chapter01

README

Chapter I: establishing TCP connections

In this chapter we will write together a main.go file that uses netxlite to establish a new TCP connection.

(This file is auto-generated from the corresponding source file, so make sure you don't edit it manually.)

The main.go file

We define main.go file using package main.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"flag"
	"net"
	"os"
	"time"

	"github.com/apex/log"
	"github.com/ooni/probe-cli/v3/internal/netxlite"
)

Main function

func main() {

We use apex/log and configure it to emit debug messages. This setting will allow us to see netxlite emitted logs.

	log.SetLevel(log.DebugLevel)

We use the flags package to define command line options and we parse the command line options with flag.Parse.

	address := flag.String("address", "8.8.4.4:443", "Remote endpoint address")
	timeout := flag.Duration("timeout", 60*time.Second, "Timeout")
	flag.Parse()

We use the standard Go idiom to set a timeout using a context.

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), *timeout)
	defer cancel()

The bulk of the logic has been factored into a dialTCP function.

	conn, err := dialTCP(ctx, *address)

If there is a failure we invoke a function that prints the error that occurred and then calls os.Exit(1)

	if err != nil {
		fatal(err)
	}

Otherwise, we're tidy and close the opened connection.

	conn.Close()
}

Dialing for TCP

We construct a netxlite.Dialer (i.e., a type similar to net.Dialer) and we use it to dial the new connection.

Note that the dialer we're constructing here is not attached to a resolver. This means that, if address contains a domain name rather than an IP address, the dial operation will fail.

While it is possible in netxlite to construct a dialer using a resolver, here we're focusing on the step-by-step measuring perspective where we want to perform each operation independently.

func dialTCP(ctx context.Context, address string) (net.Conn, error) {
	netx := &netxlite.Netx{}
	d := netx.NewDialerWithoutResolver(log.Log)
	return d.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", address)
}

Printing the error

Fundamental netxlite types guarantee that they always return a *netxlite.ErrWrapper type on error. This type is an error and we can use errors.As to see its content:

• the Failure field is the OONI error string as specified in https://github.com/ooni/spec, and is also the string that is emitted in case one calls err.Error;

• Operation is the name of the operation that failed;

• WrappedErr is the underlying error that occurred and has been wrapped by netxlite.

func fatal(err error) {
	var ew *netxlite.ErrWrapper
	if !errors.As(err, &ew) {
		log.Fatal("cannot get ErrWrapper")
	}
	log.Warnf("error string    : %s", err.Error())
	log.Warnf("OONI failure    : %s", ew.Failure)
	log.Warnf("failed operation: %s", ew.Operation)
	log.Warnf("underlying error: %+v", ew.WrappedErr)
	os.Exit(1)
}

Running the code

Vanilla run

You can now run this code as follows:

go run -race ./internal/tutorial/netxlite/chapter01

You will see debug logs describing what is happening along with timing info.

Connection timeout

go run -race ./internal/tutorial/netxlite/chapter01 -address 8.8.4.4:1

should cause a connect timeout error. Try lowering the timout adding, e.g., the -timeout 5s flag to the command line.

Connection refused

go run -race ./internal/tutorial/netxlite/chapter01 -address '[::1]:1'

should give you a connection refused error in most cases. (We are quoting the ::1 IPv6 address using [ and ] here.)

Conclusions

We have seen how to use netxlite to establish a TCP connection.

Documentation

Overview

-=-=- StartHere -=-=-

Chapter I: establishing TCP connections

In this chapter we will write together a `main.go` file that uses netxlite to establish a new TCP connection.

(This file is auto-generated from the corresponding source file, so make sure you don't edit it manually.)

## The main.go file

We define `main.go` file using `package main`.

```Go