poolmanager

package
v19.2.0 Latest Latest
Warning

This package is not in the latest version of its module.

 Go to latest Published: Sep 28, 2023 License: Apache-2.0 Imports: 15 Imported by: 0

README

Pool Manager Module

The poolmanager module exists as a swap entrypoint for any pool model that exists on the chain. The poolmanager module is responsible for routing swaps across various pools. It also performs pool-id management for any on-chain pool.

The user-stories for this module follow:

As a user, I would like to have a unified entrypoint for my swaps regardless of the underlying pool implementation so that I don't need to reason about API complexity

As a user, I would like the pool management to be unified so that I don't have to reason about additional complexity stemming from divergent pool sources.

We have multiple pool-storage modules. Namely, x/gamm and x/concentrated-liquidity.

To avoid fragmenting swap and pool creation entrypoints and duplicating their boilerplate logic, we define a poolmanager module. Its purpose is twofold:

  1. Handle pool creation
    • Assign ids to pools
    • Store the mapping from pool id to one of the swap modules (gamm or concentrated-liquidity)
    • Propagate the execution to the appropriate module depending on the pool type.
    • Note, that pool creation messages are received by the pool model's message server. Each module's message server then calls the x/poolmanager keeper method CreatePool.
  2. Handle swaps
    • Cover & share multihop logic
    • Propagate intra-pool swaps to the appropriate module depending on the pool type.
    • Contrary to pool creation, swap messages are received by the x/poolmanager message server.

Let's consider pool creation and swaps separately and in more detail.

Pool Creation & Id Management

To make sure that the pool ids are unique across the two modules, we unify pool id management in the poolmanager.

When a call to CreatePool keeper method is received, we get the next pool id from the module storage, assign it to the new pool, and propagate the execution to either gamm or concentrated-liquidity modules.

Note that we define a CreatePoolMsg interface: https://github.com/osmosis-labs/osmosis/blob/f26ceb958adaaf31510e17ed88f5eab47e2bac03/x/poolmanager/types/msg_create_pool.go#L9

Each balancer, stableswap and concentrated-liquidity pool has its own implementation of CreatePoolMsg.

Note the PoolType type. This is an enumeration of all supported pool types. We proto-generate this enumeration:

// proto/osmosis/poolmanager/v1beta1/module_route.proto
// generates to x/poolmanager/types/module_route.pb.go

// PoolType is an enumeration of all supported pool types.
enum PoolType {
  option (gogoproto.goproto_enum_prefix) = false;

  // Balancer is the standard xy=k curve. Its pool model is defined in x/gamm.
  Balancer = 0;
  // Stableswap is the Solidly cfmm stable swap curve. Its pool model is defined
  // in x/gamm.
  StableSwap = 1;
  // Concentrated is the pool model specific to concentrated liquidity. It is
  // defined in x/concentrated-liquidity.
  Concentrated = 2;
}

Let's begin by considering the execution flow of the pool creation message. Assume balancer pool is being created.

  1. CreatePoolMsg is received by the x/gamm message server.

  2. CreatePool keeper method is called from poolmanager, propagating the appropriate implementation of the CreatePoolMsg interface.

// x/poolmanager/creator.go CreatePool(...)

// CreatePool attempts to create a pool returning the newly created pool ID or
// an error upon failure. The pool creation fee is used to fund the community
// pool. It will create a dedicated module account for the pool and sends the
// initial liquidity to the created module account.
//
// After the initial liquidity is sent to the pool's account, this function calls an
// InitializePool function from the source module. That module is responsible for:
// - saving the pool into its own state
// - Minting LP shares to pool creator
// - Setting metadata for the shares
func (k Keeper) CreatePool(ctx sdk.Context, msg types.CreatePoolMsg) (uint64, error) {
    ...
}

  1. The keeper utilizes CreatePoolMsg interface methods to execute the logic specific to each pool type.

  2. Lastly, poolmanager.CreatePool routes the execution to the appropriate module.

The propagation to the desired module is ensured by the routing table stored in memory in the poolmanager keeper.

