of children a given level deeper than this cell, in Hilbert curve order. The given level must be no smaller than the cell's level. See ChildBegin for example use.

func (CellID) ChildEnd 

func (ci CellID) ChildEnd() CellID

ChildEnd returns the first cell after a traversal of the children of this cell in Hilbert curve order. The returned cell may be invalid.

func (CellID) ChildEndAtLevel 

func (ci CellID) ChildEndAtLevel(level int) CellID

ChildEndAtLevel returns the first cell after the last child in a traversal of children a given level deeper than this cell, in Hilbert curve order. The given level must be no smaller than the cell's level. The returned cell may be invalid.

func (CellID) ChildPosition 

func (ci CellID) ChildPosition(level int) int

ChildPosition returns the child position (0..3) of this cell's ancestor at the given level, relative to its parent. The argument should be in the range 1..kMaxLevel. For example, ChildPosition(1) returns the position of this cell's level-1 ancestor within its top-level face cell.

func (CellID) Children 

func (ci CellID) Children() [4]CellID

Children returns the four immediate children of this cell. If ci is a leaf cell, it returns four identical cells that are not the children.

func (CellID) CommonAncestorLevel 

func (ci CellID) CommonAncestorLevel(other CellID) (level int, ok bool)

CommonAncestorLevel returns the level of the common ancestor of the two S2 CellIDs.

func (CellID) Contains 

func (ci CellID) Contains(oci CellID) bool

Contains returns true iff the CellID contains oci.

func (*CellID) Decode 

func (ci *CellID) Decode(r io.Reader) error

Decode decodes the CellID.

func (CellID) EdgeNeighbors 

func (ci CellID) EdgeNeighbors() [4]CellID

EdgeNeighbors returns the four cells that are adjacent across the cell's four edges. Edges 0, 1, 2, 3 are in the down, right, up, left directions in the face space. All neighbors are guaranteed to be distinct.

func (CellID) Encode 

func (ci CellID) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the CellID.

func (CellID) Face 

func (ci CellID) Face() int

Face returns the cube face for this cell ID, in the range [0,5].

func (CellID) Intersects 

func (ci CellID) Intersects(oci CellID) bool

Intersects returns true iff the CellID intersects oci.

func (CellID) IsLeaf 

func (ci CellID) IsLeaf() bool

IsLeaf returns whether this cell ID is at the deepest level; that is, the level at which the cells are smallest.

func (CellID) IsValid 

func (ci CellID) IsValid() bool

IsValid reports whether ci represents a valid cell.

func (CellID) LatLng 

func (ci CellID) LatLng() LatLng

LatLng returns the center of the s2 cell on the sphere as a LatLng.

func (CellID) Level 

func (ci CellID) Level() int

Level returns the subdivision level of this cell ID, in the range [0, maxLevel].

func (CellID) MaxTile 

func (ci CellID) MaxTile(limit CellID) CellID

MaxTile returns the largest cell with the same RangeMin such that RangeMax < limit.RangeMin. It returns limit if no such cell exists. This method can be used to generate a small set of CellIDs that covers a given range (a tiling). This example shows how to generate a tiling for a semi-open range of leaf cells [start, limit): 

for id := start.MaxTile(limit); id != limit; id = id.Next().MaxTile(limit)) { ... }

Note that in general the cells in the tiling will be of different sizes; they gradually get larger (near the middle of the range) and then gradually get smaller as limit is approached.

func (CellID) Next 

func (ci CellID) Next() CellID

Next returns the next cell along the Hilbert curve. This is expected to be used with ChildBegin and ChildEnd, or ChildBeginAtLevel and ChildEndAtLevel.

func (CellID) NextWrap 

func (ci CellID) NextWrap() CellID

NextWrap returns the next cell along the Hilbert curve, wrapping from last to first as necessary. This should not be used with ChildBegin and ChildEnd.

func (CellID) Parent 

func (ci CellID) Parent(level int) CellID

Parent returns the cell at the given level, which must be no greater than the current level.

func (CellID) Point 

func (ci CellID) Point() Point

Point returns the center of the s2 cell on the sphere as a Point. The maximum directional error in Point (compared to the exact mathematical result) is 1.5 * dblEpsilon radians, and the maximum length error is 2 * dblEpsilon (the same as Normalize).

func (CellID) Pos 

func (ci CellID) Pos() uint64

Pos returns the position along the Hilbert curve of this cell ID, in the range [0,2^posBits-1].

func (CellID) Prev 

func (ci CellID) Prev() CellID

Prev returns the previous cell along the Hilbert curve.

func (CellID) PrevWrap 

func (ci CellID) PrevWrap() CellID

PrevWrap returns the previous cell along the Hilbert curve, wrapping around from first to last as necessary. This should not be used with ChildBegin and ChildEnd.

func (CellID) RangeMax 

func (ci CellID) RangeMax() CellID

RangeMax returns the maximum CellID that is contained within this cell.

func (CellID) RangeMin 

func (ci CellID) RangeMin() CellID

RangeMin returns the minimum CellID that is contained within this cell.

func (CellID) String 

func (ci CellID) String() string

String returns the string representation of the cell ID in the form "1/3210".

func (CellID) ToToken 

func (ci CellID) ToToken() string

ToToken returns a hex-encoded string of the uint64 cell id, with leading zeros included but trailing zeros stripped.

func (CellID) VertexNeighbors 

func (ci CellID) VertexNeighbors(level int) []CellID

VertexNeighbors returns the neighboring cellIDs with vertex closest to this cell at the given level. (Normally there are four neighbors, but the closest vertex may only have three neighbors if it is one of the 8 cube vertices.)

type CellIndex 

type CellIndex struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

CellIndex stores a collection of (CellID, label) pairs.

The CellIDs may be overlapping or contain duplicate values. For example, a CellIndex could store a collection of CellUnions, where each CellUnion gets its own non-negative int32 label.

Similar to ShapeIndex and PointIndex which map each stored element to an identifier, CellIndex stores a label that is typically used to map the results of queries back to client's specific data.

The zero value for a CellIndex is sufficient when constructing a CellIndex.

To build a CellIndex where each Cell has a distinct label, call Add for each (CellID, label) pair, and then Build the index. For example: 

// contents is a mapping of an identifier in my system (restaurantID,
// vehicleID, etc) to a CellID
var contents = map[int32]CellID{...}

for key, val := range contents {
	index.Add(val, key)
}

index.Build()

There is also a helper method that adds all elements of CellUnion with the same label: 

index.AddCellUnion(cellUnion, label)

Note that the index is not dynamic; the contents of the index cannot be changed once it has been built. Adding more after calling Build results in undefined behavior of the index.

There are several options for retrieving data from the index. The simplest is to use a built-in method such as IntersectingLabels (which returns the labels of all cells that intersect a given target CellUnion): 

labels := index.IntersectingLabels(targetUnion);

Alternatively, you can use a ClosestCellQuery which computes the cell(s) that are closest to a given target geometry.

For example, here is how to find all cells that are closer than distanceLimit to a given target point: 

query := NewClosestCellQuery(cellIndex, opts)
target := NewMinDistanceToPointTarget(targetPoint);
for result := range query.FindCells(target) {
	// result.Distance() is the distance to the target.
	// result.CellID() is the indexed CellID.
	// result.Label() is the label associated with the CellID.
	DoSomething(targetPoint, result);
}

Internally, the index consists of a set of non-overlapping leaf cell ranges that subdivide the sphere and such that each range intersects a particular set of (cellID, label) pairs.

Most clients should use either the methods such as VisitIntersectingCells and IntersectingLabels, or a helper such as ClosestCellQuery.

func (*CellIndex) Add 

func (c *CellIndex) Add(id CellID, label int32)

Add adds the given CellID and Label to the index.

func (*CellIndex) AddCellUnion 

func (c *CellIndex) AddCellUnion(cu CellUnion, label int32)

AddCellUnion adds all of the elements of the given CellUnion to the index with the same label.

func (*CellIndex) Build 

func (c *CellIndex) Build()

Build builds the index for use. This method should only be called once.

type CellIndexContentsIterator 

type CellIndexContentsIterator struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

CellIndexContentsIterator is an iterator that visits the (CellID, label) pairs that cover a set of leaf cell ranges (see CellIndexRangeIterator). Note that when multiple leaf cell ranges are visited, this iterator only guarantees that each result will be reported at least once, i.e. duplicate values may be suppressed. If you want duplicate values to be reported again, be sure to call Clear first.

In particular, the implementation guarantees that when multiple leaf cell ranges are visited in monotonically increasing order, then each (CellID, label) pair is reported exactly once.

func NewCellIndexContentsIterator 

func NewCellIndexContentsIterator(index *CellIndex) *CellIndexContentsIterator

NewCellIndexContentsIterator returns a new contents iterator.

Note that the iterator needs to be positioned using StartUnion before it can be safely used.

func (*CellIndexContentsIterator) CellID 

func (c *CellIndexContentsIterator) CellID() CellID

CellID returns the current CellID.

func (*CellIndexContentsIterator) Clear 

func (c *CellIndexContentsIterator) Clear()

Clear clears all state with respect to which range(s) have been visited.

func (*CellIndexContentsIterator) Done 

func (c *CellIndexContentsIterator) Done() bool

Done reports if all (CellID, label) pairs have been visited.

func (*CellIndexContentsIterator) Label 

func (c *CellIndexContentsIterator) Label() int32

Label returns the current Label.

func (*CellIndexContentsIterator) Next 

func (c *CellIndexContentsIterator) Next()

Next advances the iterator to the next (CellID, label) pair covered by the current leaf cell range.

This requires the iterator to not be done.

func (*CellIndexContentsIterator) StartUnion 

func (c *CellIndexContentsIterator) StartUnion(r *CellIndexRangeIterator)

StartUnion positions the ContentsIterator at the first (cell_id, label) pair that covers the given leaf cell range. Note that when multiple leaf cell ranges are visited using the same ContentsIterator, duplicate values may be suppressed. If you don't want this behavior, call Reset() first.

type CellIndexIterator 

type CellIndexIterator struct {
}

CellIndexIterator is an iterator that visits the entire set of indexed (CellID, label) pairs in an unspecified order.

func NewCellIndexIterator 

func NewCellIndexIterator(index *CellIndex) *CellIndexIterator

NewCellIndexIterator creates an iterator for the given CellIndex.

type CellIndexRangeIterator 

type CellIndexRangeIterator struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

CellIndexRangeIterator is an iterator that seeks and iterates over a set of non-overlapping leaf cell ranges that cover the entire sphere. The indexed (CellID, label) pairs that intersect the current leaf cell range can be visited using CellIndexContentsIterator (see below).

func NewCellIndexNonEmptyRangeIterator 

func NewCellIndexNonEmptyRangeIterator(index *CellIndex) *CellIndexRangeIterator

NewCellIndexNonEmptyRangeIterator creates an iterator for the given CellIndex. The iterator is initially *unpositioned*; you must call a positioning method such as Begin() or Seek() before accessing its contents.

func NewCellIndexRangeIterator 

func NewCellIndexRangeIterator(index *CellIndex) *CellIndexRangeIterator

NewCellIndexRangeIterator creates an iterator for the given CellIndex. The iterator is initially *unpositioned*; you must call a positioning method such as Begin() or Seek() before accessing its contents.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) Advance 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) Advance(n int) bool

Advance reports if advancing would leave it positioned on a valid range. If the value would not be valid, the positioning is not changed.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) Begin 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) Begin()

Begin positions the iterator at the first range of leaf cells (if any).

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) Done 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) Done() bool

Done reports if the iterator is positioned beyond the last valid range.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) Finish 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) Finish()

Finish positions the iterator so that done is true.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) IsEmpty 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) IsEmpty() bool

IsEmpty reports if no (CellID, label) pairs intersect this range. Also returns true if done() is true.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) LimitID 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) LimitID() CellID

LimitID reports the non-inclusive end of the current range of leaf CellIDs.

This assumes the iterator is not done.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) Next 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) Next()

Next advances the iterator to the next range of leaf cells.

This assumes the iterator is not done.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) Prev 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) Prev() bool

Prev positions the iterator at the previous entry and reports whether it was not already positioned at the beginning.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) Seek 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) Seek(target CellID)

Seek positions the iterator at the first range with startID >= target. Such an entry always exists as long as "target" is a valid leaf cell.

Note that it is valid to access startID even when done is true.

func (*CellIndexRangeIterator) StartID 

func (c *CellIndexRangeIterator) StartID() CellID

StartID reports the CellID of the start of the current range of leaf CellIDs.

If done is true, this returns the last possible CellID. This property means that most loops do not need to test done explicitly.

type CellRelation 

type CellRelation int

CellRelation describes the possible relationships between a target cell and the cells of the ShapeIndex. If the target is an index cell or is contained by an index cell, it is Indexed. If the target is subdivided into one or more index cells, it is Subdivided. Otherwise it is Disjoint. 

const (
	Indexed CellRelation = iota
	Subdivided
	Disjoint
)

The possible CellRelations for a ShapeIndex.

type CellUnion 

type CellUnion []CellID

A CellUnion is a collection of CellIDs.

It is normalized if it is sorted, and does not contain redundancy. Specifically, it may not contain the same CellID twice, nor a CellID that is contained by another, nor the four sibling CellIDs that are children of a single higher level CellID.

CellUnions are not required to be normalized, but certain operations will return different results if they are not (e.g. Contains).

func CellUnionFromDifference 

func CellUnionFromDifference(x, y CellUnion) CellUnion

CellUnionFromDifference creates a CellUnion from the difference (x - y) of the given CellUnions.

func CellUnionFromIntersection 

func CellUnionFromIntersection(x, y CellUnion) CellUnion

CellUnionFromIntersection creates a CellUnion from the intersection of the given CellUnions.

func CellUnionFromIntersectionWithCellID 

func CellUnionFromIntersectionWithCellID(x CellUnion, id CellID) CellUnion

CellUnionFromIntersectionWithCellID creates a CellUnion from the intersection of a CellUnion with the given CellID. This can be useful for splitting a CellUnion into chunks.

func CellUnionFromRange 

func CellUnionFromRange(begin, end CellID) CellUnion

CellUnionFromRange creates a CellUnion that covers the half-open range of leaf cells [begin, end). If begin == end the resulting union is empty. This requires that begin and end are both leaves, and begin <= end. To create a closed-ended range, pass in end.Next().

func CellUnionFromUnion 

func CellUnionFromUnion(cellUnions ...CellUnion) CellUnion

CellUnionFromUnion creates a CellUnion from the union of the given CellUnions.

func (*CellUnion) ApproxArea 

func (cu *CellUnion) ApproxArea() float64

ApproxArea returns the approximate area of this CellUnion. This method is accurate to within 3% percent for all cell sizes and accurate to within 0.1% for cells at level 5 or higher within the union.

func (*CellUnion) AverageArea 

func (cu *CellUnion) AverageArea() float64

AverageArea returns the average area of this CellUnion. This is accurate to within a factor of 1.7.

func (CellUnion) CapBound 

func (cu CellUnion) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns a Cap that bounds this entity.

func (CellUnion) CellUnionBound 

func (cu CellUnion) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the CellUnion.

func (*CellUnion) Contains 

func (cu *CellUnion) Contains(o CellUnion) bool

Contains reports whether this CellUnion contains all of the CellIDs of the given CellUnion.

func (CellUnion) ContainsCell 

func (cu CellUnion) ContainsCell(c Cell) bool

ContainsCell reports whether this cell union contains the given cell.

func (*CellUnion) ContainsCellID 

func (cu *CellUnion) ContainsCellID(id CellID) bool

ContainsCellID reports whether the CellUnion contains the given cell ID. Containment is defined with respect to regions, e.g. a cell contains its 4 children.

CAVEAT: If you have constructed a non-normalized CellUnion, note that groups of 4 child cells are *not* considered to contain their parent cell. To get this behavior you must use one of the call Normalize() explicitly.

func (CellUnion) ContainsPoint 

func (cu CellUnion) ContainsPoint(p Point) bool

ContainsPoint reports whether this cell union contains the given point.

func (*CellUnion) Decode 

func (cu *CellUnion) Decode(r io.Reader) error

Decode decodes the CellUnion.

func (*CellUnion) Denormalize 

func (cu *CellUnion) Denormalize(minLevel, levelMod int)

Denormalize replaces this CellUnion with an expanded version of the CellUnion where any cell whose level is less than minLevel or where (level - minLevel) is not a multiple of levelMod is replaced by its children, until either both of these conditions are satisfied or the maximum level is reached.

func (*CellUnion) Encode 

func (cu *CellUnion) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the CellUnion.

func (CellUnion) Equal 

func (cu CellUnion) Equal(o CellUnion) bool

Equal reports whether the two CellUnions are equal.

func (*CellUnion) ExactArea 

func (cu *CellUnion) ExactArea() float64

ExactArea returns the area of this CellUnion as accurately as possible.

func (*CellUnion) ExpandAtLevel 

func (cu *CellUnion) ExpandAtLevel(level int)

ExpandAtLevel expands this CellUnion by adding a rim of cells at expandLevel around the unions boundary.

