lite

package
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 Go to latest Published: May 18, 2020 License: Apache-2.0 Imports: 16 Imported by: 0

Documentation

Overview

Package lite provides a light client implementation.

The concept of light clients was introduced in the Bitcoin white paper. It describes a watcher of distributed consensus process that only validates the consensus algorithm and not the state machine transactions within.

Tendermint light clients allow bandwidth & compute-constrained devices, such as smartphones, low-power embedded chips, or other blockchains to efficiently verify the consensus of a Tendermint blockchain. This forms the basis of safe and efficient state synchronization for new network nodes and inter-blockchain communication (where a light client of one Tendermint instance runs in another chain's state machine).

In a network that is expected to reliably punish validators for misbehavior by slashing bonded stake and where the validator set changes infrequently, clients can take advantage of this assumption to safely synchronize a lite client without downloading the intervening headers.

Light clients (and full nodes) operating in the Proof Of Stake context need a trusted block height from a trusted source that is no older than 1 unbonding window plus a configurable evidence submission synchrony bound. This is called weak subjectivity.

Weak subjectivity is required in Proof of Stake blockchains because it is costless for an attacker to buy up voting keys that are no longer bonded and fork the network at some point in its prior history. See Vitalik's post at [Proof of Stake: How I Learned to Love Weak Subjectivity](https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/25/proof-stake-learned-love-weak-subjectivity/).

NOTE: Tendermint provides a somewhat different (stronger) light client model than Bitcoin under eclipse, since the eclipsing node(s) can only fool the light client if they have two-thirds of the private keys from the last root-of-trust.

Common structures

* SignedHeader

SignedHeader is a block header along with a commit -- enough validator precommit-vote signatures to prove its validity (> 2/3 of the voting power) given the validator set responsible for signing that header.

The hash of the next validator set is included and signed in the SignedHeader. This lets the lite client keep track of arbitrary changes to the validator set, as every change to the validator set must be approved by inclusion in the header and signed in the commit.

In the worst case, with every block changing the validators around completely, a lite client can sync up with every block header to verify each validator set change on the chain. In practice, most applications will not have frequent drastic updates to the validator set, so the logic defined in this package for lite client syncing is optimized to use intelligent bisection.

What this package provides

This package provides three major things:

1. Client implementation (see client.go) 2. Pure functions to verify a new header (see verifier.go) 3. Secure RPC proxy

## 1. Client implementation (see client.go)

Example usage: 

db, err := dbm.NewGoLevelDB("lite-client-db", dbDir)
if err != nil {
	// handle error
}

c, err := NewHTTPClient(
	chainID,
	TrustOptions{
		Period: 504 * time.Hour, // 21 days
		Height: 100,
		Hash:   header.Hash(),
	},
	"http://localhost:26657",
	[]string{"http://witness1:26657"},
	dbs.New(db, ""),
)
if err != nil {
	// handle error
}

h, err := c.TrustedHeader(100)
if err != nil {
	// handle error
}
fmt.Println("header", h)

Check out other examples in example_test.go

## 2. Pure functions to verify a new header (see verifier.go)

Verify function verifies a new header against some trusted header. See https://github.com/tendermint/spec/blob/master/spec/consensus/light-client/verification.md for details.

## 3. Secure RPC proxy

Tendermint RPC exposes a lot of info, but a malicious node could return any data it wants to queries, or even to block headers, even making up fake signatures from non-existent validators to justify it. Secure RPC proxy serves as a wrapper, which verifies all the headers, using a light client connected to some other node.

See https://docs.tendermint.com/master/tendermint-core/light-client-protocol.html for usage example.

Index

Examples

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

View Source 
var (
	// DefaultTrustLevel - new header can be trusted if at least one correct
	// validator signed it.
	DefaultTrustLevel = tmmath.Fraction{Numerator: 1, Denominator: 3}
)

Functions

func HeaderExpired 

func HeaderExpired(h *types.SignedHeader, trustingPeriod time.Duration, now time.Time) bool

HeaderExpired return true if the given header expired.

func ValidateTrustLevel 

func ValidateTrustLevel(lvl tmmath.Fraction) error

ValidateTrustLevel checks that trustLevel is within the allowed range [1/3, 1]. If not, it returns an error. 1/3 is the minimum amount of trust needed which does not break the security model.

func Verify 

func Verify(
	chainID string,
	trustedHeader *types.SignedHeader,
	trustedVals *types.ValidatorSet,
	untrustedHeader *types.SignedHeader,
	untrustedVals *types.ValidatorSet,
	trustingPeriod time.Duration,
	now time.Time,
	trustLevel tmmath.Fraction) error

Verify combines both VerifyAdjacent and VerifyNonAdjacent functions.