// x/poolmanager/keeper.go NewKeeper(...)

func NewKeeper(...) *Keeper {
    ...

	routes := map[types.PoolType]types.SwapI{
		types.Balancer:     gammKeeper,
		types.Stableswap:   gammKeeper,
		types.Concentrated: concentratedKeeper,
	}

	return &Keeper{..., routes: routes}
}

MsgCreatePool interface defines the following method: GetPoolType() PoolType

As a result, poolmanagerkeeper.CreatePool can route the execution to the appropriate module in the following way:

// x/poolmanager/creator.go CreatePool(...)

swapModule := k.routes[msg.GetPoolType()]

if err := swapModule.InitializePool(ctx, pool, sender); err != nil {
    return 0, err
}

Where swapModule is either gamm or concentrated-liquidity keeper.

Both of these modules implement the SwapI interface:

// x/poolmanager/types/routes.go SwapI interface

type SwapI interface {
    ...

	InitializePool(ctx sdk.Context, pool gammtypes.PoolI, creatorAddress sdk.AccAddress) error
}

As a result, the poolmanager module propagates core execution to the appropriate swap module.

Lastly, the poolmanager keeper stores a mapping from the pool id to the pool type. This mapping is going to be necessary for knowing where to route the swap messages.

To achieve this, we create the following store index:

// x/poolmanager/types/keys.go

var	(
    ...

    SwapModuleRouterPrefix     = []byte{0x02}
)

// N.B.: we proto-generate this struct. However, the proto
// definition is omitted for brevity.
type ModuleRoute struct {
    PoolType PoolType
}

// FormatModuleRouteKey serializes pool id with appropriate prefix into bytes.
func FormatModuleRouteKey(poolId uint64) []byte {
	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", SwapModuleRouterPrefix, poolId))
}

// ParseModuleRouteFromBz parses the raw bytes into ModuleRoute.
// Returns error if fails to parse or if the bytes are empty.
func ParseModuleRouteFromBz(bz []byte) (ModuleRoute, error) {
    // parsing logic
}

Swaps

There are 4 swap messages:

  • MsgSwapExactAmountIn
  • MsgSwapExactAmountOut
  • MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountIn
  • MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountOut

Between, MsgSwapExactAmountIn and MsgSwapExactAmountOut, the implementation of routing is similar. We only focus on MsgSwapExactAmountIn below.

MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountIn and MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountOut support split routes where for each split route they call the respective MsgSwapExactAmountIn or MsgSwapExactAmountOut message. When using the split routes, the slippage protection is disabled on the per-route basis. For swap exact amount in, we provide zero for the min amount out. For swap exact amount out, we provide the max amount in which is 1 << 256 - 1. Read more about route splitting in the "Route Splitting" section.

Once the message is received, it calls RouteExactAmountIn

// x/poolmanager/router.go RouteExactAmountIn(...)

// RouteExactAmountIn defines the input denom and input amount for the first pool,
// the output of the first pool is chained as the input for the next routed pool
// transaction succeeds when final amount out is greater than tokenOutMinAmount defined.
func (k Keeper) RouteExactAmountIn(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	sender sdk.AccAddress,
	routes []types.SwapAmountInRoute,
	tokenIn sdk.Coin,
	tokenOutMinAmount osmomath.Int) (tokenOutAmount osmomath.Int, err error) {
}

Essentially, the method iterates over the routes and calls a SwapExactAmountIn method for each, subsequently updating the inter-pool swap state.

The routing works by querying the index SwapModuleRouterPrefix, searching up the poolmanagerkeeper.router mapping, and calling SwapExactAmountIn method of the appropriate module.

// x/poolmanager/router.go RouteExactAmountIn(...)

moduleRouteBytes := osmoutils.MustGet(poolmanagertypes.FormatModuleRouteIndex(poolId))
moduleRoute, _ := poolmanagertypes.ModuleRouteFromBytes(moduleRouteBytes)

swapModule := k.routes[moduleRoute.PoolType]

_ := swapModule.SwapExactAmountIn(...)
  • note that error checks and other details are omitted for brevity.

Similar to pool creation logic, we are able to call SwapExactAmountIn on any of the swap modules by implementing the SwapI interface:

// x/poolmanager/types/routes.go SwapI interface

type SwapI interface {
    ...

