utask

README

µTask, the Lightweight Automation Engine

µTask is an automation engine built for the cloud. It is:

• simple to operate: only a postgres DB is required
• secure: all data is encrypted, only visible to authorized users
• extensible: you can develop custom actions in golang

µTask allows you to model business processes in a declarative yaml format. Describe a set of inputs and a graph of actions and their inter-dependencies: µTask will asynchronously handle the execution of each action, working its way around transient errors and keeping an encrypted, auditable trace of all intermediary states until completion.

Table of contents

• Real-world examples
• Quick Start
• Operating in production
• Configuration
• Authoring Task Templates
• Extending µTask with plugins
• Contributing
• License

Real-world examples

Here are a few real-world examples that can be implemented with µTask:

Kubernetes ingress TLS certificate provisioning

A new ingress is created on the production kubernetes cluster. A hook triggers a µTask template that:

• generates a private key
• requests a new certificate
• meets the certificate issuer's challenges
• commits the resulting certificate back to the cluster

New team member bootstrap

A new member joins the team. The team leader starts a task specifying the new member's name, that:

• asks the new team member to generate an SSH key pair and copy the public key in a µTask-generated form
• registers the public SSH key centrally
• creates accounts on internal services (code repository, CI/CD, internal PaaS, ...) for the new team member
• triggers another task to spawn a development VM
• sends a welcome email full of GIFs

Payments API asynchronous processing

The payments API receives a request that requires an asynchronous antifraud check. It spawns a task on its companion µTask instance that:

• calls a first risk-assessing API which returns a number
• if the risk is low, the task succeeds immediately
• otherwise it calls a SaaS antifraud solution API which returns a score
• if the score is good, the task succeeds
• if the score is very bad, the task fails
• if it is in between, it triggers a human investigation step where an operator can enter a score in a µTask-generated form
• when it is done, the task sends an event to the payments API to notify of the result

The payments API keeps a reference to the running workflow via its task ID. Operators of the payments API can follow the state of current tasks by requesting the µTask instance directly. Depending on the payments API implementation, it may allow its callers to follow a task's state.

Quick start

Running with docker-compose

Download our latest install script, setup your environment and launch your own local instance of µTask.

mkdir utask && cd utask
wget https://github.com/ovh/utask/releases/latest/download/install-utask.sh
sh install-utask.sh
docker-compose up

All the configuration for the application is found in the environment variables in docker-compose.yaml. You'll see that basic auth is setup for user admin with password 1234. Try logging in with this user on the graphical dashboard: http://localhost:8081/ui/dashboard.

You can also explore the API schema: http://localhost:8081/unsecured/spec.json.

Request a new task:

Get an overview of all tasks:

Get a detailed view of a running task:

Browse available task templates:

Running with your own postgres service

Alternatively, you can clone this repository and build the µTask binary:

make all

Operating in production

The folder you created in the previous step is meant to become a git repo where you version your own task templates and plugins. Re-download and run the latest install script to bump your version of µTask.

You'll deploy your version of µTask by building a docker image based on the official µTask image, which will include your extensions. See the Dockerfile generated during installation.

Architecture

µTask is designed to run a task scheduler and perform the task workloads within a single runtime: work is not delegated to external agents. Multiple instances of the application will coordinate around a single postgres database: each will be able to determine independently which tasks are available. When an instance of µTask decides to execute a task, it will take hold of that task to avoid collisions, then release it at the end of an execution cycle.

A task will keep running as long as its steps are successfully executed. If a task's execution is interrupted before completion, it will become available to be re-collected by one of the active instances of µTask. That means that execution might start in one instance and resume on a different one.

Maintenance procedures

Key rotation

1. Generate a new key with symmecrypt, with the 'storage' label.
2. Add it to your configuration items. The library will take all keys into account and use the latest possible key, falling back to older keys when finding older data.
3. Set your API in maintenance mode (env var or command line arg, see config below): all write actions will be refused when you reboot the API.
4. Reboot API.
5. Make a POST request on the /key-rotate endpoint of the API.
6. All data will be encrypted with the latest key, you can delete older keys.
7. De-activate maintenance mode.
8. Reboot API.

Dependencies

The only dependency for µTask is a Postgres database server. The minimum version for the Postgres database is 9.5

Configuration 🔨

Command line args

The µTask binary accepts the following arguments as binary args or env var. All are optional and have a default value:

• init-path: the directory from where initialization plugins (see "Developing plugins") are loaded in *.so form (default: ./init)
• plugins-path: the directory from where action plugins (see "Developing plugins") are loaded in *.so form (default: ./plugins)
• templates-path: the directories where yaml-formatted task templates are loaded from, can be a colon separated list (default: ./templates)
• functions-path: the directory where yaml-formatted functions templates are loaded from (default: ./functions)
• region: an arbitrary identifier, to aggregate a running group of µTask instances (commonly containers), and differentiate them from another group, in a separate region (default: default)
• http-port: the port on which the HTTP API listents (default: 8081)
• debug: a boolean flag to activate verbose logs (default: false)
• maintenance-mode: a boolean to switch API to maintenance mode (default: false)

Config keys and files

Checkout the µTask config keys and files README.

Authentication

The vanilla version of µTask doesn't handle authentication by itself, it is meant to be placed behind a reverse proxy that provides a username through the "x-remote-user" http header. A username found there will be trusted as is, and used for authorization purposes (admin actions, task resolution, etc...).

For development purposes, an optional basic-auth configstore item can be provided to define a mapping of usernames and passwords. This is not meant for use in production.

Extending this basic authentication mechanism is possible by developing an "init" plugin, as described below.