func VerifyAdjacent 

func VerifyAdjacent(
	chainID string,
	trustedHeader *types.SignedHeader,
	untrustedHeader *types.SignedHeader,
	untrustedVals *types.ValidatorSet,
	trustingPeriod time.Duration,
	now time.Time) error

VerifyAdjacent verifies directly adjacent untrustedHeader against trustedHeader. It ensures that: 

a) trustedHeader can still be trusted (if not, ErrOldHeaderExpired is returned)
b) untrustedHeader is valid (if not, ErrInvalidHeader is returned)
c) untrustedHeader.ValidatorsHash equals trustedHeader.NextValidatorsHash
d) more than 2/3 of new validators (untrustedVals) have signed h2
  (otherwise, ErrInvalidHeader is returned)
e) headers are adjacent.

func VerifyBackwards 

func VerifyBackwards(chainID string, untrustedHeader, trustedHeader *types.SignedHeader) error

VerifyBackwards verifies an untrusted header with a height one less than that of an adjacent trusted header. It ensures that: 

	a) untrusted header is valid
 b) untrusted header has a time before the trusted header
 c) that the LastBlockID hash of the trusted header is the same as the hash
 of the trusted header

 For any of these cases ErrInvalidHeader is returned.

func VerifyNonAdjacent 

func VerifyNonAdjacent(
	chainID string,
	trustedHeader *types.SignedHeader,
	trustedVals *types.ValidatorSet,
	untrustedHeader *types.SignedHeader,
	untrustedVals *types.ValidatorSet,
	trustingPeriod time.Duration,
	now time.Time,
	trustLevel tmmath.Fraction) error

VerifyNonAdjacent verifies non-adjacent untrustedHeader against trustedHeader. It ensures that: 

	a) trustedHeader can still be trusted (if not, ErrOldHeaderExpired is returned)
	b) untrustedHeader is valid (if not, ErrInvalidHeader is returned)
	c) trustLevel ([1/3, 1]) of trustedHeaderVals (or trustedHeaderNextVals)
 signed correctly (if not, ErrNewValSetCantBeTrusted is returned)
	d) more than 2/3 of untrustedVals have signed h2
   (otherwise, ErrInvalidHeader is returned)
 e) headers are non-adjacent.

Types

type Client 

type Client struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Client represents a light client, connected to a single chain, which gets headers from a primary provider, verifies them either sequentially or by skipping some and stores them in a trusted store (usually, a local FS).

Default verification: SkippingVerification(DefaultTrustLevel)

func NewClient 

func NewClient(
	chainID string,
	trustOptions TrustOptions,
	primary provider.Provider,
	witnesses []provider.Provider,
	trustedStore store.Store,
	options ...Option) (*Client, error)

NewClient returns a new light client. It returns an error if it fails to obtain the header & vals from the primary or they are invalid (e.g. trust hash does not match with the one from the header).

Witnesses are providers, which will be used for cross-checking the primary provider. At least one witness must be given. A witness can become a primary iff the current primary is unavailable.

See all Option(s) for the additional configuration.

func NewClientFromTrustedStore 

func NewClientFromTrustedStore(
	chainID string,
	trustingPeriod time.Duration,
	primary provider.Provider,
	witnesses []provider.Provider,
	trustedStore store.Store,
	options ...Option) (*Client, error)

NewClientFromTrustedStore initializes existing client from the trusted store.

See NewClient

func NewHTTPClient 

func NewHTTPClient(
	chainID string,
	trustOptions TrustOptions,
	primaryAddress string,
	witnessesAddresses []string,
	trustedStore store.Store,
	options ...Option) (*Client, error)

NewHTTPClient initiates an instance of a lite client using HTTP addresses for both the primary provider and witnesses of the lite client. A trusted header and hash must be passed to initialize the client.

See all Option(s) for the additional configuration. See NewClient.

func NewHTTPClientFromTrustedStore 

func NewHTTPClientFromTrustedStore(
	chainID string,
	trustingPeriod time.Duration,
	primaryAddress string,
	witnessesAddresses []string,
	trustedStore store.Store,
	options ...Option) (*Client, error)

NewHTTPClientFromTrustedStore initiates an instance of a lite client using HTTP addresses for both the primary provider and witnesses and uses a trusted store as the root of trust.

See all Option(s) for the additional configuration. See NewClientFromTrustedStore.

func (*Client) ChainID 

func (c *Client) ChainID() string

ChainID returns the chain ID the light client was configured with.

Safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.

func (*Client) Cleanup 

func (c *Client) Cleanup() error

Cleanup removes all the data (headers and validator sets) stored. Note: the client must be stopped at this point.

func (*Client) FirstTrustedHeight 

func (c *Client) FirstTrustedHeight() (int64, error)

FirstTrustedHeight returns a first trusted height. -1 and nil are returned if there are no trusted headers.

Safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.

func (*Client) LastTrustedHeight 

func (c *Client) LastTrustedHeight() (int64, error)

LastTrustedHeight returns a last trusted height. -1 and nil are returned if there are no trusted headers.

Safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.

func (*Client) Primary 

func (c *Client) Primary() provider.Provider

Primary returns the primary provider.

NOTE: provider may be not safe for concurrent access.

func (*Client) TrustedHeader 

func (c *Client) TrustedHeader(height int64) (*types.SignedHeader, error)

TrustedHeader returns a trusted header at the given height (0 - the latest).

Headers along with validator sets, which can't be trusted anymore, are removed once a day (can be changed with RemoveNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod option). . height must be >= 0.

It returns an error if:

  • there are some issues with the trusted store, although that should not happen normally;
  • negative height is passed;
  • header has not been verified yet and is therefore not in the store

Safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.

func (*Client) TrustedValidatorSet 

func (c *Client) TrustedValidatorSet(height int64) (valSet *types.ValidatorSet, heightUsed int64, err error)

TrustedValidatorSet returns a trusted validator set at the given height (0 - latest). The second return parameter is the height used (useful if 0 was passed; otherwise can be ignored).

height must be >= 0.

Headers along with validator sets are removed once a day (can be changed with RemoveNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod option).

Function returns an error if:

  • there are some issues with the trusted store, although that should not happen normally;
  • negative height is passed;
  • header signed by that validator set has not been verified yet

Safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.

func (*Client) Update 

func (c *Client) Update(now time.Time) (*types.SignedHeader, error)

Update attempts to advance the state by downloading the latest header and comparing it with the existing one. It returns a new header on a successful update. Otherwise, it returns nil (plus an error, if any).

Example

Automatically getting new headers and verifying them. 

// give Tendermint time to generate some blocks
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)

dbDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "lite-client-example")
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dbDir)

var (
	config  = rpctest.GetConfig()
	chainID = config.ChainID()
)

primary, err := httpp.New(chainID, config.RPC.ListenAddress)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

header, err := primary.SignedHeader(2)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

db, err := dbm.NewGoLevelDB("lite-client-db", dbDir)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

c, err := NewClient(
	chainID,
	TrustOptions{
		Period: 504 * time.Hour, // 21 days
		Height: 2,
		Hash:   header.Hash(),
	},
	primary,
	[]provider.Provider{primary}, // NOTE: primary should not be used here
	dbs.New(db, chainID),
	// Logger(log.TestingLogger()),
)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}
defer func() {
	c.Cleanup()
}()

time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)

// XXX: 30 * time.Minute clock drift is needed because a) Tendermint strips
// monotonic component (see types/time/time.go) b) single instance is being
// run.
// https://github.com/kava-labs/tendermint/issues/4489
h, err := c.Update(time.Now().Add(30 * time.Minute))
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

if h != nil && h.Height > 2 {
	fmt.Println("successful update")
} else {
	fmt.Println("update failed")
}

Output:

successful update

func (*Client) VerifyHeader 

func (c *Client) VerifyHeader(newHeader *types.SignedHeader, newVals *types.ValidatorSet, now time.Time) error

VerifyHeader verifies new header against the trusted state. It returns immediately if newHeader exists in trustedStore (no verification is needed).

SequentialVerification: verifies that 2/3 of the trusted validator set has signed the new header. If the headers are not adjacent, **all** intermediate headers will be requested.

SkippingVerification(trustLevel): verifies that {trustLevel} of the trusted validator set has signed the new header. If it's not the case and the headers are not adjacent, bisection is performed and necessary (not all) intermediate headers will be requested. See the specification for details. https://github.com/tendermint/spec/blob/master/spec/consensus/light-client.md

It returns ErrOldHeaderExpired if the latest trusted header expired.

If the primary provides an invalid header (ErrInvalidHeader), it is rejected and replaced by another provider until all are exhausted.

If, at any moment, SignedHeader or ValidatorSet are not found by the primary provider, provider.ErrSignedHeaderNotFound / provider.ErrValidatorSetNotFound error is returned.

func (*Client) VerifyHeaderAtHeight 

func (c *Client) VerifyHeaderAtHeight(height int64, now time.Time) (*types.SignedHeader, error)

VerifyHeaderAtHeight fetches header and validators at the given height and calls VerifyHeader. It returns header immediately if such exists in trustedStore (no verification is needed).

height must be > 0.

It returns provider.ErrSignedHeaderNotFound if header is not found by primary.

Example

Manually getting headers and verifying them. 