	SwapExactAmountIn(
		ctx sdk.Context,
		sender sdk.AccAddress,
		poolId gammtypes.PoolI,
		tokenIn sdk.Coin,
		tokenOutDenom string,
		tokenOutMinAmount osmomath.Int,
		spreadFactor osmomath.Dec,
	) (osmomath.Int, error)
}

During the process of swapping a specific asset, the token the user is putting into the pool is denoted as tokenIn, while the token that would be returned to the user, the asset that is being swapped for, after the swap is denoted as tokenOut throughout the module.

For example, in the context of balancer pools, given a tokenIn, the following calculations are done to calculate how many tokens are to be swapped into and removed from the pool:

tokenBalanceOut * [1 - { tokenBalanceIn / (tokenBalanceIn + (1 - spreadFactor) * tokenAmountIn)} ^ (tokenWeightIn / tokenWeightOut)]

The calculation is also able to be reversed, the case where user provides tokenOut. The calculation for the amount of tokens that the user should be putting in is done through the following formula:

tokenBalanceIn * [{tokenBalanceOut / (tokenBalanceOut - tokenAmountOut)} ^ (tokenWeightOut / tokenWeightIn) -1] / tokenAmountIn

With the introduction of a takerFee, the actual amount of tokenIn that is used to calculate the amount of tokenOut is reduced by the takerFee amount. If governance or a governance approved DAO adds a specified trading pair to the takerFee module store, the fee associated with that pair is used. Otherwise, the defaultTakerFee defined in the poolmanger's parameters is used.

The poolmanager only concerns itself with proportionally distributing the takerFee to the respective staking rewards and community pool txfees module accounts. For swaps originating in OSMO, the poolmanger distributes these fees based on the OsmoTakerFeeDistribution parameter. For swaps originating in non-OSMO assets, the poolmanager distributes these fees based on the NonOsmoTakerFeeDistribution parameter. For taker fees generated in non whitelisted quote denoms assets, the amount that goes to the community pool (defined by the NonOsmoTakerFeeDistribution above) is swapped to the community_pool_denom_to_swap_non_whitelisted_assets_to parameter defined in poolmanager. For instance, if a taker fee is generated in BTC, the respective community pool percent is sent directly to the community pool since it is a whitelisted quote denom. If it is generated in FOO, which is not a whitelisted quote denom, the respective community pool percent is swapped to the community_pool_denom_to_swap_non_whitelisted_assets_to parameter defined in poolmanager and send to the community pool as that denom at epoch.

For more information on how the final distribution of these fees and how they are swapped, see the txfees module README.

Existing Swap types:

  • SwapExactAmountIn
  • SwapExactAmountOut

Messages

MsgSwapExactAmountIn

MsgSwapExactAmountIn

MsgSwapExactAmountOut

MsgSwapExactAmountOut

MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountIn

MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountIn

MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountOut

MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountOut

MsgSetDenomPairTakerFee

MsgSplitRouteSwapExactAmountOut

Multi-Hop

All tokens are swapped using a multi-hop mechanism. That is, all swaps are routed via the most cost-efficient way, swapping in and out from multiple pools in the process. The most cost-efficient route is determined offline and the list of the pools is provided externally, by user, during the broadcasting of the swapping transaction. At the moment of execution, the provided route may not be the most cost-efficient one anymore.

When a trade consists of just two OSMO-included routes during a single transaction, the spread factors on each hop would be automatically halved. Example: for converting ATOM -> OSMO -> LUNA using two pools with spread factors 0.3% + 0.2%, instead 0.15% + 0.1% spread factors will be applied.

Multi-Hop

Route Splitting

Each route can be thought of as a separate multi-hop swap.

Splitting swaps across multiple pools for the same token pair can be beneficial for several reasons, primarily relating to reduced slippage, price impact, and potentially lower spreads.

Here's a detailed explanation of these advantages:

  • Reduced slippage: When a large trade is executed in a single pool, it can be significantly affected if someone else executes a large swap against that pool.

  • Lower price impact: When executing a large trade in a single pool, the price impact can be substantial, leading to a less favorable exchange rate for the trader. By splitting the swap across multiple pools, the price impact in each pool is minimized, resulting in a better overall exchange rate.