For each cell c in the union, we add all cells at level expandLevel that abut c. There are typically eight of those (four edge-abutting and four sharing a vertex). However, if c is finer than expandLevel, we add all cells abutting c.Parent(expandLevel) as well as c.Parent(expandLevel) itself, as an expandLevel cell rarely abuts a smaller cell.

Note that the size of the output is exponential in expandLevel. For example, if expandLevel == 20 and the input has a cell at level 10, there will be on the order of 4000 adjacent cells in the output. For most applications the ExpandByRadius method below is easier to use.

func (*CellUnion) ExpandByRadius 

func (cu *CellUnion) ExpandByRadius(minRadius s1.Angle, maxLevelDiff int)

ExpandByRadius expands this CellUnion such that it contains all points whose distance to the CellUnion is at most minRadius, but do not use cells that are more than maxLevelDiff levels higher than the largest cell in the input. The second parameter controls the tradeoff between accuracy and output size when a large region is being expanded by a small amount (e.g. expanding Canada by 1km). For example, if maxLevelDiff == 4 the region will always be expanded by approximately 1/16 the width of its largest cell. Note that in the worst case, the number of cells in the output can be up to 4 * (1 + 2 ** maxLevelDiff) times larger than the number of cells in the input.

func (*CellUnion) Intersects 

func (cu *CellUnion) Intersects(o CellUnion) bool

Intersects reports whether this CellUnion intersects any of the CellIDs of the given CellUnion.

func (CellUnion) IntersectsCell 

func (cu CellUnion) IntersectsCell(c Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether this cell union intersects the given cell.

func (*CellUnion) IntersectsCellID 

func (cu *CellUnion) IntersectsCellID(id CellID) bool

IntersectsCellID reports whether this CellUnion intersects the given cell ID.

func (*CellUnion) IsNormalized 

func (cu *CellUnion) IsNormalized() bool

IsNormalized reports whether the cell union is normalized, meaning that it is satisfies IsValid and that no four cells have a common parent. Certain operations such as Contains will return a different result if the cell union is not normalized.

func (*CellUnion) IsValid 

func (cu *CellUnion) IsValid() bool

IsValid reports whether the cell union is valid, meaning that the CellIDs are valid, non-overlapping, and sorted in increasing order.

func (*CellUnion) LeafCellsCovered 

func (cu *CellUnion) LeafCellsCovered() int64

LeafCellsCovered reports the number of leaf cells covered by this cell union. This will be no more than 6*2^60 for the whole sphere.

func (*CellUnion) Normalize 

func (cu *CellUnion) Normalize()

Normalize normalizes the CellUnion.

func (CellUnion) RectBound 

func (cu CellUnion) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns a Rect that bounds this entity.

type Chain 

type Chain struct {
	Start, Length int
}

Chain represents a range of edge IDs corresponding to a chain of connected edges, specified as a (start, length) pair. The chain is defined to consist of edge IDs {start, start + 1, ..., start + length - 1}.

type ChainPosition 

type ChainPosition struct {
	ChainID, Offset int
}

ChainPosition represents the position of an edge within a given edge chain, specified as a (chainID, offset) pair. Chains are numbered sequentially starting from zero, and offsets are measured from the start of each chain.

type ContainsPointQuery 

type ContainsPointQuery struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

ContainsPointQuery determines whether one or more shapes in a ShapeIndex contain a given Point. The ShapeIndex may contain any number of points, polylines, and/or polygons (possibly overlapping). Shape boundaries may be modeled as Open, SemiOpen, or Closed (this affects whether or not shapes are considered to contain their vertices).

This type is not safe for concurrent use.

However, note that if you need to do a large number of point containment tests, it is more efficient to re-use the query rather than creating a new one each time.

func NewContainsPointQuery 

func NewContainsPointQuery(index *ShapeIndex, model VertexModel) *ContainsPointQuery

NewContainsPointQuery creates a new instance of the ContainsPointQuery for the index and given vertex model choice.

func (*ContainsPointQuery) ContainingShapes 

func (q *ContainsPointQuery) ContainingShapes(p Point) []Shape

ContainingShapes returns a slice of all shapes that contain the given point.

func (*ContainsPointQuery) Contains 

func (q *ContainsPointQuery) Contains(p Point) bool

Contains reports whether any shape in the queries index contains the point p under the queries vertex model (Open, SemiOpen, or Closed).

func (*ContainsPointQuery) ShapeContains 

func (q *ContainsPointQuery) ShapeContains(shape Shape, p Point) bool

ShapeContains reports whether the given shape contains the point under this queries vertex model (Open, SemiOpen, or Closed).

This requires the shape belongs to this queries index.

type ContainsVertexQuery 

type ContainsVertexQuery struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

ContainsVertexQuery is used to track the edges entering and leaving the given vertex of a Polygon in order to be able to determine if the point is contained by the Polygon.

Point containment is defined according to the semi-open boundary model which means that if several polygons tile the region around a vertex, then exactly one of those polygons contains that vertex.

func NewContainsVertexQuery 

func NewContainsVertexQuery(target Point) *ContainsVertexQuery

NewContainsVertexQuery returns a new query for the given vertex whose containment will be determined.

func (*ContainsVertexQuery) AddEdge 

func (q *ContainsVertexQuery) AddEdge(v Point, direction int)

AddEdge adds the edge between target and v with the given direction. (+1 = outgoing, -1 = incoming, 0 = degenerate).

func (*ContainsVertexQuery) ContainsVertex 

func (q *ContainsVertexQuery) ContainsVertex() int

ContainsVertex reports a +1 if the target vertex is contained, -1 if it is not contained, and 0 if the incident edges consisted of matched sibling pairs.

type ConvexHullQuery 

type ConvexHullQuery struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

ConvexHullQuery builds the convex hull of any collection of points, polylines, loops, and polygons. It returns a single convex loop.

The convex hull is defined as the smallest convex region on the sphere that contains all of your input geometry. Recall that a region is "convex" if for every pair of points inside the region, the straight edge between them is also inside the region. In our case, a "straight" edge is a geodesic, i.e. the shortest path on the sphere between two points.

Containment of input geometry is defined as follows:

  • Each input loop and polygon is contained by the convex hull exactly (i.e., according to Polygon's Contains(Polygon)).

  • Each input point is either contained by the convex hull or is a vertex of the convex hull. (Recall that S2Loops do not necessarily contain their vertices.)

  • For each input polyline, the convex hull contains all of its vertices according to the rule for points above. (The definition of convexity then ensures that the convex hull also contains the polyline edges.)

To use this type, call the various Add... methods to add your input geometry, and then call ConvexHull. Note that ConvexHull does *not* reset the state; you can continue adding geometry if desired and compute the convex hull again. If you want to start from scratch, simply create a new ConvexHullQuery value.

This implement Andrew's monotone chain algorithm, which is a variant of the Graham scan (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_scan). The time complexity is O(n log n), and the space required is O(n). In fact only the call to "sort" takes O(n log n) time; the rest of the algorithm is linear.

Demonstration of the algorithm and code: en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain

This type is not safe for concurrent use.

func NewConvexHullQuery 

func NewConvexHullQuery() *ConvexHullQuery

NewConvexHullQuery creates a new ConvexHullQuery.

func (*ConvexHullQuery) AddLoop 

func (q *ConvexHullQuery) AddLoop(l *Loop)

AddLoop adds the given loop to the input geometry.

func (*ConvexHullQuery) AddPoint 

func (q *ConvexHullQuery) AddPoint(p Point)

AddPoint adds the given point to the input geometry.

func (*ConvexHullQuery) AddPolygon 

func (q *ConvexHullQuery) AddPolygon(p *Polygon)

AddPolygon adds the given polygon to the input geometry.

func (*ConvexHullQuery) AddPolyline 

func (q *ConvexHullQuery) AddPolyline(p *Polyline)

AddPolyline adds the given polyline to the input geometry.

func (ConvexHullQuery) CapBound 

func (q ConvexHullQuery) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns a bounding cap for the input geometry provided.

Note that this method does not clear the geometry; you can continue adding to it and call this method again if desired.

func (*ConvexHullQuery) ConvexHull 

func (q *ConvexHullQuery) ConvexHull() *Loop

ConvexHull returns a Loop representing the convex hull of the input geometry provided.

If there is no geometry, this method returns an empty loop containing no points.

If the geometry spans more than half of the sphere, this method returns a full loop containing the entire sphere.

If the geometry contains 1 or 2 points, or a single edge, this method returns a very small loop consisting of three vertices (which are a superset of the input vertices).

Note that this method does not clear the geometry; you can continue adding to the query and call this method again.

type Crossing 

type Crossing int

A Crossing indicates how edges cross. 

const (
	// Cross means the edges cross.
	Cross Crossing = iota
	// MaybeCross means two vertices from different edges are the same.
	MaybeCross
	// DoNotCross means the edges do not cross.
	DoNotCross
)

func CrossingSign 

func CrossingSign(a, b, c, d Point) Crossing

CrossingSign reports whether the edge AB intersects the edge CD. If AB crosses CD at a point that is interior to both edges, Cross is returned. If any two vertices from different edges are the same it returns MaybeCross. Otherwise it returns DoNotCross. If either edge is degenerate (A == B or C == D), the return value is MaybeCross if two vertices from different edges are the same and DoNotCross otherwise.

Properties of CrossingSign: 

(1) CrossingSign(b,a,c,d) == CrossingSign(a,b,c,d)
(2) CrossingSign(c,d,a,b) == CrossingSign(a,b,c,d)
(3) CrossingSign(a,b,c,d) == MaybeCross if a==c, a==d, b==c, b==d
(3) CrossingSign(a,b,c,d) == DoNotCross or MaybeCross if a==b or c==d

This method implements an exact, consistent perturbation model such that no three points are ever considered to be collinear. This means that even if you have 4 points A, B, C, D that lie exactly in a line (say, around the equator), C and D will be treated as being slightly to one side or the other of AB. This is done in a way such that the results are always consistent (see RobustSign).

func (Crossing) String 

func (c Crossing) String() string

type CrossingEdgeQuery 

type CrossingEdgeQuery struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

CrossingEdgeQuery is used to find the Edge IDs of Shapes that are crossed by a given edge(s).

Note that if you need to query many edges, it is more efficient to declare a single CrossingEdgeQuery instance and reuse it.

If you want to find *all* the pairs of crossing edges, it is more efficient to use the not yet implemented VisitCrossings in shapeutil.

func NewCrossingEdgeQuery 

func NewCrossingEdgeQuery(index *ShapeIndex) *CrossingEdgeQuery

NewCrossingEdgeQuery creates a CrossingEdgeQuery for the given index.

func (*CrossingEdgeQuery) Crossings 

func (c *CrossingEdgeQuery) Crossings(a, b Point, shape Shape, crossType CrossingType) []int

Crossings returns the set of edge of the shape S that intersect the given edge AB. If the CrossingType is Interior, then only intersections at a point interior to both edges are reported, while if it is CrossingTypeAll then edges that share a vertex are also reported.

func (*CrossingEdgeQuery) CrossingsEdgeMap 

func (c *CrossingEdgeQuery) CrossingsEdgeMap(a, b Point, crossType CrossingType) EdgeMap

CrossingsEdgeMap returns the set of all edges in the index that intersect the given edge AB. If crossType is CrossingTypeInterior, then only intersections at a point interior to both edges are reported, while if it is CrossingTypeAll then edges that share a vertex are also reported.

The edges are returned as a mapping from shape to the edges of that shape that intersect AB. Every returned shape has at least one crossing edge.

type CrossingType 

type CrossingType int

CrossingType defines different ways of reporting edge intersections. 

const (
	// CrossingTypeInterior reports intersections that occur at a point
	// interior to both edges (i.e., not at a vertex).
	CrossingTypeInterior CrossingType = iota

	// CrossingTypeAll reports all intersections, even those where two edges
	// intersect only because they share a common vertex.
	CrossingTypeAll

	// CrossingTypeNonAdjacent reports all intersections except for pairs of
	// the form (AB, BC) where both edges are from the same ShapeIndex.
	CrossingTypeNonAdjacent
)

type Direction 

type Direction int

Direction is an indication of the ordering of a set of points. 

const (
	Clockwise        Direction = -1
	Indeterminate    Direction = 0
	CounterClockwise Direction = 1
)

These are the three options for the direction of a set of points.

func RobustSign 

func RobustSign(a, b, c Point) Direction

RobustSign returns a Direction representing the ordering of the points. CounterClockwise is returned if the points are in counter-clockwise order, Clockwise for clockwise, and Indeterminate if any two points are the same (collinear), or the sign could not completely be determined.

This function has additional logic to make sure that the above properties hold even when the three points are coplanar, and to deal with the limitations of floating-point arithmetic.

RobustSign satisfies the following conditions: 

(1) RobustSign(a,b,c) == Indeterminate if and only if a == b, b == c, or c == a
(2) RobustSign(b,c,a) == RobustSign(a,b,c) for all a,b,c
(3) RobustSign(c,b,a) == -RobustSign(a,b,c) for all a,b,c

In other words: 

(1) The result is Indeterminate if and only if two points are the same.
(2) Rotating the order of the arguments does not affect the result.
(3) Exchanging any two arguments inverts the result.

On the other hand, note that it is not true in general that RobustSign(-a,b,c) == -RobustSign(a,b,c), or any similar identities involving antipodal points.

type Edge 

type Edge struct {
	V0, V1 Point
}

Edge represents a geodesic edge consisting of two vertices. Zero-length edges are allowed, and can be used to represent points.

func (Edge) Cmp 

func (e Edge) Cmp(other Edge) int

Cmp compares the two edges using the underlying Points Cmp method and returns 

-1 if e <  other
 0 if e == other
+1 if e >  other

The two edges are compared by first vertex, and then by the second vertex.

type EdgeCrosser 

type EdgeCrosser struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

EdgeCrosser allows edges to be efficiently tested for intersection with a given fixed edge AB. It is especially efficient when testing for intersection with an edge chain connecting vertices v0, v1, v2, ...

Example usage: 

func CountIntersections(a, b Point, edges []Edge) int {
	count := 0
	crosser := NewEdgeCrosser(a, b)
	for _, edge := range edges {
		if crosser.CrossingSign(&edge.First, &edge.Second) != DoNotCross {
			count++
		}
	}
	return count
}

func NewChainEdgeCrosser 

func NewChainEdgeCrosser(a, b, c Point) *EdgeCrosser

NewChainEdgeCrosser is a convenience constructor that uses AB as the fixed edge, and C as the first vertex of the vertex chain (equivalent to calling RestartAt(c)).

You don't need to use this or any of the chain functions unless you're trying to squeeze out every last drop of performance. Essentially all you are saving is a test whether the first vertex of the current edge is the same as the second vertex of the previous edge.

func NewEdgeCrosser 

func NewEdgeCrosser(a, b Point) *EdgeCrosser

NewEdgeCrosser returns an EdgeCrosser with the fixed edge AB.

func (*EdgeCrosser) ChainCrossingSign 

func (e *EdgeCrosser) ChainCrossingSign(d Point) Crossing

ChainCrossingSign is like CrossingSign, but uses the last vertex passed to one of the crossing methods (or RestartAt) as the first vertex of the current edge.

func (*EdgeCrosser) CrossingSign 

func (e *EdgeCrosser) CrossingSign(c, d Point) Crossing

CrossingSign reports whether the edge AB intersects the edge CD. If any two vertices from different edges are the same, returns MaybeCross. If either edge is degenerate (A == B or C == D), returns either DoNotCross or MaybeCross.