Notification

Every task state change can be notified to a notification backend. µTask implements three differents notification backends: Slack, Opsgenie, and generic webhooks.

Default payload that will be sent for generic webhooks are:

task_state_update notifications:

{
    "message": "string",
    "notification_type": "task_state_update",
    "task_id": "public_task_uuid",
    "title": "task title string",
    "state": "current task state",
    "template": "template_name",
    "requester": "optional",
    "resolver": "optional",
    "steps": "14/20",
    "potential_resolvers": "user1,user2,admin",
    "resolution_id": "optional,public_resolution_uuid",
    "tags": "{\"tag1\":\"value1\"}"
}

task_step_update notifications:

{
    "message": "string",
    "notification_type": "task_step_update",
    "task_id": "public_task_uuid",
    "title": "task title string",
    "state": "current task state",
    "template": "template_name",
    "step_name": "string",
    "step_state": "string",
    "requester": "string",
    "resolver": "string",
    "steps": "14/20",
    "resolution_id": "public_resolution_uuid",
    "tags": "{\"tag1\":\"value1\"}"
}

task_validation notifications:

{
    "message": "string",
    "notification_type": "task_validation",
    "task_id": "public_task_uuid",
    "title": "task title string",
    "state": "TODO",
    "template": "template_name",
    "requester": "optional",
    "potential_resolvers": "user1,user2,admin",
    "tags": "{\"tag1\":\"value1\"}"
}

Notification backends can be configured in the global µTask configuration, as described here.

Authoring Task Templates

Checkout the µTask examples directory.

A process that can be executed by µTask is modelled as a task template: it is written in yaml format and describes a sequence of steps, their interdepencies, and additional conditions and constraints to control the flow of execution.

The user that creates a task is called requester, and the user that executes it is called resolver. Both can be the same user in some scenarios.

A user can be allowed to resolve a task in four ways:

• the user is included in the global configuration's list of admin_usernames
• the user is included in the task's template list of allowed_resolver_usernames
• the user is in a group that is included in the task's template list of allowed_resolver_groups
• the user is included in the task resolver_usernames list

Value Templating

µTask uses the go templating engine in order to introduce dynamic values during a task's execution. As you'll see in the example template below, template handles can be used to access values from different sources. Here's a summary of how you can access values through template handles:

• .input.[INPUT_NAME]: the value of an input provided by the task's requester
• .resolver_input.[INPUT_NAME]: the value of an input provided by the task's resolver
• .step.[STEP_NAME].output.foo: field foo from the output of a named step
• .step.[STEP_NAME].metadata.HTTPStatus: field HTTPStatus from the metadata of a named step
• .step.[STEP_NAME].children: the collection of results from a 'foreach' step
• .step.[STEP_NAME].error: error message from a failed step
• .step.[STEP_NAME].state: current state of the given step
• .step.[STEP_NAME].max_retries: max retries of the given step
• .step.[STEP_NAME].try_count: try count of the given step
• .config.[CONFIG_ITEM].bar: field bar from a config item (configstore, see above)
• .iterator.foo: field foo from the iterator in a loop (see foreach steps below)
• .pre_hook.output.foo: field foo from the output of the step's pre-hook (see pre-hooks)
• .pre_hook.metadata.HTTPStatus: field HTTPStatus from the metadata of the step's pre-hook (see pre-hooks)
• .function_args.[ARG_NAME]: argument that needs to be given in the conifguration section to the function (see functions below)

The following templating functions are available:

Name	Description	Reference
Golang	Builtin functions from Golang text template	Doc
Sprig	Extended set of functions from the Sprig project	Doc
field	Equivalent to the dot notation, for entries with forbidden characters	{{field `config` `foo.bar`}}
fieldFrom	Equivalent to the dot notation, for entries with forbidden characters. It takes the previous template expression as source for the templating values. Example: ```{{ {"foo.foo":"bar"}	fromJson
eval	Evaluates the value of a template variable	{{eval `var1`}}
evalCache	Evaluates the value of a template variable, and cache for future usage (to avoid further computation)	{{evalCache `var1`}}
fromJson	Decodes a JSON document into a structure. If the input cannot be decoded as JSON, the function will return an empty string	{{fromJson `{"a":"b"}`}}
mustFromJson	Similar to fromJson, but will return an error in case the JSON is invalid. A common usecase consists of returning a JSON stringified data structure from a JavaScript expression (object, array), and use one of its members in the template. Example: {{(eval `myExpression` | fromJson).myArr}} or {{(eval `myExpression` | fromJson).myObj}}	{{mustFromJson `{"a":"b"}`}}

Basic properties

• name: a short unique human-readable identifier
• description: sentence-long description of intent
• long_description: paragraph-long basic documentation
• doc_link: URL for external documentation about the task
• title_format: templateable text, generates a title for a task based on this template
• result_format: templateable map, used to generate a final result object from data collected during execution

Advanced properties

• allowed_resolver_groups: a list of groups with the right to resolve a task based on this template
• allowed_resolver_usernames: a list of usernames with the right to resolve a task based on this template
• allow_all_resolver_usernames: boolean (default: false): when true, any user can execute a task based on this template
• auto_runnable; boolean (default: false): when true, the task will be executed directly after being created, IF the requester is an accepted resolver or allow_all_resolver_usernames is true
• blocked: boolean (default: false): no tasks can be created from this template
• hidden: boolean (default: false): the template is not listed on the API, it is concealed to regular users
• retry_max: int (default: 100): maximum amount of consecutive executions of a task based on this template, before being blocked for manual review
• tags: templatable map, used to filter tasks (see tags)

Inputs

When creating a new task, a requester needs to provide parameters described as a list of objects under the inputs property of a template. Additional parameters can be requested from a task's resolver user: those are represented under the resolver_inputs property of a template.