  • Improved liquidity utilization: Different pools may have varying levels of liquidity, spreads, and price curves. By splitting swaps across multiple pools, the router can utilize liquidity from various sources, allowing for more efficient execution of trades. This is particularly useful when the liquidity in a single pool is not sufficient to handle a large trade or when the price curve of one pool becomes less favorable as the trade size increases.

  • Potentially lower spreads: In some cases, splitting swaps across multiple pools may result in lower overall spreads. This can happen when different pools have different spread structures, or when the total spread paid across multiple pools is lower than the spread for executing the entire trade in a single pool with higher slippage.

Note, that the actual split happens off-chain. The router is only responsible for executing the swaps in the order and quantities of token in provided by the routes.

Documentation

Index

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

This section is empty.

Functions

func NewMsgServerImpl 

func NewMsgServerImpl(keeper *Keeper) types.MsgServer

func NewPoolManagerProposalHandler 

func NewPoolManagerProposalHandler(k Keeper) govtypes.Handler

Types

type Keeper 

type Keeper struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

func NewKeeper 

func NewKeeper(storeKey sdk.StoreKey, paramSpace paramtypes.Subspace, gammKeeper types.PoolModuleI, concentratedKeeper types.PoolModuleI, cosmwasmpoolKeeper types.PoolModuleI, bankKeeper types.BankI, accountKeeper types.AccountI, communityPoolKeeper types.CommunityPoolI) *Keeper

func (Keeper) AllPools 

func (k Keeper) AllPools(
	ctx sdk.Context,
) ([]types.PoolI, error)

AllPools returns all pools sorted by their ids from every pool module registered in the pool manager keeper.

func (Keeper) CreateConcentratedPoolAsPoolManager 

func (k Keeper) CreateConcentratedPoolAsPoolManager(ctx sdk.Context, msg types.CreatePoolMsg) (types.PoolI, error)

CreateConcentratedPoolAsPoolManager creates a concentrated liquidity pool from given message without sending any initial liquidity to the pool and paying a creation fee. This is meant to be used for creating the pools internally (such as in the upgrade handler). The creator of the pool must be the poolmanager module account. Returns error if not. Otherwise, functions the same as the regular createPoolZeroLiquidityNoCreationFee.

func (Keeper) CreatePool 

func (k Keeper) CreatePool(ctx sdk.Context, msg types.CreatePoolMsg) (uint64, error)

CreatePool attempts to create a pool returning the newly created pool ID or an error upon failure. The pool creation fee is used to fund the community pool. It will create a dedicated module account for the pool and sends the initial liquidity to the created module account.

After the initial liquidity is sent to the pool's account, this function calls an InitializePool function from the source module. That module is responsible for: - saving the pool into its own state - Minting LP shares to pool creator - Setting metadata for the shares

func (Keeper) ExportGenesis 

func (k Keeper) ExportGenesis(ctx sdk.Context) *types.GenesisState

ExportGenesis returns the poolmanager module's exported genesis.

func (Keeper) GetNextPoolId 

func (k Keeper) GetNextPoolId(ctx sdk.Context) uint64

GetNextPoolId returns the next pool id.

func (Keeper) GetParams 

func (k Keeper) GetParams(ctx sdk.Context) (params types.Params)

GetParams returns the total set of poolmanager parameters.

func (Keeper) GetPool 

func (k Keeper) GetPool(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	poolId uint64,
) (types.PoolI, error)

func (Keeper) GetPoolModule 

func (k Keeper) GetPoolModule(ctx sdk.Context, poolId uint64) (types.PoolModuleI, error)

GetPoolModule returns the swap module for the given pool ID. Returns error if: - any database error occurs. - fails to find a pool with the given id. - the swap module of the type corresponding to the pool id is not registered in poolmanager's keeper constructor. TODO: unexport after concentrated-liqudity upgrade. Currently, it is exported for the upgrade handler logic and tests.

func (Keeper) GetTotalPoolLiquidity 

func (k Keeper) GetTotalPoolLiquidity(ctx sdk.Context, poolId uint64) (sdk.Coins, error)

GetTotalPoolLiquidity gets the total liquidity for a given poolId.

