runtime

Documentation

Overview

Package runtime contains operations that interact with Go's runtime system, such as functions to control goroutines. It also includes the low-level type information used by the reflect package; see reflect's documentation for the programmable interface to the run-time type system.

Environment Variables

The following environment variables ($name or %name%, depending on the host operating system) control the run-time behavior of Go programs. The meanings and use may change from release to release.

The GOGC variable sets the initial garbage collection target percentage. A collection is triggered when the ratio of freshly allocated data to live data remaining after the previous collection reaches this percentage. The default is GOGC=100. Setting GOGC=off disables the garbage collector entirely. The runtime/debug package's SetGCPercent function allows changing this percentage at run time. See https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetGCPercent.

The GODEBUG variable controls debugging variables within the runtime. It is a comma-separated list of name=val pairs setting these named variables:

allocfreetrace: setting allocfreetrace=1 causes every allocation to be
profiled and a stack trace printed on each object's allocation and free.

cgocheck: setting cgocheck=0 disables all checks for packages
using cgo to incorrectly pass Go pointers to non-Go code.
Setting cgocheck=1 (the default) enables relatively cheap
checks that may miss some errors.  Setting cgocheck=2 enables
expensive checks that should not miss any errors, but will
cause your program to run slower.

efence: setting efence=1 causes the allocator to run in a mode
where each object is allocated on a unique page and addresses are
never recycled.

gccheckmark: setting gccheckmark=1 enables verification of the
garbage collector's concurrent mark phase by performing a
second mark pass while the world is stopped.  If the second
pass finds a reachable object that was not found by concurrent
mark, the garbage collector will panic.

gcpacertrace: setting gcpacertrace=1 causes the garbage collector to
print information about the internal state of the concurrent pacer.

gcshrinkstackoff: setting gcshrinkstackoff=1 disables moving goroutines
onto smaller stacks. In this mode, a goroutine's stack can only grow.

gcstackbarrieroff: setting gcstackbarrieroff=1 disables the use of stack barriers
that allow the garbage collector to avoid repeating a stack scan during the
mark termination phase.

gcstackbarrierall: setting gcstackbarrierall=1 installs stack barriers
in every stack frame, rather than in exponentially-spaced frames.

gcrescanstacks: setting gcrescanstacks=1 enables stack
re-scanning during the STW mark termination phase. This is
helpful for debugging if objects are being prematurely
garbage collected.

gcstoptheworld: setting gcstoptheworld=1 disables concurrent garbage collection,
making every garbage collection a stop-the-world event. Setting gcstoptheworld=2
also disables concurrent sweeping after the garbage collection finishes.

gctrace: setting gctrace=1 causes the garbage collector to emit a single line to standard
error at each collection, summarizing the amount of memory collected and the
length of the pause. Setting gctrace=2 emits the same summary but also
repeats each collection. The format of this line is subject to change.
Currently, it is:
	gc # @#s #%: #+#+# ms clock, #+#/#/#+# ms cpu, #->#-># MB, # MB goal, # P
where the fields are as follows:
	gc #        the GC number, incremented at each GC
	@#s         time in seconds since program start
	#%          percentage of time spent in GC since program start
	#+...+#     wall-clock/CPU times for the phases of the GC
	#->#-># MB  heap size at GC start, at GC end, and live heap
	# MB goal   goal heap size
	# P         number of processors used
The phases are stop-the-world (STW) sweep termination, concurrent
mark and scan, and STW mark termination. The CPU times
for mark/scan are broken down in to assist time (GC performed in
line with allocation), background GC time, and idle GC time.
If the line ends with "(forced)", this GC was forced by a
runtime.GC() call and all phases are STW.

Setting gctrace to any value > 0 also causes the garbage collector
to emit a summary when memory is released back to the system.
This process of returning memory to the system is called scavenging.
The format of this summary is subject to change.
Currently it is:
	scvg#: # MB released  printed only if non-zero
	scvg#: inuse: # idle: # sys: # released: # consumed: # (MB)
where the fields are as follows:
	scvg#        the scavenge cycle number, incremented at each scavenge
	inuse: #     MB used or partially used spans
	idle: #      MB spans pending scavenging
	sys: #       MB mapped from the system
	released: #  MB released to the system
	consumed: #  MB allocated from the system

memprofilerate: setting memprofilerate=X will update the value of runtime.MemProfileRate.
When set to 0 memory profiling is disabled.  Refer to the description of
MemProfileRate for the default value.

invalidptr: defaults to invalidptr=1, causing the garbage collector and stack
copier to crash the program if an invalid pointer value (for example, 1)
is found in a pointer-typed location. Setting invalidptr=0 disables this check.
This should only be used as a temporary workaround to diagnose buggy code.
The real fix is to not store integers in pointer-typed locations.

sbrk: setting sbrk=1 replaces the memory allocator and garbage collector
with a trivial allocator that obtains memory from the operating system and
never reclaims any memory.

scavenge: scavenge=1 enables debugging mode of heap scavenger.

scheddetail: setting schedtrace=X and scheddetail=1 causes the scheduler to emit
detailed multiline info every X milliseconds, describing state of the scheduler,
processors, threads and goroutines.

schedtrace: setting schedtrace=X causes the scheduler to emit a single line to standard
error every X milliseconds, summarizing the scheduler state.