An input's definition allows to define validation constraints on the values provided for that input. See example template above.

Input properties

• name: unique name, used to access the value provided by the task's requester
• description: human readable description of the input, meant to give context to the task's requester
• regex: (optional) a regular expression that the provided value must match
• legal_values: (optional) a list of possible values accepted for this input
• collection: boolean (default: false) a list of values is accepted, instead of a single value
• type: (string|number|bool) (default: string) the type of data accepted
• optional: boolean (default: false) the input can be left empty
• default: (optional) a value assigned to the input if left empty

Variables

A template variable is a named holder of either:

• a fixed value
• a JavaScript expression evaluated on the fly.

See the example template above to see variables in action. The expression in a variable can contain template handles to introduce values dynamically (from executed steps, for instance), like a step's configuration.

The JavaScript evaluation is done using otto.

Tags

Tags are a map of strings property of a task. They will be used in the task listing to search for some tasks using filters. With tags, uTask can be used as a task backend by others APIs.

Tags values are expected to be a string: it support all uTask templating on values. To remove a tag from a task, use the empty value "".

  tags:
      customer: "{{.input.customer_id}}"
      type: "billing"

In this example, tag customer will be templated from the task inputs, and allow others APIs to search all the tasks for a given customer.

Tags can be added to a task:

• from the template definition of the task
• while creating a task, requester can input custom tags
• during the execution, using the tag builtin plugin

Steps

A step is the smallest unit of work that can be performed within a task. At is's heart, a step defines an action: several types of actions are available, and each type requires a different configuration, provided as part of the step definition. The state of a step will change during a task's resolution process, and determine which steps become eligible for execution. Custom states can be defined for a step, to fine-tune execution flow (see below).

A sequence of ordered steps constitutes the entire workload of a task. Steps are ordered by declaring dependencies between each other. A step declares its dependencies as a list of step names on which it waits, meaning that a step's execution will be on hold until its dependencies have been resolved. More details about dependencies.

The flow of this sequence can further be controlled with conditions on the steps: a condition is a clause that can be run before or after the step's action. A condition can either be used:

• to skip a step altogether
• to analyze its outcome and override the engine's default behaviour

Several conditions can be specified. Unless final is set to true, they are all evaluated in order. If multiple conditions evaluate to true, they will be applied sequentially. Once a condition is applied, the next condition is evaluated using the new context (i.e. using the new state value of steps that got updated). If multiple conditions are evaluated to true and are changing the same step state value, then the last condition to evaluate as true will be the one that will change the state step for real.

A condition is composed of:

• a type (skip or check)
• a list of if assertions (value, operator, expected) which all have to be true (AND on the collection),
• a then object to impact the state of steps (this refers to the current step)
• a final boolean, defaulting to false. When set to true, it prevents the evaluation of the next conditions if this one is evaluated to true
• an optional message to convey the intention of the condition, making it easier to inspect tasks

Here's an example of a skip condition. The value of an input is evaluated to determine the result: if the value of runType is dry, the createUser step will not be executed, its state will be set directly to DONE.

inputs:
- name: runType
  description: Run this task with/without side effects
  legal_values: [dry, wet]
steps:
  createUser:
    description: Create new user
    action:
      ... etc...
    conditions:
    - type: skip
      if:
      - value: '{{.input.runType}}'
        operator: EQ
        expected: dry
      then:
        this: DONE
      message: Dry run, skip user creation

Here's an example of a check condition. Here the return of an http call is inspected: a 404 status will put the step in a custom NOT_FOUND state. The default behavior would be to consider any 4xx status as a client error, which blocks execution of the task. The check condition allows you to consider this situation as normal, and proceed with other steps that take the NOT_FOUND state into account (creating the missing resource, for instance).

steps:
  getUser:
    description: Get user
    custom_states: [NOT_FOUND]
    action:
      type: http
      configuration:
        url: http://example.org/user/{{.input.id}}
        method: GET
    conditions:
    - type: check
      if:
      - value: '{{.step.getUser.metadata.HTTPStatus}}'
        operator: EQ
        expected: '404'
      then:
        this: NOT_FOUND
      message: User {{.input.id}} not found
  createUser:
    description: Create the user
    dependencies: ["getUser:NOT_FOUND"]
    action:
      type: http
      configuration:
        url: http://example.org/user
        method: POST
        body: |-
          {"user_id":"{{.input.id}}"}

Condition Operators

A condition can use one of the following operators:

• EQ: equal
• NE: not equal
• GT: greater than
• LT: less than
• GE: greater or equal
• LE: less than or equal
• REGEXP: match a regexp
• NOTREGEXP: doesn't match a regexp
• IN: found in a list of values
• NOTIN: not found in a list of values

Note that the operators IN and NOTIN expect a list of acceptable values in the field value, instead of a single one. You can specify the separator character to use to split the values of the list using the field list_separator (default: ,). Each value of the list will be trimmed of its leading and trailing white spaces before comparison.

Basic Step Properties

• name: a unique identifier
• description: a human readable sentence to convey the step's intent
• action: the actual task the step executes, see Action
• foreach: see Loops
• pre_hook: an action that can be executed before the actual action of the step
• dependencies: a list of step names on which this step waits before running
• idempotent: a boolean indicating if this step is safe to be replayed in case of uTask instance crash
• json_schema: a JSON-Schema object to validate the step output
• resources: a list of resources that will be used by this step to apply some rate-limiting (see resources)
• custom_states: a list of personnalised allowed state for this step (can be assigned to the state's step using conditions)
• retry_pattern: (seconds, minutes, hours) define on what temporal order of magnitude the re-runs of this step should be spread (default = seconds)
• resources: a list of resources that will be used during the step execution, to control and limit the concurrent execution of the step (more information in the resources section).