func (Keeper) GetTradingPairTakerFee 

func (k Keeper) GetTradingPairTakerFee(ctx sdk.Context, denom0, denom1 string) (osmomath.Dec, error)

GetTradingPairTakerFee returns the taker fee for the given trading pair. If the trading pair does not exist, it returns the default taker fee.

func (Keeper) HandleDenomPairTakerFeeProposal 

func (k Keeper) HandleDenomPairTakerFeeProposal(ctx sdk.Context, p *types.DenomPairTakerFeeProposal) error

func (Keeper) InitGenesis 

func (k Keeper) InitGenesis(ctx sdk.Context, genState *types.GenesisState)

InitGenesis initializes the poolmanager module's state from a provided genesis state.

func (Keeper) MultihopEstimateInGivenExactAmountOut 

func (k Keeper) MultihopEstimateInGivenExactAmountOut(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	route []types.SwapAmountOutRoute,
	tokenOut sdk.Coin,
) (tokenInAmount osmomath.Int, err error)

func (Keeper) MultihopEstimateOutGivenExactAmountIn 

func (k Keeper) MultihopEstimateOutGivenExactAmountIn(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	route []types.SwapAmountInRoute,
	tokenIn sdk.Coin,
) (tokenOutAmount osmomath.Int, err error)

func (Keeper) RouteCalculateSpotPrice 

func (k Keeper) RouteCalculateSpotPrice(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	poolId uint64,
	quoteAssetDenom string,
	baseAssetDenom string,
) (price osmomath.BigDec, err error)

func (Keeper) RouteExactAmountIn 

func (k Keeper) RouteExactAmountIn(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	sender sdk.AccAddress,
	route []types.SwapAmountInRoute,
	tokenIn sdk.Coin,
	tokenOutMinAmount osmomath.Int,
) (tokenOutAmount osmomath.Int, err error)

RouteExactAmountIn processes a swap along the given route using the swap function corresponding to poolID's pool type. It takes in the input denom and amount for the initial swap against the first pool and chains the output as the input for the next routed pool until the last pool is reached. Transaction succeeds if final amount out is greater than tokenOutMinAmount defined and no errors are encountered along the way.

func (Keeper) RouteExactAmountOut 

func (k Keeper) RouteExactAmountOut(ctx sdk.Context,
	sender sdk.AccAddress,
	route []types.SwapAmountOutRoute,
	tokenInMaxAmount osmomath.Int,
	tokenOut sdk.Coin,
) (tokenInAmount osmomath.Int, err error)

RouteExactAmountOut processes a swap along the given route using the swap function corresponding to poolID's pool type. This function is responsible for computing the optimal output amount for a given input amount when swapping tokens, taking into account the current price of the tokens in the pool and any slippage. Transaction succeeds if the calculated tokenInAmount of the first pool is less than the defined tokenInMaxAmount defined.

func (Keeper) RouteGetPoolDenoms 

func (k Keeper) RouteGetPoolDenoms(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	poolId uint64,
) (denoms []string, err error)

func (Keeper) SenderValidationSetDenomPairTakerFee 

func (k Keeper) SenderValidationSetDenomPairTakerFee(ctx sdk.Context, sender, denom0, denom1 string, takerFee osmomath.Dec) error

SenderValidationSetDenomPairTakerFee sets the taker fee for the given trading pair iff the sender's address also exists in the pool manager taker fee admin address list.

func (Keeper) SetDenomPairTakerFee 

func (k Keeper) SetDenomPairTakerFee(ctx sdk.Context, denom0, denom1 string, takerFee osmomath.Dec)

SetDenomPairTakerFee sets the taker fee for the given trading pair. If the taker fee for this denom pair matches the default taker fee, then it is deleted from state.

func (Keeper) SetNextPoolId 

func (k Keeper) SetNextPoolId(ctx sdk.Context, poolId uint64)

SetNextPoolId sets next pool Id.

func (Keeper) SetParams 

func (k Keeper) SetParams(ctx sdk.Context, params types.Params)

SetParams sets the total set of poolmanager parameters.

func (*Keeper) SetPoolIncentivesKeeper 

func (k *Keeper) SetPoolIncentivesKeeper(poolIncentivesKeeper types.PoolIncentivesKeeperI)