Properties of CrossingSign: 

(1) CrossingSign(b,a,c,d) == CrossingSign(a,b,c,d)
(2) CrossingSign(c,d,a,b) == CrossingSign(a,b,c,d)
(3) CrossingSign(a,b,c,d) == MaybeCross if a==c, a==d, b==c, b==d
(3) CrossingSign(a,b,c,d) == DoNotCross or MaybeCross if a==b or c==d

Note that if you want to check an edge against a chain of other edges, it is slightly more efficient to use the single-argument version ChainCrossingSign below.

func (*EdgeCrosser) EdgeOrVertexChainCrossing 

func (e *EdgeCrosser) EdgeOrVertexChainCrossing(d Point) bool

EdgeOrVertexChainCrossing is like EdgeOrVertexCrossing, but uses the last vertex passed to one of the crossing methods (or RestartAt) as the first vertex of the current edge.

func (*EdgeCrosser) EdgeOrVertexCrossing 

func (e *EdgeCrosser) EdgeOrVertexCrossing(c, d Point) bool

EdgeOrVertexCrossing reports whether if CrossingSign(c, d) > 0, or AB and CD share a vertex and VertexCrossing(a, b, c, d) is true.

This method extends the concept of a "crossing" to the case where AB and CD have a vertex in common. The two edges may or may not cross, according to the rules defined in VertexCrossing above. The rules are designed so that point containment tests can be implemented simply by counting edge crossings. Similarly, determining whether one edge chain crosses another edge chain can be implemented by counting.

func (*EdgeCrosser) RestartAt 

func (e *EdgeCrosser) RestartAt(c Point)

RestartAt sets the current point of the edge crosser to be c. Call this method when your chain 'jumps' to a new place. The argument must point to a value that persists until the next call.

type EdgeIterator 

type EdgeIterator struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

EdgeIterator is an iterator that advances through all edges in an ShapeIndex. This is different to the ShapeIndexIterator, which advances through the cells in the ShapeIndex.

func NewEdgeIterator 

func NewEdgeIterator(index *ShapeIndex) *EdgeIterator

NewEdgeIterator creates a new edge iterator for the given index.

func (*EdgeIterator) Done 

func (e *EdgeIterator) Done() bool

Done reports if the iterator is positioned at or after the last index edge.

func (*EdgeIterator) Edge 

func (e *EdgeIterator) Edge() Edge

Edge returns the current edge.

func (*EdgeIterator) EdgeID 

func (e *EdgeIterator) EdgeID() int32

EdgeID returns the current edge ID.

func (*EdgeIterator) Next 

func (e *EdgeIterator) Next()

Next positions the iterator at the next index edge.

func (*EdgeIterator) ShapeEdgeID 

func (e *EdgeIterator) ShapeEdgeID() ShapeEdgeID

ShapeEdgeID returns the current (shapeID, edgeID).

func (*EdgeIterator) ShapeID 

func (e *EdgeIterator) ShapeID() int32

ShapeID returns the current shape ID.

type EdgeMap 

type EdgeMap map[Shape][]int

EdgeMap stores a sorted set of edge ids for each shape.

type EdgeQuery 

type EdgeQuery struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

EdgeQuery is used to find the edge(s) between two geometries that match a given set of options. It is flexible enough so that it can be adapted to compute maximum distances and even potentially Hausdorff distances.

By using the appropriate options, this type can answer questions such as:

  • Find the minimum distance between two geometries A and B.
  • Find all edges of geometry A that are within a distance D of geometry B.
  • Find the k edges of geometry A that are closest to a given point P.

You can also specify whether polygons should include their interiors (i.e., if a point is contained by a polygon, should the distance be zero or should it be measured to the polygon boundary?)

The input geometries may consist of any number of points, polylines, and polygons (collectively referred to as "shapes"). Shapes do not need to be disjoint; they may overlap or intersect arbitrarily. The implementation is designed to be fast for both simple and complex geometries.

func NewClosestEdgeQuery 

func NewClosestEdgeQuery(index *ShapeIndex, opts *EdgeQueryOptions) *EdgeQuery

NewClosestEdgeQuery returns an EdgeQuery that is used for finding the closest edge(s) to a given Point, Edge, Cell, or geometry collection.

You can find either the k closest edges, or all edges within a given radius, or both (i.e., the k closest edges up to a given maximum radius). E.g. to find all the edges within 5 kilometers, set the DistanceLimit in the options.

By default *all* edges are returned, so you should always specify either MaxResults or DistanceLimit options or both.

Note that by default, distances are measured to the boundary and interior of polygons. For example, if a point is inside a polygon then its distance is zero. To change this behavior, set the IncludeInteriors option to false.

If you only need to test whether the distance is above or below a given threshold (e.g., 10 km), you can use the IsDistanceLess() method. This is much faster than actually calculating the distance with FindEdge, since the implementation can stop as soon as it can prove that the minimum distance is either above or below the threshold.

func NewFurthestEdgeQuery 

func NewFurthestEdgeQuery(index *ShapeIndex, opts *EdgeQueryOptions) *EdgeQuery

NewFurthestEdgeQuery returns an EdgeQuery that is used for finding the furthest edge(s) to a given Point, Edge, Cell, or geometry collection.

The furthest edge is defined as the one which maximizes the distance from any point on that edge to any point on the target geometry.

Similar to the example in NewClosestEdgeQuery, to find the 5 furthest edges from a given Point:

func (*EdgeQuery) Distance 

func (e *EdgeQuery) Distance(target distanceTarget) s1.ChordAngle

Distance reports the distance to the target. If the index or target is empty, returns the EdgeQuery's maximal sentinel.

Use IsDistanceLess()/IsDistanceGreater() if you only want to compare the distance against a threshold value, since it is often much faster.

func (*EdgeQuery) FindEdges 

func (e *EdgeQuery) FindEdges(target distanceTarget) []EdgeQueryResult

FindEdges returns the edges for the given target that satisfy the current options.

Note that if opts.IncludeInteriors is true, the results may include some entries with edge_id == -1. This indicates that the target intersects the indexed polygon with the given ShapeID.

Example (FindClosestEdges) 
package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/philiphil/geo/s2"
)

func main() {
	// Let's start with one or more Polylines that we wish to compare against.
	polylines := []s2.Polyline{
		// This is an iteration = 3 Koch snowflake centered at the
		// center of the continental US.
		s2.Polyline{
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(47.5467, -103.6035)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.9214, -103.7320)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.1527, -105.8000)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(44.2866, -103.8538)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(42.6450, -103.9695)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(41.8743, -105.9314)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(42.7141, -107.8226)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(41.0743, -107.8377)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(40.2486, -109.6869)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(39.4333, -107.8521)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.7936, -107.8658)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(38.5849, -106.0503)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.7058, -104.2841)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(36.0638, -104.3793)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(35.3062, -106.1585)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(34.4284, -104.4703)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(32.8024, -104.5573)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(33.5273, -102.8163)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(32.6053, -101.1982)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(34.2313, -101.0361)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(34.9120, -99.2189)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(33.9382, -97.6134)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(32.3185, -97.8489)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(32.9481, -96.0510)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(31.9449, -94.5321)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(33.5521, -94.2263)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(34.1285, -92.3780)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(35.1678, -93.9070)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(36.7893, -93.5734)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.3529, -91.6381)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(36.2777, -90.1050)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.8824, -89.6824)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(38.3764, -87.7108)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(39.4869, -89.2407)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(41.0883, -88.7784)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(40.5829, -90.8289)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(41.6608, -92.4765)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(43.2777, -92.0749)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(43.7961, -89.9408)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(44.8865, -91.6533)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(46.4844, -91.2100)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.9512, -93.4327)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(46.9863, -95.2792)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.3722, -95.6237)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(44.7496, -97.7776)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.7189, -99.6629)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(47.3422, -99.4244)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(46.6523, -101.6056)),
		},
	}

	// We will use a point that we wish to find the edges which are closest to it.
	point := s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.7, -122.5))

	// Load them into a ShapeIndex.
	index := s2.NewShapeIndex()
	for _, l := range polylines {
		index.Add(&l)
	}

	// Create a ClosestEdgeQuery and specify that we want the 7 closest.
	//
	// Note that if you were to request all results, and compare to the results
	// of a FurthestEdgeQuery, the results will not be a complete reversal. This
	// is because the distances being reported are to the closest end of a given
	// edge, while the Furthest query is reporting distances to the farthest end
	// of a given edge.
	q := s2.NewClosestEdgeQuery(index, s2.NewClosestEdgeQueryOptions().MaxResults(7))
	target := s2.NewMinDistanceToPointTarget(point)

	for _, result := range q.FindEdges(target) {
		polylineIndex := result.ShapeID()
		edgeIndex := result.EdgeID()
		distance := result.Distance()
		fmt.Printf("Polyline %d, Edge %d is %0.4f degrees from Point (%0.6f, %0.6f, %0.6f)\n",
			polylineIndex, edgeIndex,
			distance.Angle().Degrees(), point.X, point.Y, point.Z)
	}
}

Output:

Polyline 0, Edge 7 is 10.2718 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Polyline 0, Edge 8 is 10.2718 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Polyline 0, Edge 9 is 11.5362 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Polyline 0, Edge 10 is 11.5602 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Polyline 0, Edge 6 is 11.8071 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Polyline 0, Edge 5 is 12.2577 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Polyline 0, Edge 11 is 12.9502 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Example (FindFurthestEdges) 
package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/philiphil/geo/s2"
)

func main() {
	// Let's start with one or more Polylines that we wish to compare against.
	polylines := []s2.Polyline{
		// This is an iteration = 3 Koch snowflake centered at the
		// center of the continental US.
		s2.Polyline{
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(47.5467, -103.6035)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.9214, -103.7320)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.1527, -105.8000)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(44.2866, -103.8538)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(42.6450, -103.9695)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(41.8743, -105.9314)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(42.7141, -107.8226)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(41.0743, -107.8377)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(40.2486, -109.6869)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(39.4333, -107.8521)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.7936, -107.8658)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(38.5849, -106.0503)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.7058, -104.2841)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(36.0638, -104.3793)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(35.3062, -106.1585)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(34.4284, -104.4703)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(32.8024, -104.5573)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(33.5273, -102.8163)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(32.6053, -101.1982)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(34.2313, -101.0361)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(34.9120, -99.2189)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(33.9382, -97.6134)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(32.3185, -97.8489)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(32.9481, -96.0510)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(31.9449, -94.5321)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(33.5521, -94.2263)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(34.1285, -92.3780)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(35.1678, -93.9070)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(36.7893, -93.5734)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.3529, -91.6381)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(36.2777, -90.1050)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.8824, -89.6824)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(38.3764, -87.7108)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(39.4869, -89.2407)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(41.0883, -88.7784)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(40.5829, -90.8289)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(41.6608, -92.4765)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(43.2777, -92.0749)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(43.7961, -89.9408)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(44.8865, -91.6533)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(46.4844, -91.2100)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.9512, -93.4327)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(46.9863, -95.2792)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.3722, -95.6237)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(44.7496, -97.7776)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(45.7189, -99.6629)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(47.3422, -99.4244)),
			s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(46.6523, -101.6056)),
		},
	}

	// We will use a point that we want to find the edges which are furthest from it.
	point := s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(37.7, -122.5))

	// Load them into a ShapeIndex
	index := s2.NewShapeIndex()
	for _, l := range polylines {
		index.Add(&l)
	}

	// Create a FurthestEdgeQuery and specify that we want the 3 furthest.
	q := s2.NewFurthestEdgeQuery(index, s2.NewFurthestEdgeQueryOptions().MaxResults(3))
	target := s2.NewMaxDistanceToPointTarget(point)

	for _, result := range q.FindEdges(target) {
		polylineIndex := result.ShapeID()
		edgeIndex := result.EdgeID()
		distance := result.Distance()
		fmt.Printf("Polyline %d, Edge %d is %0.3f degrees from Point (%0.6f, %0.6f, %0.6f)\n",
			polylineIndex, edgeIndex,
			distance.Angle().Degrees(), point.X, point.Y, point.Z)
	}
}

Output:

Polyline 0, Edge 31 is 27.245 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Polyline 0, Edge 32 is 27.245 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)
Polyline 0, Edge 33 is 26.115 degrees from Point (-0.425124, -0.667311, 0.611527)

func (*EdgeQuery) IsConservativeDistanceGreaterOrEqual 

func (e *EdgeQuery) IsConservativeDistanceGreaterOrEqual(target distanceTarget, limit s1.ChordAngle) bool

IsConservativeDistanceGreaterOrEqual reports if the distance to the target is greater than or equal to the given limit with some small tolerance.

func (*EdgeQuery) IsConservativeDistanceLessOrEqual 

func (e *EdgeQuery) IsConservativeDistanceLessOrEqual(target distanceTarget, limit s1.ChordAngle) bool

IsConservativeDistanceLessOrEqual reports if the distance to target is less or equal to the limit, where the limit has been expanded by the maximum error for the distance calculation.

For example, suppose that we want to test whether two geometries might intersect each other after they are snapped together using Builder (using the IdentitySnapFunction with a given "snap radius"). Since Builder uses exact distance predicates (s2predicates), we need to measure the distance between the two geometries conservatively. If the distance is definitely greater than "snap radius", then the geometries are guaranteed to not intersect after snapping.

func (*EdgeQuery) IsDistanceGreater 

func (e *EdgeQuery) IsDistanceGreater(target distanceTarget, limit s1.ChordAngle) bool

IsDistanceGreater reports if the distance to target is greater than limit.

This method is usually much faster than Distance, since it is much less work to determine whether the maximum distance is above or below a threshold than it is to calculate the actual maximum distance. If you wish to check if the distance is less than or equal to the limit, use: 

query.IsDistanceGreater(target, limit.Predecessor())

func (*EdgeQuery) IsDistanceLess 

func (e *EdgeQuery) IsDistanceLess(target distanceTarget, limit s1.ChordAngle) bool

IsDistanceLess reports if the distance to target is less than the given limit.

This method is usually much faster than Distance(), since it is much less work to determine whether the minimum distance is above or below a threshold than it is to calculate the actual minimum distance.

If you wish to check if the distance is less than or equal to the limit, use: 

query.IsDistanceLess(target, limit.Successor())

func (*EdgeQuery) Reset 

func (e *EdgeQuery) Reset()

Reset resets the state of this EdgeQuery.

type EdgeQueryOptions 

type EdgeQueryOptions struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

EdgeQueryOptions holds the options for controlling how EdgeQuery operates.

Options can be chained together builder-style: 

	opts = NewClosestEdgeQueryOptions().
		MaxResults(1).
		DistanceLimit(s1.ChordAngleFromAngle(3 * s1.Degree)).
		MaxError(s1.ChordAngleFromAngle(0.001 * s1.Degree))
	query = NewClosestEdgeQuery(index, opts)

 or set individually:

	opts = NewClosestEdgeQueryOptions()
	opts.IncludeInteriors(true)

or just inline: 

query = NewClosestEdgeQuery(index, NewClosestEdgeQueryOptions().MaxResults(3))

If you pass a nil as the options you get the default values for the options.

func NewClosestEdgeQueryOptions 

func NewClosestEdgeQueryOptions() *EdgeQueryOptions

NewClosestEdgeQueryOptions returns a set of edge query options suitable for performing closest edge queries.

func NewFurthestEdgeQueryOptions 

func NewFurthestEdgeQueryOptions() *EdgeQueryOptions

NewFurthestEdgeQueryOptions returns a set of edge query options suitable for performing furthest edge queries.

func (*EdgeQueryOptions) DistanceLimit 

func (e *EdgeQueryOptions) DistanceLimit(limit s1.ChordAngle) *EdgeQueryOptions

DistanceLimit specifies that only edges whose distance to the target is within, this distance should be returned. Edges whose distance is equal are not returned. To include values that are equal, specify the limit with the next largest representable distance. i.e. limit.Successor().

func (*EdgeQueryOptions) IncludeInteriors 

func (e *EdgeQueryOptions) IncludeInteriors(x bool) *EdgeQueryOptions

IncludeInteriors specifies whether polygon interiors should be included when measuring distances.

func (*EdgeQueryOptions) MaxError 

func (e *EdgeQueryOptions) MaxError(dist s1.ChordAngle) *EdgeQueryOptions

MaxError specifies that edges up to dist away than the true matching edges may be substituted in the result set, as long as such edges satisfy all the remaining search criteria (such as DistanceLimit). This option only has an effect if MaxResults is also specified; otherwise all edges closer than MaxDistance will always be returned.

func (*EdgeQueryOptions) MaxResults 

func (e *EdgeQueryOptions) MaxResults(n int) *EdgeQueryOptions

MaxResults specifies that at most MaxResults edges should be returned. This must be at least 1.

func (*EdgeQueryOptions) UseBruteForce 

func (e *EdgeQueryOptions) UseBruteForce(x bool) *EdgeQueryOptions

UseBruteForce sets or disables the use of brute force in a query.

type EdgeQueryResult 

type EdgeQueryResult struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

EdgeQueryResult represents an edge that meets the target criteria for the query. Note the following special cases:

  • ShapeID >= 0 && EdgeID < 0 represents the interior of a shape. Such results may be returned when the option IncludeInteriors is true.