Action

The action field of a step defines the actual workload to be performed. It consists of at least a type chosen among the registered action plugins, and a configuration fitting that plugin. See below for a detailed description of builtin plugins. For information on how to develop your own action plugins, refer to this section.

When an action's configuration is repeated across several steps, it can be factored by defining base_configurations at the root of the template. For example:

base_configurations:
  postMessage:
    method: POST
    url: http://message.board/new

This base configuration can then be leveraged by any step wanting to post a message, with different bodies:

steps:
  sayHello:
    description: Say hello on the message board
    action:
      type: http
      base_configuration: postMessage
      configuration:
        body: Hello
  sayGoodbye:
    description: Say goodbye on the message board
    dependencies: [sayHello]
    action:
      type: http
      base_configuration: postMessage
      configuration:
        body: Goodbye

These two step definitions are the equivalent of:

steps:
  sayHello:
    description: Say hello on the message board
    action:
      type: http
      configuration:
        body: Hello
        method: POST
        url: http://message.board/new
  sayGoodbye:
    description: Say goodbye on the message board
    dependencies: [sayHello]
    action:
      type: http
      configuration:
        body: Goodbye
        method: POST
        url: http://message.board/new

The output of an action can be enriched by means of an output. For example, in a template with an input field named id, value 1234 and a call to a service which returns the following payload:

{
  "name": "username"
}

The following action definition:

steps:
  getUser:
    description: Prefix an ID received as input, return both
    action:
      type: http
      output:
        strategy: merge
        format:
          id: "{{.input.id}}"
      configuration:
        method: GET
        url: http://directory/user/{{.input.id}}

Will render the following output, a combination of the action's raw output and the output:

{
  "id": "1234",
  "name": "username"
}

All the strategies available are:

• merge: data in format must be a dict and will be merged with the output of the action (e.g. ahead)
• template: the action will return exactly the data in format that can be templated (see Value Templating)

Builtin actions

Browse builtin actions

Plugin name	Description	Documentation
echo	Print out a pre-determined result	Access plugin doc
http	Make an http request	Access plugin doc
subtask	Spawn a new task on µTask	Access plugin doc
notify	Dispatch a notification over a registered channel	Access plugin doc
apiovh	Make a signed call on OVH's public API (requires credentials retrieved from configstore, containing the fields endpoint, appKey, appSecret, consumerKey, more info here)	Access plugin doc
ssh	Connect to a remote system and run commands on it	Access plugin doc
email	Send an email	Access plugin doc
ping	Send a ping to an hostname Warn: This plugin will keep running until the count is done	Access plugin doc
script	Execute a script under scripts folder	Access plugin doc
tag	Add tags to the current running task	Access plugin doc
callback	Use callbacks to manage your tasks life-cycle	Access plugin doc

Pre-hooks

The pre_hook field of a step can be set to define an action that is executed before the step's action. This field supports all the same fields as the action. It aims to fetch data for the execution of the action that can change over time and needs to be fetched at every retry, such as OTPs. All the result values of the pre-hook are available under the templating variable .pre_hook.

doSomeAuthPost:
  pre_hook:
    type: http
    configuration:
      method: "GET"
      url: "https://example.org/otp"
  action:
    type: http
    configuration:
      method: "POST"
      url: "https://example.org/doSomePost"
      headers:
        X-Otp: "{{ .pre_hook.output }}"

Functions

Functions are abstraction of the actions to define a behavior that can be re-used in templates. They act like a plugin but are pre-declared in dedicated directory functions. They can have arguments that need to be given in the configuration section of the action and can be used in the declaration of the function by accessing the templating variables under .function_args.

name: ovh::request
description: Execute a call to the ovh API
pre_hook:
  type: http
  configuration:
    method: "GET"
    url: https://api.ovh.com/1.0/auth/time
action:
  type: http
  configuration:
    headers:
    - name: X-Ovh-Signature
      value: '{{ printf "%s+%s+%s+%s%s+%s+%v" .config.apiovh.applicationSecret .config.apiovh.consumerKey .function_args.method .config.apiovh.basePath .function_args.path .function_args.body .pre_hook.output | sha1sum | printf "$1$%s"}}'
    - name: X-Ovh-Timestamp
      value: "{{ .pre_hook.output }}"
    - name: X-Ovh-Consumer
      value: "{{ .config.apiovh.consumerKey }}"
    - name: X-Ovh-Application
      value: "{{ .config.apiovh.applicationKey }}"
    method: "{{ .function_args.method }}"
    url: "{{.config.apiovh.basePath}}{{ .function_args.path }}"
    body: "{{ .function_args.body }}"

This function can be used in a template like this:

steps:
  getService:
    description: Get Service
    action:
      type: ovh::request
      configuration:
        path: "{{.input.path}}"
        method: GET
        body: ""

Dependencies

Dependencies can be declared on a step, to indicate what requirements should be met before the step can actually run. A step can have multiple dependencies, which will all have to be met before the step can start running.

A dependency can be qualified with a step's state (stepX:stateY, it depends on stepX, finishing in stateY). If omitted, then DONE is assumed.

There are two different kinds of states: builtin and custom. Builtin states are provided by uTask and include: TODO, RUNNING, DONE, CLIENT_ERROR, SERVER_ERROR, FATAL_ERROR, CRASHED, PRUNE, TO_RETRY, AFTERRUN_ERROR. Additionally, a step can define custom states via its custom_states field. These custom states provide a way for the step to express that it ran successfully, but the result may be different from the normal expected case (e.g. a custom state NOT_FOUND would let the rest of the workflow proceed, but may trigger additional provisioning steps).