SetPoolIncentivesKeeper sets pool incentives keeper

func (Keeper) SetPoolRoute 

func (k Keeper) SetPoolRoute(ctx sdk.Context, poolId uint64, poolType types.PoolType)

func (Keeper) SplitRouteExactAmountIn 

func (k Keeper) SplitRouteExactAmountIn(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	sender sdk.AccAddress,
	routes []types.SwapAmountInSplitRoute,
	tokenInDenom string,
	tokenOutMinAmount osmomath.Int,
) (osmomath.Int, error)

SplitRouteExactAmountIn routes the swap across multiple multihop paths to get the desired token out. This is useful for achieving the most optimal execution. However, note that the responsibility of determining the optimal split is left to the client. This method simply route the swap across the given route. The route must end with the same token out and begin with the same token in.

It performs the price impact protection check on the combination of tokens out from all multihop paths. The given tokenOutMinAmount is used for comparison.

Returns error if:

  • route are empty
  • route contain duplicate multihop paths
  • last token out denom is not the same for all multihop paths in routeStep
  • one of the multihop swaps fails for internal reasons
  • final token out computed is not positive
  • final token out computed is smaller than tokenOutMinAmount

func (Keeper) SplitRouteExactAmountOut 

func (k Keeper) SplitRouteExactAmountOut(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	sender sdk.AccAddress,
	route []types.SwapAmountOutSplitRoute,
	tokenOutDenom string,
	tokenInMaxAmount osmomath.Int,
) (osmomath.Int, error)

SplitRouteExactAmountOut route the swap across multiple multihop paths to get the desired token in. This is useful for achieving the most optimal execution. However, note that the responsibility of determining the optimal split is left to the client. This method simply route the swap across the given route. The route must end with the same token out and begin with the same token in.

It performs the price impact protection check on the combination of tokens in from all multihop paths. The given tokenInMaxAmount is used for comparison.

Returns error if:

  • route are empty
  • route contain duplicate multihop paths
  • last token out denom is not the same for all multihop paths in routeStep
  • one of the multihop swaps fails for internal reasons
  • final token out computed is not positive
  • final token out computed is smaller than tokenInMaxAmount

func (Keeper) SwapExactAmountIn 

func (k Keeper) SwapExactAmountIn(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	sender sdk.AccAddress,
	poolId uint64,
	tokenIn sdk.Coin,
	tokenOutDenom string,
	tokenOutMinAmount osmomath.Int,
) (tokenOutAmount osmomath.Int, err error)

SwapExactAmountIn is an API for swapping an exact amount of tokens as input to a pool to get a minimum amount of the desired token out. The method succeeds when tokenOutAmount is greater than tokenOutMinAmount defined. Errors otherwise. Also, errors if the pool id is invalid, if tokens do not belong to the pool with given id or if sender does not have the swapped-in tokenIn.

func (Keeper) SwapExactAmountInNoTakerFee 

func (k Keeper) SwapExactAmountInNoTakerFee(
	ctx sdk.Context,
	sender sdk.AccAddress,
	poolId uint64,
	tokenIn sdk.Coin,
	tokenOutDenom string,
	tokenOutMinAmount osmomath.Int,
) (tokenOutAmount osmomath.Int, err error)

SwapExactAmountInNoTakerFee is an API for swapping an exact amount of tokens as input to a pool to get a minimum amount of the desired token out. This method does NOT charge a taker fee, and should only be used in txfees hooks when swapping taker fees. This prevents us from charging taker fees on top of taker fees.

func (Keeper) TotalLiquidity 

func (k Keeper) TotalLiquidity(ctx sdk.Context) (sdk.Coins, error)

TotalLiquidity gets the total liquidity across all pools.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
cli
grpc
grpcv2
queryproto
Package queryproto is a reverse proxy.
 Package queryproto is a reverse proxy.
queryprotov2
Package queryprotov2 is a reverse proxy.
 Package queryprotov2 is a reverse proxy.
rest
testutil

Jump to

Keyboard shortcuts

? : This menu
/ : Search site
f or F : Jump to
y or Y : Canonical URL
go.dev uses cookies from Google to deliver and enhance the quality of its services and to analyze traffic. Learn more.