  • ShapeID < 0 && EdgeID < 0 is returned to indicate that no edge satisfies the requested query options.

func (EdgeQueryResult) Distance 

func (e EdgeQueryResult) Distance() s1.ChordAngle

Distance reports the distance between the edge in this shape that satisfied the query's parameters.

func (EdgeQueryResult) EdgeID 

func (e EdgeQueryResult) EdgeID() int32

EdgeID reports the ID of the edge in the results Shape.

func (EdgeQueryResult) IsEmpty 

func (e EdgeQueryResult) IsEmpty() bool

IsEmpty reports if this has no edge that satisfies the given edge query options. This result is only returned in one special case, namely when FindEdge() does not find any suitable edges.

func (EdgeQueryResult) IsInterior 

func (e EdgeQueryResult) IsInterior() bool

IsInterior reports if this result represents the interior of a Shape.

func (EdgeQueryResult) Less 

func (e EdgeQueryResult) Less(other EdgeQueryResult) bool

Less reports if this results is less that the other first by distance, then by (shapeID, edgeID). This is used for sorting.

func (EdgeQueryResult) ShapeID 

func (e EdgeQueryResult) ShapeID() int32

ShapeID reports the ID of the Shape this result is for.

type EdgeTessellator 

type EdgeTessellator struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

EdgeTessellator converts an edge in a given projection (e.g., Mercator) into a chain of spherical geodesic edges such that the maximum distance between the original edge and the geodesic edge chain is at most the requested tolerance. Similarly, it can convert a spherical geodesic edge into a chain of edges in a given 2D projection such that the maximum distance between the geodesic edge and the chain of projected edges is at most the requested tolerance. 

Method      | Input                  | Output
------------|------------------------|-----------------------
Projected   | S2 geodesics           | Planar projected edges
Unprojected | Planar projected edges | S2 geodesics

func NewEdgeTessellator 

func NewEdgeTessellator(p Projection, tolerance s1.Angle) *EdgeTessellator

NewEdgeTessellator creates a new edge tessellator for the given projection and tolerance.

func (*EdgeTessellator) AppendProjected 

func (e *EdgeTessellator) AppendProjected(a, b Point, vertices []r2.Point) []r2.Point

AppendProjected converts the spherical geodesic edge AB to a chain of planar edges in the given projection and returns the corresponding vertices.

If the given projection has one or more coordinate axes that wrap, then every vertex's coordinates will be as close as possible to the previous vertex's coordinates. Note that this may yield vertices whose coordinates are outside the usual range. For example, tessellating the edge (0:170, 0:-170) (in lat:lng notation) yields (0:170, 0:190).

func (*EdgeTessellator) AppendUnprojected 

func (e *EdgeTessellator) AppendUnprojected(pa, pb r2.Point, vertices []Point) []Point

AppendUnprojected converts the planar edge AB in the given projection to a chain of spherical geodesic edges and returns the vertices.

Note that to construct a Loop, you must eliminate the duplicate first and last vertex. Note also that if the given projection involves coordinate wrapping (e.g. across the 180 degree meridian) then the first and last vertices may not be exactly the same.

type FaceSegment 

type FaceSegment struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

FaceSegment represents an edge AB clipped to an S2 cube face. It is represented by a face index and a pair of (u,v) coordinates.

func FaceSegments 

func FaceSegments(a, b Point) []FaceSegment

FaceSegments subdivides the given edge AB at every point where it crosses the boundary between two S2 cube faces and returns the corresponding FaceSegments. The segments are returned in order from A toward B. The input points must be unit length.

This function guarantees that the returned segments form a continuous path from A to B, and that all vertices are within faceClipErrorUVDist of the line AB. All vertices lie within the [-1,1]x[-1,1] cube face rectangles. The results are consistent with Sign, i.e. the edge is well-defined even its endpoints are antipodal. TODO(roberts): Extend the implementation of PointCross so that this is true.

type LatLng 

type LatLng struct {
	Lat, Lng s1.Angle
}

LatLng represents a point on the unit sphere as a pair of angles.

func LatLngFromDegrees 

func LatLngFromDegrees(lat, lng float64) LatLng

LatLngFromDegrees returns a LatLng for the coordinates given in degrees.

func LatLngFromPoint 

func LatLngFromPoint(p Point) LatLng

LatLngFromPoint returns an LatLng for a given Point.

func (LatLng) ApproxEqual 

func (ll LatLng) ApproxEqual(other LatLng) bool

ApproxEqual reports whether the latitude and longitude of the two LatLngs are the same up to a small tolerance.

func (LatLng) Distance 

func (ll LatLng) Distance(ll2 LatLng) s1.Angle

Distance returns the angle between two LatLngs.

func (LatLng) IsValid 

func (ll LatLng) IsValid() bool

IsValid returns true iff the LatLng is normalized, with Lat ∈ [-π/2,π/2] and Lng ∈ [-π,π].

func (LatLng) Normalized 

func (ll LatLng) Normalized() LatLng

Normalized returns the normalized version of the LatLng, with Lat clamped to [-π/2,π/2] and Lng wrapped in [-π,π].

func (LatLng) String 

func (ll LatLng) String() string

type Loop 

type Loop struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Loop represents a simple spherical polygon. It consists of a sequence of vertices where the first vertex is implicitly connected to the last. All loops are defined to have a CCW orientation, i.e. the interior of the loop is on the left side of the edges. This implies that a clockwise loop enclosing a small area is interpreted to be a CCW loop enclosing a very large area.

Loops are not allowed to have any duplicate vertices (whether adjacent or not). Non-adjacent edges are not allowed to intersect, and furthermore edges of length 180 degrees are not allowed (i.e., adjacent vertices cannot be antipodal). Loops must have at least 3 vertices (except for the "empty" and "full" loops discussed below).

There are two special loops: the "empty" loop contains no points and the "full" loop contains all points. These loops do not have any edges, but to preserve the invariant that every loop can be represented as a vertex chain, they are defined as having exactly one vertex each (see EmptyLoop and FullLoop).

func EmptyLoop 

func EmptyLoop() *Loop

EmptyLoop returns a special "empty" loop.

func FullLoop 

func FullLoop() *Loop

FullLoop returns a special "full" loop.

func LoopFromCell 

func LoopFromCell(c Cell) *Loop

LoopFromCell constructs a loop corresponding to the given cell.

Note that the loop and cell *do not* contain exactly the same set of points, because Loop and Cell have slightly different definitions of point containment. For example, a Cell vertex is contained by all four neighboring Cells, but it is contained by exactly one of four Loops constructed from those cells. As another example, the cell coverings of cell and LoopFromCell(cell) will be different, because the loop contains points on its boundary that actually belong to other cells (i.e., the covering will include a layer of neighboring cells).

func LoopFromPoints 

func LoopFromPoints(pts []Point) *Loop

LoopFromPoints constructs a loop from the given points.

func RegularLoop 

func RegularLoop(center Point, radius s1.Angle, numVertices int) *Loop

RegularLoop creates a loop with the given number of vertices, all located on a circle of the specified radius around the given center.

func RegularLoopForFrame 

func RegularLoopForFrame(frame matrix3x3, radius s1.Angle, numVertices int) *Loop

RegularLoopForFrame creates a loop centered around the z-axis of the given coordinate frame, with the first vertex in the direction of the positive x-axis.

func (*Loop) Area 

func (l *Loop) Area() float64

Area returns the area of the loop interior, i.e. the region on the left side of the loop. The return value is between 0 and 4*pi. (Note that the return value is not affected by whether this loop is a "hole" or a "shell".)

func (*Loop) BoundaryEqual 

func (l *Loop) BoundaryEqual(o *Loop) bool

BoundaryEqual reports whether the two loops have the same boundary. This is true if and only if the loops have the same vertices in the same cyclic order (i.e., the vertices may be cyclically rotated). The empty and full loops are considered to have different boundaries.

func (*Loop) CanonicalFirstVertex 

func (l *Loop) CanonicalFirstVertex() (firstIdx, direction int)

CanonicalFirstVertex returns a first index and a direction (either +1 or -1) such that the vertex sequence (first, first+dir, ..., first+(n-1)*dir) does not change when the loop vertex order is rotated or inverted. This allows the loop vertices to be traversed in a canonical order. The return values are chosen such that (first, ..., first+n*dir) are in the range [0, 2*n-1] as expected by the Vertex method.

func (Loop) CapBound 

func (l Loop) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns a bounding cap that may have more padding than the corresponding RectBound. The bound is conservative such that if the loop contains a point P, the bound also contains it.

func (Loop) CellUnionBound 

func (l Loop) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the Loop.

func (*Loop) Centroid 

func (l *Loop) Centroid() Point

Centroid returns the true centroid of the loop multiplied by the area of the loop. The result is not unit length, so you may want to normalize it. Also note that in general, the centroid may not be contained by the loop.

We prescale by the loop area for two reasons: (1) it is cheaper to compute this way, and (2) it makes it easier to compute the centroid of more complicated shapes (by splitting them into disjoint regions and adding their centroids).

Note that the return value is not affected by whether this loop is a "hole" or a "shell".

func (*Loop) Chain 

func (l *Loop) Chain(chainID int) Chain

Chain returns the i-th edge chain in the Shape.

func (*Loop) ChainEdge 

func (l *Loop) ChainEdge(chainID, offset int) Edge

ChainEdge returns the j-th edge of the i-th edge chain.

func (*Loop) ChainPosition 

func (l *Loop) ChainPosition(edgeID int) ChainPosition

ChainPosition returns a ChainPosition pair (i, j) such that edgeID is the j-th edge of the Loop.

func (*Loop) Contains 

func (l *Loop) Contains(o *Loop) bool

Contains reports whether the region contained by this loop is a superset of the region contained by the given other loop.

func (Loop) ContainsCell 

func (l Loop) ContainsCell(target Cell) bool

ContainsCell reports whether the given Cell is contained by this Loop.

func (*Loop) ContainsNested 

func (l *Loop) ContainsNested(other *Loop) bool

ContainsNested reports whether the given loops is contained within this loop. This function does not test for edge intersections. The two loops must meet all of the Polygon requirements; for example this implies that their boundaries may not cross or have any shared edges (although they may have shared vertices).

func (*Loop) ContainsOrigin 

func (l *Loop) ContainsOrigin() bool

ContainsOrigin reports true if this loop contains s2.OriginPoint().

func (Loop) ContainsPoint 

func (l Loop) ContainsPoint(p Point) bool

ContainsPoint returns true if the loop contains the point.

func (*Loop) Decode 

func (l *Loop) Decode(r io.Reader) error

Decode decodes a loop.

func (*Loop) Dimension 

func (l *Loop) Dimension() int

Dimension returns the dimension of the geometry represented by this Loop.

func (*Loop) Edge 

func (l *Loop) Edge(i int) Edge

Edge returns the endpoints for the given edge index.

func (Loop) Encode 

func (l Loop) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the Loop.

func (*Loop) Equal 

func (l *Loop) Equal(other *Loop) bool

Equal reports whether two loops have the same vertices in the same linear order (i.e., cyclic rotations are not allowed).

func (*Loop) Intersects 

func (l *Loop) Intersects(o *Loop) bool

Intersects reports whether the region contained by this loop intersects the region contained by the other loop.

func (Loop) IntersectsCell 

func (l Loop) IntersectsCell(target Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether this Loop intersects the given cell.

func (*Loop) Invert 

func (l *Loop) Invert()

Invert reverses the order of the loop vertices, effectively complementing the region represented by the loop. For example, the loop ABCD (with edges AB, BC, CD, DA) becomes the loop DCBA (with edges DC, CB, BA, AD). Notice that the last edge is the same in both cases except that its direction has been reversed.

func (*Loop) IsEmpty 

func (l *Loop) IsEmpty() bool

IsEmpty reports true if this is the special empty loop that contains no points.

func (*Loop) IsFull 

func (l *Loop) IsFull() bool

IsFull reports true if this is the special full loop that contains all points.

func (*Loop) IsHole 

func (l *Loop) IsHole() bool

IsHole reports whether this loop represents a hole in its containing polygon.

func (*Loop) IsNormalized 

func (l *Loop) IsNormalized() bool

IsNormalized reports whether the loop area is at most 2*pi. Degenerate loops are handled consistently with Sign, i.e., if a loop can be expressed as the union of degenerate or nearly-degenerate CCW triangles, then it will always be considered normalized.

func (*Loop) Normalize 

func (l *Loop) Normalize()

Normalize inverts the loop if necessary so that the area enclosed by the loop is at most 2*pi.

func (*Loop) NumChains 

func (l *Loop) NumChains() int

NumChains reports the number of contiguous edge chains in the Loop.

func (*Loop) NumEdges 

func (l *Loop) NumEdges() int

NumEdges returns the number of edges in this shape.

func (*Loop) NumVertices 

func (l *Loop) NumVertices() int

NumVertices returns the number of vertices in this loop.

func (*Loop) OrientedVertex 

func (l *Loop) OrientedVertex(i int) Point

OrientedVertex returns the vertex in reverse order if the loop represents a polygon hole. For example, arguments 0, 1, 2 are mapped to vertices n-1, n-2, n-3, where n == len(vertices). This ensures that the interior of the polygon is always to the left of the vertex chain.

This requires: 0 <= i < 2 * len(vertices)

func (Loop) RectBound 

func (l Loop) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns a tight bounding rectangle. If the loop contains the point, the bound also contains it.

func (*Loop) ReferencePoint 

func (l *Loop) ReferencePoint() ReferencePoint

ReferencePoint returns the reference point for this loop.

func (*Loop) SetDepth added in v1.0.3 

func (l *Loop) SetDepth(i int)

func (*Loop) Sign 

func (l *Loop) Sign() int

Sign returns -1 if this Loop represents a hole in its containing polygon, and +1 otherwise.

func (*Loop) TurningAngle 

func (l *Loop) TurningAngle() float64

TurningAngle returns the sum of the turning angles at each vertex. The return value is positive if the loop is counter-clockwise, negative if the loop is clockwise, and zero if the loop is a great circle. Degenerate and nearly-degenerate loops are handled consistently with Sign. So for example, if a loop has zero area (i.e., it is a very small CCW loop) then the turning angle will always be negative.

This quantity is also called the "geodesic curvature" of the loop.

func (*Loop) Validate 

func (l *Loop) Validate() error

Validate checks whether this is a valid loop.

func (*Loop) Vertex 

func (l *Loop) Vertex(i int) Point

Vertex returns the vertex for the given index. For convenience, the vertex indices wrap automatically for methods that do index math such as Edge. i.e., Vertex(NumEdges() + n) is the same as Vertex(n).

func (*Loop) Vertices 

func (l *Loop) Vertices() []Point

Vertices returns the vertices in the loop.

type MaxDistanceToCellTarget 

type MaxDistanceToCellTarget struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MaxDistanceToCellTarget is used for computing the maximum distance to a Cell.

func NewMaxDistanceToCellTarget 

func NewMaxDistanceToCellTarget(cell Cell) *MaxDistanceToCellTarget

NewMaxDistanceToCellTarget returns a new target for the given Cell.

type MaxDistanceToEdgeTarget 

type MaxDistanceToEdgeTarget struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MaxDistanceToEdgeTarget is used for computing the maximum distance to an Edge.

func NewMaxDistanceToEdgeTarget 

func NewMaxDistanceToEdgeTarget(e Edge) *MaxDistanceToEdgeTarget

NewMaxDistanceToEdgeTarget returns a new target for the given Edge.

type MaxDistanceToPointTarget 

type MaxDistanceToPointTarget struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MaxDistanceToPointTarget is used for computing the maximum distance to a Point.

func NewMaxDistanceToPointTarget 

func NewMaxDistanceToPointTarget(point Point) *MaxDistanceToPointTarget

NewMaxDistanceToPointTarget returns a new target for the given Point.

type MaxDistanceToShapeIndexTarget 

type MaxDistanceToShapeIndexTarget struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MaxDistanceToShapeIndexTarget is used for computing the maximum distance to a ShapeIndex.

func NewMaxDistanceToShapeIndexTarget 

func NewMaxDistanceToShapeIndexTarget(index *ShapeIndex) *MaxDistanceToShapeIndexTarget

NewMaxDistanceToShapeIndexTarget returns a new target for the given ShapeIndex.

type MercatorProjection 

type MercatorProjection struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MercatorProjection defines the spherical Mercator projection. Google Maps uses this projection together with WGS84 coordinates, in which case it is known as the "Web Mercator" projection (see Wikipedia). This class makes no assumptions regarding the coordinate system of its input points, but simply applies the spherical Mercator projection to them.