A dependency (stepX:stateY) can be on any of stepX's custom states, along with DONE (builtin). These are all considered final (uTask will not touch that step anymore, it has been run to completion). Conversely, other builtin states (CLIENT_ERROR, ...) may not be used in a dependency, since those imply a transient state and the uTask engine still has work to do on these.

If you wish to declare a dependency on something normally considered as a CLIENT_ERROR (e.g. GET HTTP returns a 404), you can write a check condition to inspect your step result, and change it to a custom state instead (meaning an alternative termination, see the NOT_FOUND example)

It is possible that a dependency will never match the expected state. For example, step1 is in DONE state, and step2 has a dependency declared as step1:NOT_FOUND: it means that step2 requires that step1 finishes its execution with state NOT_FOUND. In that case, step2 will never be allowed to run, as step1 finished with state DONE. To remedy this, uTask will remove step2 from the workflow by setting its state to the special state PRUNE. Any further step depending on step2 will also be pruned, removing entire alternative execution branches. This allows crossroads patterns, where a step may be followed by two mutually exclusive branches (one for DONE, one for ALTERNATE_STATE_XXX). (Note: PRUNE may also be used in conditions to manually eliminate entire branches of execution)

A special qualifier that can be used as a dependency state is ANY (stepX:ANY). ANY matches all custom states and DONE, and it also does not get PRUNE'd recursively if stepX is set to PRUNE. This is used mostly for sequencing, either when the actual result of the step does not matter, but its timing does; or to reconcile mutually exclusive branches in a diamond pattern (using e.g. the coalesce templating function to mix optional step results).

For example, step2 can declare a dependency on step1 in the following ways:

• step1: wait for step1 to be in state DONE (could also be written as step1:DONE)
• step1:DONE,ALREADY_EXISTS: wait for step1 to be either in state DONE or ALREADY_EXISTS
• step1:ANY: wait for step1 to be in any "final" state, ie. it cannot keep running

Loops

A step can be configured to take a json-formatted collection as input, in its foreach property. It will be executed once for each element in the collection, and its result will be a collection of each iteration. This scheme makes it possible to chain several steps with the foreach property.

For the following step definition (note json-format of foreach):

steps:
  prefixStrings:
    description: Process a collection of strings, adding a prefix
    foreach: '[{"id":"a"},{"id":"b"},{"id":"c"}]'
    action:
      type: echo
      configuration:
        output:
          prefixed: pre-{{.iterator.id}}

The following output can be expected to be accessible at {{.step.prefixStrings.children}}

[
    {
        "output": {
            "prefixed": "pre-a"
        },
        "metadata": {},
        "state": "DONE"
    },
    {
        "output": {
            "prefixed": "pre-b"
        },
        "metadata": {},
        "state": "DONE"
    },
    {
        "output": {
            "prefixed": "pre-c"
        },
        "metadata": {},
        "state": "DONE"
    }
]

It contains all the output, metadata and state of the different iterations, coming from the foreach loop.

This output can be then passed to another step in json format:

foreach: '{{.step.prefixStrings.children | toJson}}'

It's possible to configure the strategy used to run each elements:

• parallel (default): each elements will be run in parallel to maximize throughput
• sequence: will run each element when the previous one is done, to ensure the sequence between elements.

It can be declared in the template like this:

foreach_strategy: "sequence"

When writing skip conditions on loops, an additional property foreach can be added. It can have two values:

• children: default value. If no value is set, this value is used. The condition will be run on every iteration of the foreach loop;
• parent: the condition will be run on the step itself before creating its children.

For example:

foreach: '{{.step.aPreviousStep.output.ids | toJson}}'
action:
  type: echo
  configuration:
    output:
      url: '{{ .iterator }}'
conditions:
  - type: skip
    foreach: children  # <- this line can be omitted
    if:
      - value: '{{ .iterator }}'
        operator: EQ
        expected: '{{ .step.something.output.dontTouchId }}'
    then:
      this: PRUNE

will be run on every children and skip the child by pruning it the condition is true. And

foreach: '{{.step.aPreviousStep.output.ids | toJson}}'
action:
  type: echo
  configuration:
    output:
      url: '{{ .iterator }}'
conditions:
  - type: skip
    foreach: parent
    if:
      - value: '{{ step.previousCheck.output.result }}'
        operator: EQ
        expected: 'already_done'
    then:
      this: PRUNE

will be run before creating any children, by pruning the parent.

Resources

Resources are a way to restrict the concurrency factor of operations, to control the throughput and avoid dangerous behavior (e.g. flooding the targets).

High level view:

• For each action to execute, a list of target resources is determined. (see later)
• In the µTask configuration, numerical limits can be set to each resource label. This acts as a semaphore, allowing a certain number of concurrent slots for the given resource label. If no limit is set for a resource label, the previously mentionned target resources have no effect. Limits are declared in the resource_limits property.

The target resources for a step can be defined in its YAML definition, using the resources property.

steps:
  foobar:
    description: A dummy step, that should not execute in parallel
    resources: ["myLimitedResource"]
    action:
      type: echo
      configuration:
        output:
          foobar: fuzz

Alternatively, some target resources are determined automatically by µTask Engine:

• When a task is run, the resource template:my-template-name is used automatically.
• When a step is run, the plugin in charge of the execution automatically generates a list of resources. This includes generic resources such as socket, url:www.example.org, fork... allowing the µTask administrator to set-up generic limits such as "socket": 48 or "url:www.example.org": 1.