// give Tendermint time to generate some blocks
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)

dbDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "lite-client-example")
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dbDir)

var (
	config  = rpctest.GetConfig()
	chainID = config.ChainID()
)

primary, err := httpp.New(chainID, config.RPC.ListenAddress)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

header, err := primary.SignedHeader(2)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

db, err := dbm.NewGoLevelDB("lite-client-db", dbDir)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

c, err := NewClient(
	chainID,
	TrustOptions{
		Period: 504 * time.Hour, // 21 days
		Height: 2,
		Hash:   header.Hash(),
	},
	primary,
	[]provider.Provider{primary}, // NOTE: primary should not be used here
	dbs.New(db, chainID),
	// Logger(log.TestingLogger()),
)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}
defer func() {
	c.Cleanup()
}()

_, err = c.VerifyHeaderAtHeight(3, time.Now())
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

h, err := c.TrustedHeader(3)
if err != nil {
	stdlog.Fatal(err)
}

fmt.Println("got header", h.Height)

Output:

got header 3

func (*Client) Witnesses 

func (c *Client) Witnesses() []provider.Provider

Witnesses returns the witness providers.

NOTE: providers may be not safe for concurrent access.

type ErrInvalidHeader 

type ErrInvalidHeader struct {
	Reason error
}

ErrInvalidHeader means the header either failed the basic validation or commit is not signed by 2/3+.

func (ErrInvalidHeader) Error 

func (e ErrInvalidHeader) Error() string

type ErrNewValSetCantBeTrusted 

type ErrNewValSetCantBeTrusted struct {
	Reason types.ErrNotEnoughVotingPowerSigned
}

ErrNewValSetCantBeTrusted means the new validator set cannot be trusted because < 1/3rd (+trustLevel+) of the old validator set has signed.

func (ErrNewValSetCantBeTrusted) Error 

func (e ErrNewValSetCantBeTrusted) Error() string

type ErrOldHeaderExpired 

type ErrOldHeaderExpired struct {
	At  time.Time
	Now time.Time
}

ErrOldHeaderExpired means the old (trusted) header has expired according to the given trustingPeriod and current time. If so, the light client must be reset subjectively.

func (ErrOldHeaderExpired) Error 

func (e ErrOldHeaderExpired) Error() string

type Option 

type Option func(*Client)

Option sets a parameter for the light client.

func ConfirmationFunction 

func ConfirmationFunction(fn func(action string) bool) Option

ConfirmationFunction option can be used to prompt to confirm an action. For example, remove newer headers if the light client is being reset with an older header. No confirmation is required by default!

func Logger 

func Logger(l log.Logger) Option

Logger option can be used to set a logger for the client.

func MaxRetryAttempts 

func MaxRetryAttempts(max uint16) Option

MaxRetryAttempts option can be used to set max attempts before replacing primary with a witness.

func PruningSize 

func PruningSize(h uint16) Option

PruningSize option sets the maximum amount of headers & validator set pairs that the light client stores. When Prune() is run, all headers (along with the associated validator sets) that are earlier than the h amount of headers will be removed from the store. Default: 1000. A pruning size of 0 will not prune the lite client at all.

func SequentialVerification 

func SequentialVerification() Option

SequentialVerification option configures the light client to sequentially check the headers (every header, in ascending height order). Note this is much slower than SkippingVerification, albeit more secure.

func SkippingVerification 

func SkippingVerification(trustLevel tmmath.Fraction) Option

SkippingVerification option configures the light client to skip headers as long as {trustLevel} of the old validator set signed the new header. The bisection algorithm from the specification is used for finding the minimal "trust path".

trustLevel - fraction of the old validator set (in terms of voting power), which must sign the new header in order for us to trust it. NOTE this only applies to non-adjacent headers. For adjacent headers, sequential verification is used.

type TrustOptions 

type TrustOptions struct {
	// tp: trusting period.
	//
	// Should be significantly less than the unbonding period (e.g. unbonding
	// period = 3 weeks, trusting period = 2 weeks).
	//
	// More specifically, trusting period + time needed to check headers + time
	// needed to report and punish misbehavior should be less than the unbonding
	// period.
	Period time.Duration

	// Header's Height and Hash must both be provided to force the trusting of a
	// particular header.
	Height int64
	Hash   []byte
}

TrustOptions are the trust parameters needed when a new light client connects to the network or when an existing light client that has been offline for longer than the trusting period connects to the network.

The expectation is the user will get this information from a trusted source like a validator, a friend, or a secure website. A more user friendly solution with trust tradeoffs is that we establish an https based protocol with a default end point that populates this information. Also an on-chain registry of roots-of-trust (e.g. on the Cosmos Hub) seems likely in the future.

func (TrustOptions) ValidateBasic 

func (opts TrustOptions) ValidateBasic() error

ValidateBasic performs basic validation.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
http
mock
db

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