The net and net/http packages also refer to debugging variables in GODEBUG. See the documentation for those packages for details.

The GOMAXPROCS variable limits the number of operating system threads that can execute user-level Go code simultaneously. There is no limit to the number of threads that can be blocked in system calls on behalf of Go code; those do not count against the GOMAXPROCS limit. This package's GOMAXPROCS function queries and changes the limit.

The GOTRACEBACK variable controls the amount of output generated when a Go program fails due to an unrecovered panic or an unexpected runtime condition. By default, a failure prints a stack trace for the current goroutine, eliding functions internal to the run-time system, and then exits with exit code 2. The failure prints stack traces for all goroutines if there is no current goroutine or the failure is internal to the run-time. GOTRACEBACK=none omits the goroutine stack traces entirely. GOTRACEBACK=single (the default) behaves as described above. GOTRACEBACK=all adds stack traces for all user-created goroutines. GOTRACEBACK=system is like “all” but adds stack frames for run-time functions and shows goroutines created internally by the run-time. GOTRACEBACK=crash is like “system” but crashes in an operating system-specific manner instead of exiting. For example, on Unix systems, the crash raises SIGABRT to trigger a core dump. For historical reasons, the GOTRACEBACK settings 0, 1, and 2 are synonyms for none, all, and system, respectively. The runtime/debug package's SetTraceback function allows increasing the amount of output at run time, but it cannot reduce the amount below that specified by the environment variable. See https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetTraceback.

The GOARCH, GOOS, GOPATH, and GOROOT environment variables complete the set of Go environment variables. They influence the building of Go programs (see https://golang.org/cmd/go and https://golang.org/pkg/go/build). GOARCH, GOOS, and GOROOT are recorded at compile time and made available by constants or functions in this package, but they do not influence the execution of the run-time system.

Index

• Constants
• type BlockProfileRecord
• type Error
• type Frame
• type Frames
• type Func
• type Goroutine
  • func (g *Goroutine) Goid() int64
• type MemProfileRecord
• type MemStats
• type StackRecord
• type TypeAssertionError

Constants

const Compiler = "gc"

Compiler is the name of the compiler toolchain that built the running binary. Known toolchains are:

gc      Also known as cmd/compile.
gccgo   The gccgo front end, part of the GCC compiler suite.

const GOARCH string = sys.GOARCH

GOARCH is the running program's architecture target: 386, amd64, arm, or s390x.

const GOOS string = sys.GOOS

GOOS is the running program's operating system target: one of darwin, freebsd, linux, and so on.

Types

type BlockProfileRecord

type BlockProfileRecord struct {
	Count  int64
	Cycles int64
	StackRecord
}

BlockProfileRecord describes blocking events originated at a particular call sequence (stack trace).

type Error

type Error interface {
	error

	RuntimeError()
}

The Error interface identifies a run time error.

type Frame

type Frame struct {
	PC uintptr

	Func *Func

	Function string
	File     string
	Line     int

	Entry uintptr
}

Frame is the information returned by Frames for each call frame.

type Frames

type Frames struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Frames may be used to get function/file/line information for a slice of PC values returned by Callers.

type Func

type Func struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A Func represents a Go function in the running binary.

type Goroutine

type Goroutine g

Goroutine is the internal type represents a goroutine.

func (*Goroutine) Goid

func (g *Goroutine) Goid() int64

Get goid.

type MemProfileRecord

type MemProfileRecord struct {
	AllocBytes, FreeBytes     int64
	AllocObjects, FreeObjects int64
	Stack0                    [32]uintptr
}

A MemProfileRecord describes the live objects allocated by a particular call sequence (stack trace).

type MemStats

type MemStats struct {
	Alloc uint64

	TotalAlloc uint64

	Sys uint64

	Lookups uint64

	Mallocs uint64

	Frees uint64

	HeapAlloc uint64

	HeapSys uint64

	HeapIdle uint64

	HeapInuse uint64

	HeapReleased uint64

	HeapObjects uint64

	StackInuse uint64

	StackSys uint64

	MSpanInuse uint64

	MSpanSys uint64

	MCacheInuse uint64

	MCacheSys uint64

	BuckHashSys uint64

	GCSys uint64

	OtherSys uint64

	NextGC uint64

	LastGC uint64

	PauseTotalNs uint64

	PauseNs [256]uint64

	PauseEnd [256]uint64

	NumGC uint32

	NumForcedGC uint32

	GCCPUFraction float64

	EnableGC bool

	DebugGC bool

	BySize [61]struct {
		Size uint32

		Mallocs uint64

		Frees uint64
	}
}

A MemStats records statistics about the memory allocator.

type StackRecord

type StackRecord struct {
	Stack0 [32]uintptr
}

A StackRecord describes a single execution stack.

type TypeAssertionError

type TypeAssertionError struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A TypeAssertionError explains a failed type assertion.