Each builtin plugins declares resources which can be discovered using the README of the plugin (example for http plugin).

Declared resource_limits must be positive integers. When a step is executed, if the number of concurrent executions is reached, the µTask Engine will wait for a slot to be released. If the resource is limited to the 0 value, then the step will not be executed and is set to TO_RETRY state, it will be run once the instance allows the execution of its resources. The default time that µTask Engine will wait for a resource to become available is 1 minute, but it can be configured using the resource_acquire_timeout property.

Task templates validation

A JSON-schema file is available to validate the syntax of task templates and functions, it's available in files hack/template-schema.json and hack/function-schema.json.

Validation can be performed at writing time if you are using a modern IDE or editor.

Working with Visual Studio Code

• Install official µTask extension.
  • Ctrl+P, then type ext install ovh.vscode-utask

Task template snippets with Visual Studio Code

Code snippets are available in this repository to be used for task template editing: hack/templates.code-snippets

To use them inside your repository, copy the templates.code-snippets file into your .vscode workspace folder.

Available snippets:

• template
• variable
• input
• step

Extending µTask with plugins

µTask is extensible with golang plugins compiled in *.so format. Two kinds of plugins exist:

• action plugins, that you can re-use in your task templates to implement steps
• init plugins, a way to customize the authentication mechanism of the API, and to draw data from different providers of the configstore library

The installation script for utask creates a folder structure that will automatically package and build your code in a docker image, with your plugins ready to be loaded by the main binary at boot time. Create a separate folder for each of your plugins, within either the plugins or the init folders.

Action Plugins

Action plugins allow you to extend the kind of work that can be performed during a task. An action plugin has a name, that will be referred to as the action type in a template. It declares a configuration structure, a validation function for the data received from the template as configuration, and an execution function which performs an action based on valid configuration.

Create a new folder within the plugins folder of your utask repo. There, develop a main package that exposes a Plugin variable that implements the TaskPlugin defined in the plugins package:

type TaskPlugin interface {
	ValidConfig(baseConfig json.RawMessage, config json.RawMessage) error
	Exec(stepName string, baseConfig json.RawMessage, config json.RawMessage, ctx interface{}) (interface{}, interface{}, error)
	Context(stepName string) interface{}
	PluginName() string
	PluginVersion() string
	MetadataSchema() json.RawMessage
}

The taskplugin package provides helper functions to build a Plugin:

package main

import (
	"github.com/ovh/utask/pkg/plugins/taskplugin"
)

var (
	Plugin = taskplugin.New("my-plugin", "v0.1", exec,
		taskplugin.WithConfig(validConfig, Config{}))
)

type Config struct { ... }

func validConfig(config interface{}) (err error) {
  cfg := config.(*Config)
  ...
  return
}

func exec(stepName string, config interface{}, ctx interface{}) (output interface{}, metadata interface{}, err error) {
  cfg := config.(*Config)
  ...
  return
}

Exec function returns 3 values:

• output: an object representing the output of the plugin, that will be usable as {{.step.xxx.output}} in the templating engine.
• metadata: an object representing the metadata of the plugin, that will be usable as {{.step.xxx.metadata}} in the templating engine.
• err: an error if the execution of the plugin failed. uTask is based on github.com/juju/errors package to determine if the returned error is a CLIENT_ERROR or a SERVER_ERROR.

Warning: output and metadata should not be named structures but plain map. Otherwise, you might encounter some inconsistencies in templating as keys could be different before and after marshalling in the database.

Init Plugins

Init plugins allow you to customize your instance of µtask by giving you access to its underlying configuration store and its API server.

Create a new folder within the init folder of your utask repo. There, develop a main package that exposes a Plugin variable that implements the InitializerPlugin defined in the plugins package:

type Service struct {
	Store  *configstore.Store
	Server *api.Server
}

type InitializerPlugin interface {
	Init(service *Service) error // access configstore and server to customize µTask
	Description() string         // describe what the initialization plugin does
}

As of version v1.0.0, this is meant to give you access to two features:

• service.Store exposes the RegisterProvider(name string, f configstore.Provider) method that allow you to plug different data sources for you configuration, which are not available by default in the main runtime
• service.Server exposes the WithAuth(authProvider func(*http.Request) (string, error)) and WithGroupAuth(groupAuthProvider func(*http.Request) (string, []string, error)) methods, where you can provide a custom source of authentication and authorization based on the incoming http requests

If you develop more than one initialization plugin, they will all be loaded in alphabetical order. You might want to provide a default initialization, plus more specific behaviour under certain scenarios.

Contributing

Backend

In order to iterate on feature development, run the utask server plus a backing postgres DB by invoking make run-test-stack-docker in a terminal. Use SIGINT (Ctrl+C) to reboot the server, and SIGQUIT (Ctrl+4) to teardown the server and its DB.

In a separate terminal, rebuild (make re) each time you want to iterate on a code patch, then reboot the server in the terminal where it is running.

To visualize API routes, a swagger-ui interface is available with the docker image, accessible through your browser at http://hostname.example/ui/swagger/.

Frontend

µTask serves a graphical interface for general use of the tool (dashboard). It is found in the ui folder and has its own Makefile for development purposes.

Run make dev to launch a live-reloading on your machine. The dashboard needs a backing µTask api (see above to run a server).

Run the tests

Run all test suites against an ephemeral postgres DB:

$ make test-docker

Get in touch

You've developed a new cool feature ? Fixed an annoying bug ? We'll be happy to hear from you! Take a look at CONTRIBUTING.md

License

The uTask logo is an original artwork under Creative Commons 3.0 license based on a design by Renee French under Creative Commons 3.0 Attributions.