The Mercator projection is finite in width (x) but infinite in height (y). "x" corresponds to longitude, and spans a finite range such as [-180, 180] (with coordinate wrapping), while "y" is a function of latitude and spans an infinite range. (As "y" coordinates get larger, points get closer to the north pole but never quite reach it.) The north and south poles have infinite "y" values. (Note that this will cause problems if you tessellate a Mercator edge where one endpoint is a pole. If you need to do this, clip the edge first so that the "y" coordinate is no more than about 5 * maxX.)

func (*MercatorProjection) FromLatLng 

func (p *MercatorProjection) FromLatLng(ll LatLng) r2.Point

FromLatLng returns the LatLng projected into an R2 Point.

func (*MercatorProjection) Interpolate 

func (p *MercatorProjection) Interpolate(f float64, a, b r2.Point) r2.Point

Interpolate returns the point obtained by interpolating the given fraction of the distance along the line from A to B.

func (*MercatorProjection) Project 

func (p *MercatorProjection) Project(pt Point) r2.Point

Project converts a point on the sphere to a projected 2D point.

func (*MercatorProjection) ToLatLng 

func (p *MercatorProjection) ToLatLng(pt r2.Point) LatLng

ToLatLng returns the LatLng projected from the given R2 Point.

func (*MercatorProjection) Unproject 

func (p *MercatorProjection) Unproject(pt r2.Point) Point

Unproject converts a projected 2D point to a point on the sphere.

func (*MercatorProjection) WrapDestination 

func (p *MercatorProjection) WrapDestination(a, b r2.Point) r2.Point

WrapDestination wraps the points if needed to get the shortest edge.

func (*MercatorProjection) WrapDistance 

func (p *MercatorProjection) WrapDistance() r2.Point

WrapDistance reports the coordinate wrapping distance along each axis.

type Metric 

type Metric struct {
	// Dim is either 1 or 2, for a 1D or 2D metric respectively.
	Dim int
	// Deriv is the scaling factor for the metric.
	Deriv float64
}

A Metric is a measure for cells. It is used to describe the shape and size of cells. They are useful for deciding which cell level to use in order to satisfy a given condition (e.g. that cell vertices must be no further than "x" apart). You can use the Value(level) method to compute the corresponding length or area on the unit sphere for cells at a given level. The minimum and maximum bounds are valid for cells at all levels, but they may be somewhat conservative for very large cells (e.g. face cells).

func (Metric) ClosestLevel 

func (m Metric) ClosestLevel(val float64) int

ClosestLevel returns the level at which the metric has approximately the given value. The return value is always a valid level. For example, AvgEdgeMetric.ClosestLevel(0.1) returns the level at which the average cell edge length is approximately 0.1.

func (Metric) MaxLevel 

func (m Metric) MaxLevel(val float64) int

MaxLevel returns the maximum level such that the metric is at least the given value, or zero if there is no such level.

For example, MaxLevel(0.1) returns the maximum level such that all cells have a minimum width of 0.1 or larger. The returned value is always a valid level.

In C++, this is called GetLevelForMinValue.

func (Metric) MinLevel 

func (m Metric) MinLevel(val float64) int

MinLevel returns the minimum level such that the metric is at most the given value, or maxLevel (30) if there is no such level.

For example, MinLevel(0.1) returns the minimum level such that all cell diagonal lengths are 0.1 or smaller. The returned value is always a valid level.

In C++, this is called GetLevelForMaxValue.

func (Metric) Value 

func (m Metric) Value(level int) float64

Value returns the value of the metric at the given level.

type MinDistanceToCellTarget 

type MinDistanceToCellTarget struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MinDistanceToCellTarget is a type for computing the minimum distance to a Cell.

func NewMinDistanceToCellTarget 

func NewMinDistanceToCellTarget(cell Cell) *MinDistanceToCellTarget

NewMinDistanceToCellTarget returns a new target for the given Cell.

type MinDistanceToEdgeTarget 

type MinDistanceToEdgeTarget struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MinDistanceToEdgeTarget is a type for computing the minimum distance to an Edge.

func NewMinDistanceToEdgeTarget 

func NewMinDistanceToEdgeTarget(e Edge) *MinDistanceToEdgeTarget

NewMinDistanceToEdgeTarget returns a new target for the given Edge.

type MinDistanceToPointTarget 

type MinDistanceToPointTarget struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MinDistanceToPointTarget is a type for computing the minimum distance to a Point.

func NewMinDistanceToPointTarget 

func NewMinDistanceToPointTarget(point Point) *MinDistanceToPointTarget

NewMinDistanceToPointTarget returns a new target for the given Point.

type MinDistanceToShapeIndexTarget 

type MinDistanceToShapeIndexTarget struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

MinDistanceToShapeIndexTarget is a type for computing the minimum distance to a ShapeIndex.

func NewMinDistanceToShapeIndexTarget 

func NewMinDistanceToShapeIndexTarget(index *ShapeIndex) *MinDistanceToShapeIndexTarget

NewMinDistanceToShapeIndexTarget returns a new target for the given ShapeIndex.

type PaddedCell 

type PaddedCell struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

PaddedCell represents a Cell whose (u,v)-range has been expanded on all sides by a given amount of "padding". Unlike Cell, its methods and representation are optimized for clipping edges against Cell boundaries to determine which cells are intersected by a given set of edges.

func PaddedCellFromCellID 

func PaddedCellFromCellID(id CellID, padding float64) *PaddedCell

PaddedCellFromCellID constructs a padded cell with the given padding.

func PaddedCellFromParentIJ 

func PaddedCellFromParentIJ(parent *PaddedCell, i, j int) *PaddedCell

PaddedCellFromParentIJ constructs the child of parent with the given (i,j) index. The four child cells have indices of (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1), where the i and j indices correspond to increasing u- and v-values respectively.

func (PaddedCell) Bound 

func (p PaddedCell) Bound() r2.Rect

Bound returns the bounds for this cell in (u,v)-space including padding.

func (PaddedCell) CellID 

func (p PaddedCell) CellID() CellID

CellID returns the CellID this padded cell represents.

func (PaddedCell) Center 

func (p PaddedCell) Center() Point

Center returns the center of this cell.

func (PaddedCell) ChildIJ 

func (p PaddedCell) ChildIJ(pos int) (i, j int)

ChildIJ returns the (i,j) coordinates for the child cell at the given traversal position. The traversal position corresponds to the order in which child cells are visited by the Hilbert curve.

func (PaddedCell) EntryVertex 

func (p PaddedCell) EntryVertex() Point

EntryVertex return the vertex where the space-filling curve enters this cell.

func (PaddedCell) ExitVertex 

func (p PaddedCell) ExitVertex() Point

ExitVertex returns the vertex where the space-filling curve exits this cell.

func (PaddedCell) Level 

func (p PaddedCell) Level() int

Level returns the level this cell is at.

func (*PaddedCell) Middle 

func (p *PaddedCell) Middle() r2.Rect

Middle returns the rectangle in the middle of this cell that belongs to all four of its children in (u,v)-space.

func (PaddedCell) Padding 

func (p PaddedCell) Padding() float64

Padding returns the amount of padding on this cell.

func (*PaddedCell) ShrinkToFit 

func (p *PaddedCell) ShrinkToFit(rect r2.Rect) CellID

ShrinkToFit returns the smallest CellID that contains all descendants of this padded cell whose bounds intersect the given rect. For algorithms that use recursive subdivision to find the cells that intersect a particular object, this method can be used to skip all of the initial subdivision steps where only one child needs to be expanded.

Note that this method is not the same as returning the smallest cell that contains the intersection of this cell with rect. Because of the padding, even if one child completely contains rect it is still possible that a neighboring child may also intersect the given rect.

The provided Rect must intersect the bounds of this cell.

type PlateCarreeProjection 

type PlateCarreeProjection struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

PlateCarreeProjection defines the "plate carree" (square plate) projection, which converts points on the sphere to (longitude, latitude) pairs. Coordinates can be scaled so that they represent radians, degrees, etc, but the projection is always centered around (latitude=0, longitude=0).

Note that (x, y) coordinates are backwards compared to the usual (latitude, longitude) ordering, in order to match the usual convention for graphs in which "x" is horizontal and "y" is vertical.

func (*PlateCarreeProjection) FromLatLng 

func (p *PlateCarreeProjection) FromLatLng(ll LatLng) r2.Point

FromLatLng returns the LatLng projected into an R2 Point.

func (*PlateCarreeProjection) Interpolate 

func (p *PlateCarreeProjection) Interpolate(f float64, a, b r2.Point) r2.Point

Interpolate returns the point obtained by interpolating the given fraction of the distance along the line from A to B.

func (*PlateCarreeProjection) Project 

func (p *PlateCarreeProjection) Project(pt Point) r2.Point

Project converts a point on the sphere to a projected 2D point.

func (*PlateCarreeProjection) ToLatLng 

func (p *PlateCarreeProjection) ToLatLng(pt r2.Point) LatLng

ToLatLng returns the LatLng projected from the given R2 Point.

func (*PlateCarreeProjection) Unproject 

func (p *PlateCarreeProjection) Unproject(pt r2.Point) Point

Unproject converts a projected 2D point to a point on the sphere.

func (*PlateCarreeProjection) WrapDestination 

func (p *PlateCarreeProjection) WrapDestination(a, b r2.Point) r2.Point

WrapDestination wraps the points if needed to get the shortest edge.

func (*PlateCarreeProjection) WrapDistance 

func (p *PlateCarreeProjection) WrapDistance() r2.Point

WrapDistance reports the coordinate wrapping distance along each axis.

type Point 

type Point struct {
	r3.Vector
}

Point represents a point on the unit sphere as a normalized 3D vector. Fields should be treated as read-only. Use one of the factory methods for creation.

func EdgeTrueCentroid 

func EdgeTrueCentroid(a, b Point) Point

EdgeTrueCentroid returns the true centroid of the spherical geodesic edge AB multiplied by the length of the edge AB. As with triangles, the true centroid of a collection of line segments may be computed simply by summing the result of this method for each segment.

Note that the planar centroid of a line segment is simply 0.5 * (a + b), while the surface centroid is (a + b).Normalize(). However neither of these values is appropriate for computing the centroid of a collection of edges (such as a polyline).

Also note that the result of this function is defined to be Point(0, 0, 0) if the edge is degenerate.

func Interpolate 

func Interpolate(t float64, a, b Point) Point

Interpolate returns the point X along the line segment AB whose distance from A is the given fraction "t" of the distance AB. Does NOT require that "t" be between 0 and 1. Note that all distances are measured on the surface of the sphere, so this is more complicated than just computing (1-t)*a + t*b and normalizing the result.

func InterpolateAtDistance 

func InterpolateAtDistance(ax s1.Angle, a, b Point) Point

InterpolateAtDistance returns the point X along the line segment AB whose distance from A is the angle ax.

func Intersection 

func Intersection(a0, a1, b0, b1 Point) Point

Intersection returns the intersection point of two edges AB and CD that cross (CrossingSign(a,b,c,d) == Crossing).

Useful properties of Intersection: 

(1) Intersection(b,a,c,d) == Intersection(a,b,d,c) == Intersection(a,b,c,d)
(2) Intersection(c,d,a,b) == Intersection(a,b,c,d)

The returned intersection point X is guaranteed to be very close to the true intersection point of AB and CD, even if the edges intersect at a very small angle.

func OriginPoint 

func OriginPoint() Point

OriginPoint returns a unique "origin" on the sphere for operations that need a fixed reference point. In particular, this is the "point at infinity" used for point-in-polygon testing (by counting the number of edge crossings).

It should *not* be a point that is commonly used in edge tests in order to avoid triggering code to handle degenerate cases (this rules out the north and south poles). It should also not be on the boundary of any low-level S2Cell for the same reason.

func PlanarCentroid 

func PlanarCentroid(a, b, c Point) Point

PlanarCentroid returns the centroid of the planar triangle ABC. This can be normalized to unit length to obtain the "surface centroid" of the corresponding spherical triangle, i.e. the intersection of the three medians. However, note that for large spherical triangles the surface centroid may be nowhere near the intuitive "center".

func PointFromCoords 

func PointFromCoords(x, y, z float64) Point

PointFromCoords creates a new normalized point from coordinates.

This always returns a valid point. If the given coordinates can not be normalized the origin point will be returned.

This behavior is different from the C++ construction of a S2Point from coordinates (i.e. S2Point(x, y, z)) in that in C++ they do not Normalize.

func PointFromLatLng 

func PointFromLatLng(ll LatLng) Point

PointFromLatLng returns an Point for the given LatLng. The maximum error in the result is 1.5 * dblEpsilon. (This does not include the error of converting degrees, E5, E6, or E7 into radians.)

func Project 

func Project(x, a, b Point) Point

Project returns the point along the edge AB that is closest to the point X. The fractional distance of this point along the edge AB can be obtained using DistanceFraction.

This requires that all points are unit length.

func Rotate 

func Rotate(p, axis Point, angle s1.Angle) Point

Rotate the given point about the given axis by the given angle. p and axis must be unit length; angle has no restrictions (e.g., it can be positive, negative, greater than 360 degrees, etc).

func TrueCentroid 

func TrueCentroid(a, b, c Point) Point

TrueCentroid returns the true centroid of the spherical triangle ABC multiplied by the signed area of spherical triangle ABC. The reasons for multiplying by the signed area are (1) this is the quantity that needs to be summed to compute the centroid of a union or difference of triangles, and (2) it's actually easier to calculate this way. All points must have unit length.

Note that the result of this function is defined to be Point(0, 0, 0) if the triangle is degenerate.

func (Point) ApproxEqual 

func (p Point) ApproxEqual(other Point) bool

ApproxEqual reports whether the two points are similar enough to be equal.

func (Point) CapBound 

func (p Point) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns a bounding cap for this point.

func (Point) CellUnionBound 

func (p Point) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the Point.

func (Point) Contains 

func (p Point) Contains(other Point) bool

Contains reports if this Point contains the other Point. (This method matches all other s2 types where the reflexive Contains method does not contain the type's name.)

func (Point) ContainsCell 

func (p Point) ContainsCell(c Cell) bool

ContainsCell returns false as Points do not contain any other S2 types.

func (Point) ContainsPoint 

func (p Point) ContainsPoint(other Point) bool

ContainsPoint reports if this Point contains the other Point. (This method is named to satisfy the Region interface.)

func (*Point) Decode 

func (p *Point) Decode(r io.Reader) error

Decode decodes the Point.

func (Point) Distance 

func (p Point) Distance(b Point) s1.Angle

Distance returns the angle between two points.

func (Point) Encode 

func (p Point) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the Point.

func (Point) IntersectsCell 

func (p Point) IntersectsCell(c Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether this Point intersects the given cell.

func (Point) PointCross 

func (p Point) PointCross(op Point) Point

PointCross returns a Point that is orthogonal to both p and op. This is similar to p.Cross(op) (the true cross product) except that it does a better job of ensuring orthogonality when the Point is nearly parallel to op, it returns a non-zero result even when p == op or p == -op and the result is a Point.

It satisfies the following properties (f == PointCross): 

(1) f(p, op) != 0 for all p, op
(2) f(op,p) == -f(p,op) unless p == op or p == -op
(3) f(-p,op) == -f(p,op) unless p == op or p == -op
(4) f(p,-op) == -f(p,op) unless p == op or p == -op

func (Point) RectBound 

func (p Point) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns a bounding latitude-longitude rectangle from this point.

type PointVector 

type PointVector []Point

PointVector is a Shape representing a set of Points. Each point is represented as a degenerate edge with the same starting and ending vertices.

This type is useful for adding a collection of points to an ShapeIndex.

Its methods are on *PointVector due to implementation details of ShapeIndex.

func (*PointVector) Chain 

func (p *PointVector) Chain(i int) Chain

func (*PointVector) ChainEdge 

func (p *PointVector) ChainEdge(i, j int) Edge

func (*PointVector) ChainPosition 

func (p *PointVector) ChainPosition(e int) ChainPosition

func (*PointVector) Dimension 

func (p *PointVector) Dimension() int

func (*PointVector) Edge 

func (p *PointVector) Edge(i int) Edge

func (*PointVector) IsEmpty 

func (p *PointVector) IsEmpty() bool

func (*PointVector) IsFull 

func (p *PointVector) IsFull() bool

func (*PointVector) NumChains 

func (p *PointVector) NumChains() int

func (*PointVector) NumEdges 

func (p *PointVector) NumEdges() int

func (*PointVector) ReferencePoint 

func (p *PointVector) ReferencePoint() ReferencePoint

type Polygon 

type Polygon struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Polygon represents a sequence of zero or more loops; recall that the interior of a loop is defined to be its left-hand side (see Loop).

