Documentation
¶
Overview ¶
Package multierr allows combining one or more errors together.
Overview ¶
Errors can be combined with the use of the Combine function.
multierr.Combine( reader.Close(), writer.Close(), conn.Close(), )
If only two errors are being combined, the Append function may be used instead.
err = multierr.Append(reader.Close(), writer.Close())
The underlying list of errors for a returned error object may be retrieved with the Errors function.
errors := multierr.Errors(err)
if len(errors) > 0 {
fmt.Println("The following errors occurred:", errors)
}
Appending from a loop ¶
You sometimes need to append into an error from a loop.
var err error
for _, item := range items {
err = multierr.Append(err, process(item))
}
Cases like this may require knowledge of whether an individual instance failed. This usually requires introduction of a new variable.
var err error
for _, item := range items {
if perr := process(item); perr != nil {
log.Warn("skipping item", item)
err = multierr.Append(err, perr)
}
}
multierr includes AppendInto to simplify cases like this.
var err error
for _, item := range items {
if multierr.AppendInto(&err, process(item)) {
log.Warn("skipping item", item)
}
}
This will append the error into the err variable, and return true if that individual error was non-nil.
See AppendInto for more information.
Deferred Functions ¶
Go makes it possible to modify the return value of a function in a defer block if the function was using named returns. This makes it possible to record resource cleanup failures from deferred blocks.
func sendRequest(req Request) (err error) {
conn, err := openConnection()
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer func() {
err = multierr.Append(err, conn.Close())
}()
// ...
}
multierr provides the Invoker type and AppendInvoke function to make cases like the above simpler and obviate the need for a closure. The following is roughly equivalent to the example above.
func sendRequest(req Request) (err error) {
conn, err := openConnection()
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer multierr.AppendInvoke(err, multierr.Close(conn))
// ...
}
See AppendInvoke and Invoker for more information.
Advanced Usage ¶
Errors returned by Combine and Append MAY implement the following interface.
type errorGroup interface {
// Returns a slice containing the underlying list of errors.
//
// This slice MUST NOT be modified by the caller.
Errors() []error
}
Note that if you need access to list of errors behind a multierr error, you should prefer using the Errors function. That said, if you need cheap read-only access to the underlying errors slice, you can attempt to cast the error to this interface. You MUST handle the failure case gracefully because errors returned by Combine and Append are not guaranteed to implement this interface.
var errors []error
group, ok := err.(errorGroup)
if ok {
errors = group.Errors()
} else {
errors = []error{err}
}
Index ¶
Constants ¶
This section is empty.
Variables ¶
This section is empty.
Functions ¶
func Append ¶
Append appends the given errors together. Either value may be nil.
This function is a specialization of Combine for the common case where there are only two errors.
err = multierr.Append(reader.Close(), writer.Close())
The following pattern may also be used to record failure of deferred operations without losing information about the original error.
func doSomething(..) (err error) {
f := acquireResource()
defer func() {
err = multierr.Append(err, f.Close())
}()
func AppendInto ¶
AppendInto appends an error into the destination of an error pointer and returns whether the error being appended was non-nil.
var err error multierr.AppendInto(&err, r.Close()) multierr.AppendInto(&err, w.Close())
The above is equivalent to,
err := multierr.Append(r.Close(), w.Close())
As AppendInto reports whether the provided error was non-nil, it may be used to build a multierr error in a loop more ergonomically. For example:
var err error
for line := range lines {
var item Item
if multierr.AppendInto(&err, parse(line, &item)) {
continue
}
items = append(items, item)
}
Compare this with a version that relies solely on Append:
var err error
for line := range lines {
var item Item
if parseErr := parse(line, &item); parseErr != nil {
err = multierr.Append(err, parseErr)
continue
}
items = append(items, item)
}
func AppendInvoke ¶
AppendInvoke appends the result of calling the given Invoker into the provided error pointer. Use it with named returns to safely defer invocation of fallible operations until a function returns, and capture the resulting errors.
func doSomething(...) (err error) {
// ...
f, err := openFile(..)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// multierr will call f.Close() when this function returns and
// if the operation fails, its append its error into the
// returned error.
defer multierr.AppendInvoke(&err, multierr.Close(f))
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
// Similarly, this scheduled scanner.Err to be called and
// inspected when the function returns and append its error
// into the returned error.
defer multierr.AppendInvoke(&err, multierr.Invoke(scanner.Err))
// ...
}
Without defer, AppendInvoke behaves exactly like AppendInto.
err := // ... multierr.AppendInvoke(&err, mutltierr.Invoke(foo)) // ...is roughly equivalent to... err := // ... multierr.AppendInto(&err, foo())
The advantage of the indirection introduced by Invoker is to make it easy to defer the invocation of a function. Without this indirection, the invoked function will be evaluated at the time of the defer block rather than when the function returns.
// BAD: This is likely not what the caller intended. This will evaluate // foo() right away and append its result into the error when the // function returns. defer multierr.AppendInto(&err, foo()) // GOOD: This will defer invocation of foo unutil the function returns. defer multierr.AppendInvoke(&err, multierr.Invoke(foo))
multierr provides a few Invoker implementations out of the box for convenience. See Invoker for more information.
func Combine ¶
Combine combines the passed errors into a single error.
If zero arguments were passed or if all items are nil, a nil error is returned.
Combine(nil, nil) // == nil
If only a single error was passed, it is returned as-is.
Combine(err) // == err
Combine skips over nil arguments so this function may be used to combine together errors from operations that fail independently of each other.
multierr.Combine( reader.Close(), writer.Close(), pipe.Close(), )
If any of the passed errors is a multierr error, it will be flattened along with the other errors.
multierr.Combine(multierr.Combine(err1, err2), err3) // is the same as multierr.Combine(err1, err2, err3)
The returned error formats into a readable multi-line error message if formatted with %+v.
fmt.Sprintf("%+v", multierr.Combine(err1, err2))
func Errors ¶
Errors returns a slice containing zero or more errors that the supplied error is composed of. If the error is nil, a nil slice is returned.
err := multierr.Append(r.Close(), w.Close()) errors := multierr.Errors(err)
If the error is not composed of other errors, the returned slice contains just the error that was passed in.
Callers of this function are free to modify the returned slice.
Types ¶
type MultiError ¶
type MultiError struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
func New ¶
func New(errs ...error) *MultiError
func (*MultiError) Append ¶
func (merr *MultiError) Append(errs ...error)
func (*MultiError) Error ¶
func (merr *MultiError) Error() error
func (*MultiError) Errors ¶
func (merr *MultiError) Errors() []error
func (*MultiError) HasErrors ¶
func (merr *MultiError) HasErrors() bool
func (*MultiError) Merge ¶ added in v0.3.9
func (merr *MultiError) Merge(errs ...*MultiError)
Source Files