Swagger UI is an open-source software, under Apache 2 license.

For the rest of the code, see LICENSE.

Related links

• Contribute: CONTRIBUTING.md
• Report bugs: https://github.com/ovh/utask/issues
• Get latest version: https://github.com/ovh/utask/releases

Documentation

Index

• Constants
• Variables
• func AcquireExecutionSlot(ctx context.Context) error
• func AcquireResource(ctx context.Context, name string) error
• func AcquireResources(ctx context.Context, names []string) error
• func AppName() string
• func ReleaseExecutionSlot()
• func ReleaseResource(name string)
• func ReleaseResources(names []string)
• func TryAcquireResource(name string) error
• type Cfg
  • func Config(store *configstore.Store) (*Cfg, error)
• type DatabaseConfig
• type NotifyActions
• type NotifyActionsParameters
• type NotifyBackend
• type NotifyBackendOpsGenie
• type NotifyBackendSlack
• type NotifyBackendWebhook
• type NotifyBackendWebhookCredentials
• type ServerOpt
• type TemplateNotificationStrategy

Constants

const (
	// DBName is the name of µTask DB, as registered on zesty
	DBName = "uservice_task"

	// MaxPageSize is the upper limit for the number of elements returned in a single page
	MaxPageSize = 10000
	// DefaultPageSize is the default number of elements returned in a single page
	DefaultPageSize = 1000
	// MinPageSize is the lower limit for the number of elements returned in a single page
	MinPageSize = 10

	// DefaultRetryMax is the default number of retries allowed for a task's execution
	DefaultRetryMax = 100

	// MaxTextSizeLong is the maximum number of characters accepted in a text-type field
	MaxTextSizeLong = 100000 // ~100 kB
	// MaxTextSize is the maximum number of characters accepted in a simple string field
	MaxTextSize = 1000 // ~1 kB
	// MinTextSize is the minimum number of characters accepted in any string-type field
	MinTextSize = 3

	// This is the key used in Values for a step to refer to itself
	This = "this"

	// UtaskCfgSecretAlias is the key for the config item containing global configuration data
	UtaskCfgSecretAlias = "utask-cfg"

	// NotificationCredentialsSecretAlias is the key for the config item containing notification backend credentials
	NotificationCredentialsSecretAlias = "notify-webhook-credentials" // #nosec G101

	// NotificationStrategySilent corresponds to the mode where notifications will never be sent for the given templates
	NotificationStrategySilent = "silent"
	// NotificationStrategyAlways corresponds to the mode where notifications will always be sent for the given templates
	NotificationStrategyAlways = "always"
	// NotificationStrategyFailureOnly corresponds to the mode where notifications will only be sent if the state is BLOCKED
	NotificationStrategyFailureOnly = "failure_only"
	// NotificationStrategyFailureOrDone corresponds to the mode where notifications will only be sent if the state is BLOCKED or DONE
	NotificationStrategyFailureOrDone = "failure_or_done"

	// UsernamesSeparator corresponds to the separator used to break a string into a list of usernames and vice versa.
	UsernamesSeparator = ","

	// GroupsSeparator corresponds to the separator used to break a string into a list of groups and vice versa.
	GroupsSeparator = ","

	DefaultCompressionAlgorithm = noop.AlgorithmName
)

Variables

var (
	// Version holds the tag of current µTask release
	Version string
	// Commit is the current git commit hash
	Commit string
	// App name (from configuration)
	App string
	// InstanceID identifies this running instance of µTask, as registered in DB
	InstanceID uint64
	// StepsCompressionAlg represents the compression algorithm used to compress the steps data in resolution row.
	StepsCompressionAlg string

	// FInitializersFolder is the path to a folder containing
	// .so plugins for µTask initialization
	FInitializersFolder string
	// FPluginFolder is the path to a folder containing
	// .so plugins to be registered as step action executors
	FPluginFolder string
	// FTemplatesFolders is a list of paths, colon separated, to folders containing
	// .yaml templates for tasks
	FTemplatesFolders string
	// FFunctionsFolder is the path to a folder containing
	// functions files used by script plugin
	FFunctionsFolder string
	// FScriptsFolder is the path to a folder containing
	// scripts files used by script plugin
	FScriptsFolder string
	// FRegion is the region in which this instance of µTask is running
	FRegion string
	// FPort is the port on which the http server listens
	FPort uint
	// FDebug is a flag to toggle debug log
	FDebug bool
	// FMaintenanceMode is a flag to prevent all write operations on the API,
	// except for admin actions (key rotation)
	FMaintenanceMode bool
	// FLogsFormat represents the format used by the Logrus formatter.
	FLogsFormat string
)

var (
	// ErrDeadResource is returned when a resource will never be available, as the max concurrent execution is set to 0, and there is no reason to wait
	ErrDeadResource = errors.New("resource is not available, as configured with 0 concurrent execution")
	// ErrFailedAcquireResource is returned when tried to acquire a resource, but the resource is not available
	ErrFailedAcquireResource = errors.New("failed to acquire the requested resource")
)

Functions

func AcquireExecutionSlot

func AcquireExecutionSlot(ctx context.Context) error

AcquireExecutionSlot takes a slot from a global semaphore putting a cap on the total amount of concurrent task executions

func AcquireResource

func AcquireResource(ctx context.Context, name string) error

AcquireResource takes a semaphore slot for a named resource limiting the amount of concurrent actions runnable on said resource

func AcquireResources

func AcquireResources(ctx context.Context, names []string) error

AcquireResources is an helper to call AcquireResource with an array If failed to acquire a resource, because context is in error, already acquired resources will be released, and error will be returned.