When the polygon is initialized, the given loops are automatically converted into a canonical form consisting of "shells" and "holes". Shells and holes are both oriented CCW, and are nested hierarchically. The loops are reordered to correspond to a pre-order traversal of the nesting hierarchy.

Polygons may represent any region of the sphere with a polygonal boundary, including the entire sphere (known as the "full" polygon). The full polygon consists of a single full loop (see Loop), whereas the empty polygon has no loops at all.

Use FullPolygon() to construct a full polygon. The zero value of Polygon is treated as the empty polygon.

Polygons have the following restrictions:

  • Loops may not cross, i.e. the boundary of a loop may not intersect both the interior and exterior of any other loop.

  • Loops may not share edges, i.e. if a loop contains an edge AB, then no other loop may contain AB or BA.

  • Loops may share vertices, however no vertex may appear twice in a single loop (see Loop).

  • No loop may be empty. The full loop may appear only in the full polygon.

func FullPolygon 

func FullPolygon() *Polygon

FullPolygon returns a special "full" polygon.

func PolygonFromCell 

func PolygonFromCell(cell Cell) *Polygon

PolygonFromCell returns a Polygon from a single loop created from the given Cell.

func PolygonFromLoops 

func PolygonFromLoops(loops []*Loop) *Polygon

PolygonFromLoops constructs a polygon from the given set of loops. The polygon interior consists of the points contained by an odd number of loops. (Recall that a loop contains the set of points on its left-hand side.)

This method determines the loop nesting hierarchy and assigns every loop a depth. Shells have even depths, and holes have odd depths.

Note: The given set of loops are reordered by this method so that the hierarchy can be traversed using Parent, LastDescendant and the loops depths.

func PolygonFromOrientedLoops 

func PolygonFromOrientedLoops(loops []*Loop) *Polygon

PolygonFromOrientedLoops returns a Polygon from the given set of loops, like PolygonFromLoops. It expects loops to be oriented such that the polygon interior is on the left-hand side of all loops. This implies that shells and holes should have opposite orientations in the input to this method. (During initialization, loops representing holes will automatically be inverted.)

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/philiphil/geo/s2"
)

func main() {
	// Let's define three loops, in format World Geodetic System 1984,
	// the format that geoJSON uses. The third loop is a hole in the second,
	// the first loop is remote from the others. Loops 1 and 2 are counter-clockwise,
	// while loop 3 is clockwise.
	l1 := [][]float64{
		{102.0, 2.0},
		{103.0, 2.0},
		{103.0, 3.0},
		{102.0, 3.0},
	}
	l2 := [][]float64{
		{100.0, 0.0},
		{101.0, 0.0},
		{101.0, 1.0},
		{100.0, 1.0},
	}
	l3 := [][]float64{
		{100.2, 0.2},
		{100.2, 0.8},
		{100.8, 0.8},
		{100.8, 0.2},
	}
	toLoop := func(points [][]float64) *s2.Loop {
		var pts []s2.Point
		for _, pt := range points {
			pts = append(pts, s2.PointFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(pt[1], pt[0])))
		}
		return s2.LoopFromPoints(pts)
	}
	// We can combine all loops into a single polygon:
	p := s2.PolygonFromOrientedLoops([]*s2.Loop{toLoop(l1), toLoop(l2), toLoop(l3)})

	for i, loop := range p.Loops() {
		fmt.Printf("loop %d is hole: %t\n", i, loop.IsHole())
	}
	fmt.Printf("Combined area: %.7f\n", p.Area())

	// Note how the area of the polygon is the area of l1 + l2 - invert(l3), because l3 is a hole:
	p12 := s2.PolygonFromOrientedLoops([]*s2.Loop{toLoop(l1), toLoop(l2)})
	p3 := s2.PolygonFromOrientedLoops([]*s2.Loop{toLoop(l3)})
	p3.Invert()
	fmt.Printf("l1+l2 = %.7f, inv(l3) = %.7f; l1+l2 - inv(l3) = %.7f\n", p12.Area(), p3.Area(), p12.Area()-p3.Area())
}

Output:

loop 0 is hole: false
loop 1 is hole: false
loop 2 is hole: true
Combined area: 0.0004993
l1+l2 = 0.0006089, inv(l3) = 0.0001097; l1+l2 - inv(l3) = 0.0004993

func (*Polygon) Area 

func (p *Polygon) Area() float64

Area returns the area of the polygon interior, i.e. the region on the left side of an odd number of loops. The return value is between 0 and 4*Pi.

func (Polygon) CapBound 

func (p Polygon) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns a bounding spherical cap.

func (Polygon) CellUnionBound 

func (p Polygon) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the Polygon.

func (*Polygon) Chain 

func (p *Polygon) Chain(chainID int) Chain

Chain returns the i-th edge Chain (loop) in the Shape.

func (*Polygon) ChainEdge 

func (p *Polygon) ChainEdge(i, j int) Edge

ChainEdge returns the j-th edge of the i-th edge Chain (loop).

func (*Polygon) ChainPosition 

func (p *Polygon) ChainPosition(edgeID int) ChainPosition

ChainPosition returns a pair (i, j) such that edgeID is the j-th edge of the i-th edge Chain.

func (*Polygon) Contains 

func (p *Polygon) Contains(o *Polygon) bool

Contains reports whether this polygon contains the other polygon. Specifically, it reports whether all the points in the other polygon are also in this polygon.

func (Polygon) ContainsCell 

func (p Polygon) ContainsCell(cell Cell) bool

ContainsCell reports whether the polygon contains the given cell.

func (Polygon) ContainsPoint 

func (p Polygon) ContainsPoint(point Point) bool

ContainsPoint reports whether the polygon contains the point.

func (*Polygon) Decode 

func (p *Polygon) Decode(r io.Reader) error

Decode decodes the Polygon.

func (*Polygon) Dimension 

func (p *Polygon) Dimension() int

Dimension returns the dimension of the geometry represented by this Polygon.

func (*Polygon) Edge 

func (p *Polygon) Edge(e int) Edge

Edge returns endpoints for the given edge index.

func (*Polygon) Encode 

func (p *Polygon) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the Polygon

func (*Polygon) Intersects 

func (p *Polygon) Intersects(o *Polygon) bool

Intersects reports whether this polygon intersects the other polygon, i.e. if there is a point that is contained by both polygons.

func (Polygon) IntersectsCell 

func (p Polygon) IntersectsCell(cell Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether the polygon intersects the given cell.

func (*Polygon) Invert 

func (p *Polygon) Invert()

Invert inverts the polygon (replaces it by its complement).

func (*Polygon) IsEmpty 

func (p *Polygon) IsEmpty() bool

IsEmpty reports whether this is the special "empty" polygon (consisting of no loops).

func (*Polygon) IsFull 

func (p *Polygon) IsFull() bool

IsFull reports whether this is the special "full" polygon (consisting of a single loop that encompasses the entire sphere).

func (*Polygon) LastDescendant 

func (p *Polygon) LastDescendant(k int) int

LastDescendant returns the index of the last loop that is contained within loop k. If k is negative, it returns the last loop in the polygon. Note that loops are indexed according to a pre-order traversal of the nesting hierarchy, so the immediate children of loop k can be found by iterating over the loops (k+1)..LastDescendant(k) and selecting those whose depth is equal to Loop(k).depth+1.

func (*Polygon) Loop 

func (p *Polygon) Loop(k int) *Loop

Loop returns the loop at the given index. Note that during initialization, the given loops are reordered according to a pre-order traversal of the loop nesting hierarchy. This implies that every loop is immediately followed by its descendants. This hierarchy can be traversed using the methods Parent, LastDescendant, and Loop.depth.

func (*Polygon) Loops 

func (p *Polygon) Loops() []*Loop

Loops returns the loops in this polygon.

func (*Polygon) NumChains 

func (p *Polygon) NumChains() int

NumChains reports the number of contiguous edge chains in the Polygon.

func (*Polygon) NumEdges 

func (p *Polygon) NumEdges() int

NumEdges returns the number of edges in this shape.

func (*Polygon) NumLoops 

func (p *Polygon) NumLoops() int

NumLoops returns the number of loops in this polygon.

func (*Polygon) Parent 

func (p *Polygon) Parent(k int) (index int, ok bool)

Parent returns the index of the parent of loop k. If the loop does not have a parent, ok=false is returned.

func (Polygon) RectBound 

func (p Polygon) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns a bounding latitude-longitude rectangle.

func (*Polygon) ReferencePoint 

func (p *Polygon) ReferencePoint() ReferencePoint

ReferencePoint returns the reference point for this polygon.

func (*Polygon) Validate 

func (p *Polygon) Validate() error

Validate checks whether this is a valid polygon, including checking whether all the loops are themselves valid.

type Polyline 

type Polyline []Point

Polyline represents a sequence of zero or more vertices connected by straight edges (geodesics). Edges of length 0 and 180 degrees are not allowed, i.e. adjacent vertices should not be identical or antipodal.

func PolylineFromLatLngs 

func PolylineFromLatLngs(points []LatLng) *Polyline

PolylineFromLatLngs creates a new Polyline from the given LatLngs.

func (*Polyline) ApproxEqual 

func (p *Polyline) ApproxEqual(o *Polyline) bool

ApproxEqual reports whether two polylines have the same number of vertices, and corresponding vertex pairs are separated by no more the standard margin.

func (Polyline) CapBound 

func (p Polyline) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns the bounding Cap for this Polyline.

func (*Polyline) CellUnionBound 

func (p *Polyline) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the Polyline.

func (*Polyline) Centroid 

func (p *Polyline) Centroid() Point

Centroid returns the true centroid of the polyline multiplied by the length of the polyline. The result is not unit length, so you may wish to normalize it.

Scaling by the Polyline length makes it easy to compute the centroid of several Polylines (by simply adding up their centroids).

func (*Polyline) Chain 

func (p *Polyline) Chain(chainID int) Chain

Chain returns the i-th edge Chain in the Shape.

func (*Polyline) ChainEdge 

func (p *Polyline) ChainEdge(chainID, offset int) Edge

ChainEdge returns the j-th edge of the i-th edge Chain.

func (*Polyline) ChainPosition 

func (p *Polyline) ChainPosition(edgeID int) ChainPosition

ChainPosition returns a pair (i, j) such that edgeID is the j-th edge

func (*Polyline) ContainsCell 

func (p *Polyline) ContainsCell(cell Cell) bool

ContainsCell reports whether this Polyline contains the given Cell. Always returns false because "containment" is not numerically well-defined except at the Polyline vertices.

func (*Polyline) ContainsPoint 

func (p *Polyline) ContainsPoint(point Point) bool

ContainsPoint returns false since Polylines are not closed.

func (*Polyline) Decode 

func (p *Polyline) Decode(r io.Reader) error

Decode decodes the polyline.

func (*Polyline) Dimension 

func (p *Polyline) Dimension() int

Dimension returns the dimension of the geometry represented by this Polyline.

func (*Polyline) Edge 

func (p *Polyline) Edge(i int) Edge

Edge returns endpoints for the given edge index.

func (Polyline) Encode 

func (p Polyline) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the Polyline.

func (*Polyline) Equal 

func (p *Polyline) Equal(b *Polyline) bool

Equal reports whether the given Polyline is exactly the same as this one.

func (*Polyline) Interpolate 

func (p *Polyline) Interpolate(fraction float64) (Point, int)

Interpolate returns the point whose distance from vertex 0 along the polyline is the given fraction of the polyline's total length, and the index of the next vertex after the interpolated point P. Fractions less than zero or greater than one are clamped. The return value is unit length. The cost of this function is currently linear in the number of vertices.

This method allows the caller to easily construct a given suffix of the polyline by concatenating P with the polyline vertices starting at that next vertex. Note that P is guaranteed to be different than the point at the next vertex, so this will never result in a duplicate vertex.

The polyline must not be empty. Note that if fraction >= 1.0, then the next vertex will be set to len(p) (indicating that no vertices from the polyline need to be appended). The value of the next vertex is always between 1 and len(p).

This method can also be used to construct a prefix of the polyline, by taking the polyline vertices up to next vertex-1 and appending the returned point P if it is different from the last vertex (since in this case there is no guarantee of distinctness).

func (*Polyline) Intersects 

func (p *Polyline) Intersects(o *Polyline) bool

Intersects reports whether this polyline intersects the given polyline. If the polylines share a vertex they are considered to be intersecting. When a polyline endpoint is the only intersection with the other polyline, the function may return true or false arbitrarily.

The running time is quadratic in the number of vertices.

func (*Polyline) IntersectsCell 

func (p *Polyline) IntersectsCell(cell Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether this Polyline intersects the given Cell.

func (*Polyline) IsEmpty 

func (p *Polyline) IsEmpty() bool

IsEmpty reports whether this shape contains no points.

func (*Polyline) IsFull 

func (p *Polyline) IsFull() bool

IsFull reports whether this shape contains all points on the sphere.

func (*Polyline) IsOnRight 

func (p *Polyline) IsOnRight(point Point) bool

IsOnRight reports whether the point given is on the right hand side of the polyline, using a naive definition of "right-hand-sideness" where the point is on the RHS of the polyline iff the point is on the RHS of the line segment in the polyline which it is closest to. The polyline must have at least 2 vertices.

func (*Polyline) Length 

func (p *Polyline) Length() s1.Angle

Length returns the length of this Polyline.

func (*Polyline) NumChains 

func (p *Polyline) NumChains() int

NumChains reports the number of contiguous edge chains in this Polyline.

func (*Polyline) NumEdges 

func (p *Polyline) NumEdges() int

NumEdges returns the number of edges in this shape.

func (*Polyline) Project 

func (p *Polyline) Project(point Point) (Point, int)

Project returns a point on the polyline that is closest to the given point, and the index of the next vertex after the projected point. The value of that index is always in the range [1, len(polyline)]. The polyline must not be empty.

func (*Polyline) RectBound 

func (p *Polyline) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns the bounding Rect for this Polyline.

func (*Polyline) ReferencePoint 

func (p *Polyline) ReferencePoint() ReferencePoint

ReferencePoint returns the default reference point with negative containment because Polylines are not closed.

func (*Polyline) Reverse 

func (p *Polyline) Reverse()

Reverse reverses the order of the Polyline vertices.

func (*Polyline) SubsampleVertices 

func (p *Polyline) SubsampleVertices(tolerance s1.Angle) []int

SubsampleVertices returns a subsequence of vertex indices such that the polyline connecting these vertices is never further than the given tolerance from the original polyline. Provided the first and last vertices are distinct, they are always preserved; if they are not, the subsequence may contain only a single index.

Some useful properties of the algorithm:

  • It runs in linear time.

  • The output always represents a valid polyline. In particular, adjacent output vertices are never identical or antipodal.

  • The method is not optimal, but it tends to produce 2-3% fewer vertices than the Douglas-Peucker algorithm with the same tolerance.

  • The output is parametrically equivalent to the original polyline to within the given tolerance. For example, if a polyline backtracks on itself and then proceeds onwards, the backtracking will be preserved (to within the given tolerance). This is different than the Douglas-Peucker algorithm which only guarantees geometric equivalence.

func (*Polyline) Uninterpolate 

func (p *Polyline) Uninterpolate(point Point, nextVertex int) float64

Uninterpolate is the inverse operation of Interpolate. Given a point on the polyline, it returns the ratio of the distance to the point from the beginning of the polyline over the length of the polyline. The return value is always betwen 0 and 1 inclusive.