func AppName

func AppName() string

AppName returns the name of the application (from config)

func ReleaseExecutionSlot

func ReleaseExecutionSlot()

ReleaseExecutionSlot frees up a slot on the global execution semaphore

func ReleaseResource

func ReleaseResource(name string)

ReleaseResource frees up a semaphore slot for a named resource

func ReleaseResources

func ReleaseResources(names []string)

ReleaseResources is an helper to call ReleaseResource with an array

func TryAcquireResource

func TryAcquireResource(name string) error

TryAcquireResource takes a semaphore slot for a named resource limiting the amount of concurrent actions runnable on said resource

Types

type Cfg

type Cfg struct {
	ApplicationName         string                   `json:"application_name"`
	AdminUsernames          []string                 `json:"admin_usernames"`
	AdminGroups             []string                 `json:"admin_groups"`
	CompletedTaskExpiration string                   `json:"completed_task_expiration"`
	NotifyConfig            map[string]NotifyBackend `json:"notify_config"`
	NotifyActions           NotifyActions            `json:"notify_actions"`
	DatabaseConfig          *DatabaseConfig          `json:"database_config"`
	ConcealedSecrets        []string                 `json:"concealed_secrets"`
	ResourceLimits          map[string]uint          `json:"resource_limits"`
	ResourceAcquireTimeout  string                   `json:"resource_acquire_timeout"`

	MaxConcurrentExecutions                    *int          `json:"max_concurrent_executions"`
	MaxConcurrentExecutionsFromCrashed         *int          `json:"max_concurrent_executions_from_crashed"`
	MaxConcurrentExecutionsFromCrashedComputed int           `json:"-"`
	DelayBetweenCrashedTasksResolution         string        `json:"delay_between_crashed_tasks_resolution"`
	InstanceCollectorWaitDuration              time.Duration `json:"-"`
	BaseURL                                    string        `json:"base_url"`
	DashboardPathPrefix                        string        `json:"dashboard_path_prefix"`
	DashboardAPIPathPrefix                     string        `json:"dashboard_api_path_prefix"`
	DashboardSentryDSN                         string        `json:"dashboard_sentry_dsn"`
	StepsCompressionAlg                        string        `json:"steps_compression_algorithm"`
	ServerOptions                              ServerOpt     `json:"server_options"`
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Cfg holds global configuration data

func Config

func Config(store *configstore.Store) (*Cfg, error)

Config returns the global configuration data of this instance once lazy-loaded from configstore

type DatabaseConfig

type DatabaseConfig struct {
	MaxOpenConns    *int   `json:"max_open_conns"`
	MaxIdleConns    *int   `json:"max_idle_conns"`
	ConnMaxLifetime *int   `json:"conn_max_lifetime"`
	ConfigName      string `json:"config_name"`
}

DatabaseConfig holds configuration to fine-tune DB connection

type NotifyActions

type NotifyActions struct {
	TaskStateUpdateAction NotifyActionsParameters `json:"task_state_update,omitempty"`
	TaskValidationAction  NotifyActionsParameters `json:"task_validation,omitempty"`
	TaskStepUpdateAction  NotifyActionsParameters `json:"task_step_update,omitempty"`
}

NotifyActions holds configuration of each actions By default all the actions are enabled /w any config name registered

type NotifyActionsParameters

type NotifyActionsParameters struct {
	Disabled       bool     `json:"disabled"`
	NotifyBackends []string `json:"notify_backends"`
}

NotifyActionsParameters holds configuration needed to define each Notify actions If NotifyBackends is empty, the default is any

type NotifyBackend

type NotifyBackend struct {
	Type                           string                                    `json:"type"`
	Config                         json.RawMessage                           `json:"config"`
	TemplateNotificationStrategies map[string][]TemplateNotificationStrategy `json:"template_notification_strategies"` // keys expected to be a notification_type (task_state_update or task_validation)
	DefaultNotificationStrategy    map[string]string                         `json:"default_notification_strategy"`    // keys expected to be a notification_type (task_state_update or task_validation) ; value can be `always`, `failure_only`, `silent`
}

NotifyBackend holds configuration for instantiating a notify client

type NotifyBackendOpsGenie

type NotifyBackendOpsGenie struct {
	Zone    string `json:"zone"`
	APIKey  string `json:"api_key"`
	Timeout string `json:"timeout"`
}

NotifyBackendOpsGenie holds configuration for instantiating an OPsGenie notify client

type NotifyBackendSlack

type NotifyBackendSlack struct {
	WebhookURL string `json:"webhook_url"`
}

NotifyBackendSlack holds configuration for instantiating a Slack notify client

type NotifyBackendWebhook

type NotifyBackendWebhook struct {
	NotifyBackendWebhookCredentials

	WebhookURL string            `json:"webhook_url"`
	Headers    map[string]string `json:"headers"`
}

NotifyBackendWebhook holds configuration for instantiating a Webhook notify client

type NotifyBackendWebhookCredentials

type NotifyBackendWebhookCredentials struct {
	CredentialsName string `json:"credentials_name"`

	Username string `json:"username"`
	Password string `json:"password"`
}

NotifyBackendWebhookCredentials holds the credentials for instantiating a Webhook notify client

type ServerOpt

type ServerOpt struct {
	MaxBodyBytes int64 `json:"max_body_bytes"`
}

ServerOpt holds the configuration for the http server

type TemplateNotificationStrategy

type TemplateNotificationStrategy struct {
	Templates            []string `json:"templates"`
	NotificationStrategy string   `json:"notification_strategy"` // value can be `always`, `failure_only`, `silent`
}

TemplateNotificationStrategy configures how a NotifyBackend should behave for a given set of templates