The polyline should not be empty. If it has fewer than 2 vertices, the return value is zero.

func (*Polyline) Validate 

func (p *Polyline) Validate() error

Validate checks whether this is a valid polyline or not.

type Projection 

type Projection interface {
	// Project converts a point on the sphere to a projected 2D point.
	Project(p Point) r2.Point

	// Unproject converts a projected 2D point to a point on the sphere.
	//
	// If wrapping is defined for a given axis (see below), then this method
	// should accept any real number for the corresponding coordinate.
	Unproject(p r2.Point) Point

	// FromLatLng is a convenience function equivalent to Project(LatLngToPoint(ll)),
	// but the implementation is more efficient.
	FromLatLng(ll LatLng) r2.Point

	// ToLatLng is a convenience function equivalent to LatLngFromPoint(Unproject(p)),
	// but the implementation is more efficient.
	ToLatLng(p r2.Point) LatLng

	// Interpolate returns the point obtained by interpolating the given
	// fraction of the distance along the line from A to B.
	// Fractions < 0 or > 1 result in extrapolation instead.
	Interpolate(f float64, a, b r2.Point) r2.Point

	// WrapDistance reports the coordinate wrapping distance along each axis.
	// If this value is non-zero for a given axis, the coordinates are assumed
	// to "wrap" with the given period. For example, if WrapDistance.Y == 360
	// then (x, y) and (x, y + 360) should map to the same Point.
	//
	// This information is used to ensure that edges takes the shortest path
	// between two given points. For example, if coordinates represent
	// (latitude, longitude) pairs in degrees and WrapDistance().Y == 360,
	// then the edge (5:179, 5:-179) would be interpreted as spanning 2 degrees
	// of longitude rather than 358 degrees.
	//
	// If a given axis does not wrap, its WrapDistance should be set to zero.
	WrapDistance() r2.Point

	// WrapDestination that wraps the coordinates of B if necessary in order to
	// obtain the shortest edge AB. For example, suppose that A = [170, 20],
	// B = [-170, 20], and the projection wraps so that [x, y] == [x + 360, y].
	// Then this function would return [190, 20] for point B (reducing the edge
	// length in the "x" direction from 340 to 20).
	WrapDestination(a, b r2.Point) r2.Point
	// contains filtered or unexported methods
}

Projection defines an interface for different ways of mapping between s2 and r2 Points. It can also define the coordinate wrapping behavior along each axis.

func NewMercatorProjection 

func NewMercatorProjection(maxLng float64) Projection

NewMercatorProjection constructs a Mercator projection with the given maximum longitude axis value corresponding to a range of [-maxLng, maxLng]. The horizontal and vertical axes are scaled equally.

func NewPlateCarreeProjection 

func NewPlateCarreeProjection(xScale float64) Projection

NewPlateCarreeProjection constructs a plate carree projection where the x-coordinates (lng) span [-xScale, xScale] and the y coordinates (lat) span [-xScale/2, xScale/2]. For example if xScale==180 then the x range is [-180, 180] and the y range is [-90, 90].

By default coordinates are expressed in radians, i.e. the x range is [-Pi, Pi] and the y range is [-Pi/2, Pi/2].

type Rect 

type Rect struct {
	Lat r1.Interval
	Lng s1.Interval
}

Rect represents a closed latitude-longitude rectangle.

func EmptyRect 

func EmptyRect() Rect

EmptyRect returns the empty rectangle.

func ExpandForSubregions 

func ExpandForSubregions(bound Rect) Rect

ExpandForSubregions expands a bounding Rect so that it is guaranteed to contain the bounds of any subregion whose bounds are computed using ComputeRectBound. For example, consider a loop L that defines a square. GetBound ensures that if a point P is contained by this square, then LatLngFromPoint(P) is contained by the bound. But now consider a diamond shaped loop S contained by L. It is possible that GetBound returns a *larger* bound for S than it does for L, due to rounding errors. This method expands the bound for L so that it is guaranteed to contain the bounds of any subregion S.

More precisely, if L is a loop that does not contain either pole, and S is a loop such that L.Contains(S), then 

ExpandForSubregions(L.RectBound).Contains(S.RectBound).

func FullRect 

func FullRect() Rect

FullRect returns the full rectangle.

func RectFromCenterSize 

func RectFromCenterSize(center, size LatLng) Rect

RectFromCenterSize constructs a rectangle with the given size and center. center needs to be normalized, but size does not. The latitude interval of the result is clamped to [-90,90] degrees, and the longitude interval of the result is FullRect() if and only if the longitude size is 360 degrees or more.

Examples of clamping (in degrees): 

center=(80,170),  size=(40,60)   -> lat=[60,90],   lng=[140,-160]
center=(10,40),   size=(210,400) -> lat=[-90,90],  lng=[-180,180]
center=(-90,180), size=(20,50)   -> lat=[-90,-80], lng=[155,-155]

func RectFromLatLng 

func RectFromLatLng(p LatLng) Rect

RectFromLatLng constructs a rectangle containing a single point p.

func (Rect) AddPoint 

func (r Rect) AddPoint(ll LatLng) Rect

AddPoint increases the size of the rectangle to include the given point.

func (Rect) ApproxEqual 

func (r Rect) ApproxEqual(other Rect) bool

ApproxEqual reports whether the latitude and longitude intervals of the two rectangles are the same up to a small tolerance.

func (Rect) Area 

func (r Rect) Area() float64

Area returns the surface area of the Rect.

func (Rect) CapBound 

func (r Rect) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns a cap that contains Rect.

func (Rect) CellUnionBound 

func (r Rect) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the Rect.

func (Rect) Center 

func (r Rect) Center() LatLng

Center returns the center of the rectangle.

func (Rect) Centroid 

func (r Rect) Centroid() Point

Centroid returns the true centroid of the given Rect multiplied by its surface area. The result is not unit length, so you may want to normalize it. Note that in general the centroid is *not* at the center of the rectangle, and in fact it may not even be contained by the rectangle. (It is the "center of mass" of the rectangle viewed as subset of the unit sphere, i.e. it is the point in space about which this curved shape would rotate.)

The reason for multiplying the result by the rectangle area is to make it easier to compute the centroid of more complicated shapes. The centroid of a union of disjoint regions can be computed simply by adding their Centroid results.

func (Rect) Contains 

func (r Rect) Contains(other Rect) bool

Contains reports whether this Rect contains the other Rect.

func (Rect) ContainsCell 

func (r Rect) ContainsCell(c Cell) bool

ContainsCell reports whether the given Cell is contained by this Rect.

func (Rect) ContainsLatLng 

func (r Rect) ContainsLatLng(ll LatLng) bool

ContainsLatLng reports whether the given LatLng is within the Rect.

func (Rect) ContainsPoint 

func (r Rect) ContainsPoint(p Point) bool

ContainsPoint reports whether the given Point is within the Rect.

func (*Rect) Decode 

func (r *Rect) Decode(rd io.Reader) error

Decode decodes a rectangle.

func (Rect) DirectedHausdorffDistance 

func (r Rect) DirectedHausdorffDistance(other Rect) s1.Angle

DirectedHausdorffDistance returns the directed Hausdorff distance (measured along the surface of the sphere) to the given Rect. The directed Hausdorff distance from rectangle A to rectangle B is given by 

h(A, B) = max_{p in A} min_{q in B} d(p, q).

func (Rect) DistanceToLatLng 

func (r Rect) DistanceToLatLng(ll LatLng) s1.Angle

DistanceToLatLng returns the minimum distance (measured along the surface of the sphere) from a given point to the rectangle (both its boundary and its interior). If r is empty, the result is meaningless. The latlng must be valid.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/philiphil/geo/s1"
	"github.com/philiphil/geo/s2"
)

func main() {
	r := s2.RectFromLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(-1, -1)).AddPoint(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(1, 1))

	printDist := func(lat, lng float64) {
		fmt.Printf("%f\n", r.DistanceToLatLng(s2.LatLngFromDegrees(lat, lng))/s1.Degree)
	}

	fmt.Println("Distances next to the rectangle.")
	printDist(-2, 0)
	printDist(0, -2)
	printDist(2, 0)
	printDist(0, 2)

	fmt.Println("Distances beyond the corners of the rectangle.")
	printDist(-2, -2)
	printDist(-2, 2)
	printDist(2, 2)
	printDist(2, -2)

	fmt.Println("Distance within the rectangle.")
	printDist(0, 0)
	printDist(0.5, 0)
	printDist(0, 0.5)
	printDist(-0.5, 0)
	printDist(0, -0.5)

}

Output:

Distances next to the rectangle.
1.000000
1.000000
1.000000
1.000000
Distances beyond the corners of the rectangle.
1.413962
1.413962
1.413962
1.413962
Distance within the rectangle.
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

func (Rect) Encode 

func (r Rect) Encode(w io.Writer) error

Encode encodes the Rect.

func (Rect) HausdorffDistance 

func (r Rect) HausdorffDistance(other Rect) s1.Angle

HausdorffDistance returns the undirected Hausdorff distance (measured along the surface of the sphere) to the given Rect. The Hausdorff distance between rectangle A and rectangle B is given by 

H(A, B) = max{h(A, B), h(B, A)}.

func (Rect) Hi 

func (r Rect) Hi() LatLng

Hi returns the other corner of the rectangle.

func (Rect) Intersection 

func (r Rect) Intersection(other Rect) Rect

Intersection returns the smallest rectangle containing the intersection of this rectangle and the given rectangle. Note that the region of intersection may consist of two disjoint rectangles, in which case a single rectangle spanning both of them is returned.

func (Rect) Intersects 

func (r Rect) Intersects(other Rect) bool

Intersects reports whether this rectangle and the other have any points in common.

func (Rect) IntersectsCell 

func (r Rect) IntersectsCell(c Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether this rectangle intersects the given cell. This is an exact test and may be fairly expensive.

func (Rect) IsEmpty 

func (r Rect) IsEmpty() bool

IsEmpty reports whether the rectangle is empty.

func (Rect) IsFull 

func (r Rect) IsFull() bool

IsFull reports whether the rectangle is full.

func (Rect) IsPoint 

func (r Rect) IsPoint() bool

IsPoint reports whether the rectangle is a single point.

func (Rect) IsValid 

func (r Rect) IsValid() bool

IsValid returns true iff the rectangle is valid. This requires Lat ⊆ [-π/2,π/2] and Lng ⊆ [-π,π], and Lat = ∅ iff Lng = ∅

func (Rect) Lo 

func (r Rect) Lo() LatLng

Lo returns one corner of the rectangle.

func (Rect) PolarClosure 

func (r Rect) PolarClosure() Rect

PolarClosure returns the rectangle unmodified if it does not include either pole. If it includes either pole, PolarClosure returns an expansion of the rectangle along the longitudinal range to include all possible representations of the contained poles.

func (Rect) RectBound 

func (r Rect) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns itself.

func (Rect) Size 

func (r Rect) Size() LatLng

Size returns the size of the Rect.

func (Rect) String 

func (r Rect) String() string

func (Rect) Union 

func (r Rect) Union(other Rect) Rect

Union returns the smallest Rect containing the union of this rectangle and the given rectangle.

func (Rect) Vertex 

func (r Rect) Vertex(i int) LatLng

Vertex returns the i-th vertex of the rectangle (i = 0,1,2,3) in CCW order (lower left, lower right, upper right, upper left).

type RectBounder 

type RectBounder struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

RectBounder is used to compute a bounding rectangle that contains all edges defined by a vertex chain (v0, v1, v2, ...). All vertices must be unit length. Note that the bounding rectangle of an edge can be larger than the bounding rectangle of its endpoints, e.g. consider an edge that passes through the North Pole.

The bounds are calculated conservatively to account for numerical errors when points are converted to LatLngs. More precisely, this function guarantees the following: Let L be a closed edge chain (Loop) such that the interior of the loop does not contain either pole. Now if P is any point such that L.ContainsPoint(P), then RectBound(L).ContainsPoint(LatLngFromPoint(P)).

func NewRectBounder 

func NewRectBounder() *RectBounder

NewRectBounder returns a new instance of a RectBounder.

func (*RectBounder) AddPoint 

func (r *RectBounder) AddPoint(b Point)

AddPoint adds the given point to the chain. The Point must be unit length.

func (*RectBounder) RectBound 

func (r *RectBounder) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns the bounding rectangle of the edge chain that connects the vertices defined so far. This bound satisfies the guarantee made above, i.e. if the edge chain defines a Loop, then the bound contains the LatLng coordinates of all Points contained by the loop.

type ReferencePoint 

type ReferencePoint struct {
	Point     Point
	Contained bool
}

A ReferencePoint consists of a point and a boolean indicating whether the point is contained by a particular shape.

func OriginReferencePoint 

func OriginReferencePoint(contained bool) ReferencePoint

OriginReferencePoint returns a ReferencePoint with the given value for contained and the origin point. It should be used when all points or no points are contained.

type Region 

type Region interface {
	// CapBound returns a bounding spherical cap. This is not guaranteed to be exact.
	CapBound() Cap

	// RectBound returns a bounding latitude-longitude rectangle that contains
	// the region. The bounds are not guaranteed to be tight.
	RectBound() Rect

	// ContainsCell reports whether the region completely contains the given region.
	// It returns false if containment could not be determined.
	ContainsCell(c Cell) bool

	// IntersectsCell reports whether the region intersects the given cell or
	// if intersection could not be determined. It returns false if the region
	// does not intersect.
	IntersectsCell(c Cell) bool

	// ContainsPoint reports whether the region contains the given point or not.
	// The point should be unit length, although some implementations may relax
	// this restriction.
	ContainsPoint(p Point) bool

	// CellUnionBound returns a small collection of CellIDs whose union covers
	// the region. The cells are not sorted, may have redundancies (such as cells
	// that contain other cells), and may cover much more area than necessary.
	//
	// This method is not intended for direct use by client code. Clients
	// should typically use Covering, which has options to control the size and
	// accuracy of the covering. Alternatively, if you want a fast covering and
	// don't care about accuracy, consider calling FastCovering (which returns a
	// cleaned-up version of the covering computed by this method).
	//
	// CellUnionBound implementations should attempt to return a small
	// covering (ideally 4 cells or fewer) that covers the region and can be
	// computed quickly. The result is used by RegionCoverer as a starting
	// point for further refinement.
	CellUnionBound() []CellID
}

A Region represents a two-dimensional region on the unit sphere.

The purpose of this interface is to allow complex regions to be approximated as simpler regions. The interface is restricted to methods that are useful for computing approximations.

type RegionCoverer 

type RegionCoverer struct {
	MinLevel int // the minimum cell level to be used.
	MaxLevel int // the maximum cell level to be used.
	LevelMod int // the LevelMod to be used.
	MaxCells int // the maximum desired number of cells in the approximation.
}

RegionCoverer allows arbitrary regions to be approximated as unions of cells (CellUnion). This is useful for implementing various sorts of search and precomputation operations.

Typical usage: 

rc := &s2.RegionCoverer{MaxLevel: 30, MaxCells: 5}
r := s2.Region(CapFromCenterArea(center, area))
covering := rc.Covering(r)

This yields a CellUnion of at most 5 cells that is guaranteed to cover the given region (a disc-shaped region on the sphere).

For covering, only cells where (level - MinLevel) is a multiple of LevelMod will be used. This effectively allows the branching factor of the S2 CellID hierarchy to be increased. Currently the only parameter values allowed are 1, 2, or 3, corresponding to branching factors of 4, 16, and 64 respectively.

Note the following:

  • MinLevel takes priority over MaxCells, i.e. cells below the given level will never be used even if this causes a large number of cells to be returned.

  • For any setting of MaxCells, up to 6 cells may be returned if that is the minimum number of cells required (e.g. if the region intersects all six face cells). Up to 3 cells may be returned even for very tiny convex regions if they happen to be located at the intersection of three cube faces.

  • For any setting of MaxCells, an arbitrary number of cells may be returned if MinLevel is too high for the region being approximated.

  • If MaxCells is less than 4, the area of the covering may be arbitrarily large compared to the area of the original region even if the region is convex (e.g. a Cap or Rect).

The approximation algorithm is not optimal but does a pretty good job in practice. The output does not always use the maximum number of cells allowed, both because this would not always yield a better approximation, and because MaxCells is a limit on how much work is done exploring the possible covering as well as a limit on the final output size.

Because it is an approximation algorithm, one should not rely on the stability of the output. In particular, the output of the covering algorithm may change across different versions of the library.

One can also generate interior coverings, which are sets of cells which are entirely contained within a region. Interior coverings can be empty, even for non-empty regions, if there are no cells that satisfy the provided constraints and are contained by the region. Note that for performance reasons, it is wise to specify a MaxLevel when computing interior coverings - otherwise for regions with small or zero area, the algorithm may spend a lot of time subdividing cells all the way to leaf level to try to find contained cells.

func NewRegionCoverer 

func NewRegionCoverer() *RegionCoverer

NewRegionCoverer returns a region coverer with the appropriate defaults.

func (*RegionCoverer) CellUnion 

func (rc *RegionCoverer) CellUnion(region Region) CellUnion

CellUnion returns a normalized CellUnion that covers the given region and satisfies the restrictions except for minLevel and levelMod. These criteria cannot be satisfied using a cell union because cell unions are automatically normalized by replacing four child cells with their parent whenever possible. (Note that the list of cell ids passed to the CellUnion constructor does in fact satisfy all the given restrictions.)

func (*RegionCoverer) Covering 

func (rc *RegionCoverer) Covering(region Region) CellUnion

Covering returns a CellUnion that covers the given region and satisfies the various restrictions.

func (*RegionCoverer) FastCovering 

func (rc *RegionCoverer) FastCovering(region Region) CellUnion

FastCovering returns a CellUnion that covers the given region similar to Covering, except that this method is much faster and the coverings are not as tight. All of the usual parameters are respected (MaxCells, MinLevel, MaxLevel, and LevelMod), except that the implementation makes no attempt to take advantage of large values of MaxCells. (A small number of cells will always be returned.)

This function is useful as a starting point for algorithms that recursively subdivide cells.

func (*RegionCoverer) InteriorCellUnion 

func (rc *RegionCoverer) InteriorCellUnion(region Region) CellUnion

InteriorCellUnion returns a normalized CellUnion that is contained within the given region and satisfies the restrictions except for minLevel and levelMod. These criteria cannot be satisfied using a cell union because cell unions are automatically normalized by replacing four child cells with their parent whenever possible. (Note that the list of cell ids passed to the CellUnion constructor does in fact satisfy all the given restrictions.)

func (*RegionCoverer) InteriorCovering 

func (rc *RegionCoverer) InteriorCovering(region Region) CellUnion

InteriorCovering returns a CellUnion that is contained within the given region and satisfies the various restrictions.

func (*RegionCoverer) IsCanonical 

func (rc *RegionCoverer) IsCanonical(covering CellUnion) bool

IsCanonical reports whether the given CellUnion represents a valid covering that conforms to the current covering parameters. In particular:

  • All CellIDs must be valid.

  • CellIDs must be sorted and non-overlapping.

  • CellID levels must satisfy MinLevel, MaxLevel, and LevelMod.

  • If the covering has more than MaxCells, there must be no two cells with a common ancestor at MinLevel or higher.

  • There must be no sequence of cells that could be replaced by an ancestor (i.e. with LevelMod == 1, the 4 child cells of a parent).

type RegionUnion 

type RegionUnion []Region

A RegionUnion represents a union of possibly overlapping regions. It is convenient for computing a covering of a set of regions.

func (RegionUnion) CapBound 

func (ru RegionUnion) CapBound() Cap

CapBound returns a bounding cap for this RegionUnion.

func (RegionUnion) CellUnionBound 

func (ru RegionUnion) CellUnionBound() []CellID

CellUnionBound computes a covering of the RegionUnion.

func (RegionUnion) ContainsCell 

func (ru RegionUnion) ContainsCell(c Cell) bool

ContainsCell reports whether the given Cell is contained by this RegionUnion.

func (RegionUnion) ContainsPoint 

func (ru RegionUnion) ContainsPoint(p Point) bool

ContainsPoint reports whether this RegionUnion contains the Point.

func (RegionUnion) IntersectsCell 

func (ru RegionUnion) IntersectsCell(c Cell) bool

IntersectsCell reports whether this RegionUnion intersects the given cell.

func (RegionUnion) RectBound 

func (ru RegionUnion) RectBound() Rect

RectBound returns a bounding latitude-longitude rectangle for this RegionUnion.

type Shape 

type Shape interface {
	// NumEdges returns the number of edges in this shape.
	NumEdges() int

	// Edge returns the edge for the given edge index.
	Edge(i int) Edge

	// ReferencePoint returns an arbitrary reference point for the shape. (The
	// containment boolean value must be false for shapes that do not have an interior.)
	//
	// This reference point may then be used to compute the containment of other
	// points by counting edge crossings.
	ReferencePoint() ReferencePoint

	// NumChains reports the number of contiguous edge chains in the shape.
	// For example, a shape whose edges are [AB, BC, CD, AE, EF] would consist
	// of two chains (AB,BC,CD and AE,EF). Every chain is assigned a chain Id
	// numbered sequentially starting from zero.
	//
	// Note that it is always acceptable to implement this method by returning
	// NumEdges, i.e. every chain consists of a single edge, but this may
	// reduce the efficiency of some algorithms.
	NumChains() int

	// Chain returns the range of edge IDs corresponding to the given edge chain.
	// Edge chains must form contiguous, non-overlapping ranges that cover
	// the entire range of edge IDs. This is spelled out more formally below:
	//
	//  0 <= i < NumChains()
	//  Chain(i).length > 0, for all i
	//  Chain(0).start == 0
	//  Chain(i).start + Chain(i).length == Chain(i+1).start, for i < NumChains()-1
	//  Chain(i).start + Chain(i).length == NumEdges(), for i == NumChains()-1
	Chain(chainID int) Chain

	// ChainEdgeReturns the edge at offset "offset" within edge chain "chainID".
	// Equivalent to "shape.Edge(shape.Chain(chainID).start + offset)"
	// but more efficient.
	ChainEdge(chainID, offset int) Edge

	// ChainPosition finds the chain containing the given edge, and returns the
	// position of that edge as a ChainPosition(chainID, offset) pair.
	//
	//  shape.Chain(pos.chainID).start + pos.offset == edgeID
	//  shape.Chain(pos.chainID+1).start > edgeID
	//
	// where pos == shape.ChainPosition(edgeID).
	ChainPosition(edgeID int) ChainPosition

	// Dimension returns the dimension of the geometry represented by this shape,
	// either 0, 1 or 2 for point, polyline and polygon geometry respectively.
	//
	//  0 - Point geometry. Each point is represented as a degenerate edge.
	//
	//  1 - Polyline geometry. Polyline edges may be degenerate. A shape may
	//      represent any number of polylines. Polylines edges may intersect.
	//
	//  2 - Polygon geometry. Edges should be oriented such that the polygon
	//      interior is always on the left. In theory the edges may be returned
	//      in any order, but typically the edges are organized as a collection
	//      of edge chains where each chain represents one polygon loop.
	//      Polygons may have degeneracies (e.g., degenerate edges or sibling
	//      pairs consisting of an edge and its corresponding reversed edge).
	//      A polygon loop may also be full (containing all points on the
	//      sphere); by convention this is represented as a chain with no edges.
	//      (See laxPolygon for details.)
	//
	// This method allows degenerate geometry of different dimensions
	// to be distinguished, e.g. it allows a point to be distinguished from a
	// polyline or polygon that has been simplified to a single point.
	Dimension() int

	// IsEmpty reports whether the Shape contains no points. (Note that the full
	// polygon is represented as a chain with zero edges.)
	IsEmpty() bool

	// IsFull reports whether the Shape contains all points on the sphere.
	IsFull() bool
	// contains filtered or unexported methods
}

Shape represents polygonal geometry in a flexible way. It is organized as a collection of edges that optionally defines an interior. All geometry represented by a given Shape must have the same dimension, which means that an Shape can represent either a set of points, a set of polylines, or a set of polygons.

Shape is defined as an interface in order to give clients control over the underlying data representation. Sometimes an Shape does not have any data of its own, but instead wraps some other type.

Shape operations are typically defined on a ShapeIndex rather than individual shapes. An ShapeIndex is simply a collection of Shapes, possibly of different dimensions (e.g. 10 points and 3 polygons), organized into a data structure for efficient edge access.

The edges of a Shape are indexed by a contiguous range of edge IDs starting at 0. The edges are further subdivided into chains, where each chain consists of a sequence of edges connected end-to-end (a polyline). For example, a Shape representing two polylines AB and CDE would have three edges (AB, CD, DE) grouped into two chains: (AB) and (CD, DE). Similarly, an Shape representing 5 points would have 5 chains consisting of one edge each.

Shape has methods that allow edges to be accessed either using the global numbering (edge ID) or within a particular chain. The global numbering is sufficient for most purposes, but the chain representation is useful for certain algorithms such as intersection (see BooleanOperation).

type ShapeEdge 

type ShapeEdge struct {
	ID   ShapeEdgeID
	Edge Edge
}

ShapeEdge represents a ShapeEdgeID with the two endpoints of that Edge.

type ShapeEdgeID 

type ShapeEdgeID struct {
	ShapeID int32
	EdgeID  int32
}

ShapeEdgeID is a unique identifier for an Edge within an ShapeIndex, consisting of a (shapeID, edgeID) pair.

func (ShapeEdgeID) Cmp 

func (s ShapeEdgeID) Cmp(other ShapeEdgeID) int

Cmp compares the two ShapeEdgeIDs and returns 

-1 if s <  other
 0 if s == other
+1 if s >  other

The two are compared first by shape id and then by edge id.

type ShapeIndex 

type ShapeIndex struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

ShapeIndex indexes a set of Shapes, where a Shape is some collection of edges that optionally defines an interior. It can be used to represent a set of points, a set of polylines, or a set of polygons. For Shapes that have interiors, the index makes it very fast to determine which Shape(s) contain a given point or region.

The index can be updated incrementally by adding or removing shapes. It is designed to handle up to hundreds of millions of edges. All data structures are designed to be small, so the index is compact; generally it is smaller than the underlying data being indexed. The index is also fast to construct.

Polygon, Loop, and Polyline implement Shape which allows these objects to be indexed easily. You can find useful query methods in CrossingEdgeQuery and ClosestEdgeQuery (Not yet implemented in Go).

Example showing how to build an index of Polylines: 

index := NewShapeIndex()
for _, polyline := range polylines {
    index.Add(polyline);
}
// Now you can use a CrossingEdgeQuery or ClosestEdgeQuery here.

func NewShapeIndex 

func NewShapeIndex() *ShapeIndex

NewShapeIndex creates a new ShapeIndex.

func (*ShapeIndex) Add 

func (s *ShapeIndex) Add(shape Shape) int32

Add adds the given shape to the index and returns the assigned ID..

func (*ShapeIndex) Begin 

func (s *ShapeIndex) Begin() *ShapeIndexIterator

Begin positions the iterator at the first cell in the index.

func (*ShapeIndex) Build 

func (s *ShapeIndex) Build()

Build triggers the update of the index. Calls to Add and Release are normally queued and processed on the first subsequent query. This has many advantages, the most important of which is that sometimes there *is* no subsequent query, which lets us avoid building the index completely.

This method forces any pending updates to be applied immediately.

func (*ShapeIndex) End 

func (s *ShapeIndex) End() *ShapeIndexIterator

End positions the iterator at the last cell in the index.

func (*ShapeIndex) IsFresh 

func (s *ShapeIndex) IsFresh() bool

IsFresh reports if there are no pending updates that need to be applied. This can be useful to avoid building the index unnecessarily, or for choosing between two different algorithms depending on whether the index is available.

The returned index status may be slightly out of date if the index was built in a different thread. This is fine for the intended use (as an efficiency hint), but it should not be used by internal methods.

func (*ShapeIndex) Iterator 

func (s *ShapeIndex) Iterator() *ShapeIndexIterator

Iterator returns an iterator for this index.

func (*ShapeIndex) Len 

func (s *ShapeIndex) Len() int

Len reports the number of Shapes in this index.

func (*ShapeIndex) NumEdges 

func (s *ShapeIndex) NumEdges() int

NumEdges returns the number of edges in this index.

func (*ShapeIndex) NumEdgesUpTo 

func (s *ShapeIndex) NumEdgesUpTo(limit int) int

NumEdgesUpTo returns the number of edges in the given index, up to the given limit. If the limit is encountered, the current running total is returned, which may be more than the limit.

func (*ShapeIndex) Remove 

func (s *ShapeIndex) Remove(shape Shape)

Remove removes the given shape from the index.

func (*ShapeIndex) Reset 

func (s *ShapeIndex) Reset()

Reset resets the index to its original state.

func (*ShapeIndex) Shape 

func (s *ShapeIndex) Shape(id int32) Shape

Shape returns the shape with the given ID, or nil if the shape has been removed from the index.

type ShapeIndexCell 

type ShapeIndexCell struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

ShapeIndexCell stores the index contents for a particular CellID.

func NewShapeIndexCell 

func NewShapeIndexCell(numShapes int) *ShapeIndexCell

NewShapeIndexCell creates a new cell that is sized to hold the given number of shapes.

type ShapeIndexIterator 

type ShapeIndexIterator struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

ShapeIndexIterator is an iterator that provides low-level access to the cells of the index. Cells are returned in increasing order of CellID. 

for it := index.Iterator(); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
  fmt.Print(it.CellID())
}

func NewShapeIndexIterator 

func NewShapeIndexIterator(index *ShapeIndex, pos ...ShapeIndexIteratorPos) *ShapeIndexIterator

NewShapeIndexIterator creates a new iterator for the given index. If a starting position is specified, the iterator is positioned at the given spot.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) Begin 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) Begin()

Begin positions the iterator at the beginning of the index.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) CellID 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) CellID() CellID

CellID returns the CellID of the current index cell. If s.Done() is true, a value larger than any valid CellID is returned.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) Center 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) Center() Point

Center returns the Point at the center of the current position of the iterator.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) Done 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) Done() bool

Done reports if the iterator is positioned at or after the last index cell.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) End 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) End()

End positions the iterator at the end of the index.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) IndexCell 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) IndexCell() *ShapeIndexCell

IndexCell returns the current index cell.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) LocateCellID 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) LocateCellID(target CellID) CellRelation

LocateCellID attempts to position the iterator at the first matching index cell in the index that has some relation to the given CellID. Let T be the target CellID. If T is contained by (or equal to) some index cell I, then the iterator is positioned at I and returns Indexed. Otherwise if T contains one or more (smaller) index cells, then the iterator is positioned at the first such cell I and return Subdivided. Otherwise Disjoint is returned and the iterator position is undefined.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) LocatePoint 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) LocatePoint(p Point) bool

LocatePoint positions the iterator at the cell that contains the given Point. If no such cell exists, the iterator position is unspecified, and false is returned. The cell at the matched position is guaranteed to contain all edges that might intersect the line segment between target and the cell's center.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) Next 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) Next()

Next positions the iterator at the next index cell.

func (*ShapeIndexIterator) Prev 

func (s *ShapeIndexIterator) Prev() bool

Prev advances the iterator to the previous cell in the index and returns true to indicate it was not yet at the beginning of the index. If the iterator is at the first cell the call does nothing and returns false.

type ShapeIndexIteratorPos 

type ShapeIndexIteratorPos int

ShapeIndexIteratorPos defines the set of possible iterator starting positions. By default iterators are unpositioned, since this avoids an extra seek in this situation where one of the seek methods (such as Locate) is immediately called. 

const (
	// IteratorBegin specifies the iterator should be positioned at the beginning of the index.
	IteratorBegin ShapeIndexIteratorPos = iota
	// IteratorEnd specifies the iterator should be positioned at the end of the index.
	IteratorEnd
)

type VertexModel 

type VertexModel int

VertexModel defines whether shapes are considered to contain their vertices. Note that these definitions differ from the ones used by BooleanOperation.

Note that points other than vertices are never contained by polylines. If you want need this behavior, use ClosestEdgeQuery's IsDistanceLess with a suitable distance threshold instead. 

const (
	// VertexModelOpen means no shapes contain their vertices (not even
	// points). Therefore Contains(Point) returns true if and only if the
	// point is in the interior of some polygon.
	VertexModelOpen VertexModel = iota

	// VertexModelSemiOpen means that polygon point containment is defined
	// such that if several polygons tile the region around a vertex, then
	// exactly one of those polygons contains that vertex. Points and
	// polylines still do not contain any vertices.
	VertexModelSemiOpen

	// VertexModelClosed means all shapes contain their vertices (including
	// points and polylines).
	VertexModelClosed
)

type WedgeRel 

type WedgeRel int

WedgeRel enumerates the possible relation between two wedges A and B. 

const (
	WedgeEquals              WedgeRel = iota // A and B are equal.
	WedgeProperlyContains                    // A is a strict superset of B.
	WedgeIsProperlyContained                 // A is a strict subset of B.
	WedgeProperlyOverlaps                    // A-B, B-A, and A intersect B are non-empty.
	WedgeIsDisjoint                          // A and B are disjoint.
)

Define the different possible relationships between two wedges.

Given an edge chain (x0, x1, x2), the wedge at x1 is the region to the left of the edges. More precisely, it is the set of all rays from x1x0 (inclusive) to x1x2 (exclusive) in the *clockwise* direction.

func WedgeRelation 

func WedgeRelation(a0, ab1, a2, b0, b2 Point) WedgeRel

WedgeRelation reports the relation between two non-empty wedges A=(a0, ab1, a2) and B=(b0, ab1, b2).

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