README
¶
Coreth and the C-Chain
Avalanche is a network composed of multiple blockchains. Each blockchain is an instance of a Virtual Machine (VM), much like an object in an object-oriented language is an instance of a class. That is, the VM defines the behavior of the blockchain. Coreth (from core Ethereum) is the Virtual Machine (VM) that defines the Contract Chain (C-Chain). This chain implements the Ethereum Virtual Machine and supports Solidity smart contracts as well as most other Ethereum client functionality.
Building
Coreth is a dependency of AvalancheGo which is used to implement the EVM based Virtual Machine for the Avalanche C-Chain. In order to run with a local version of Coreth, users must update their Coreth dependency within AvalancheGo to point to their local Coreth directory. If Coreth and AvalancheGo are at the standard location within your GOPATH, this will look like the following:
cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/haowang0402/avalanchego
go mod edit -replace github.com/haowang0402/coreth=../coreth
Note: the C-Chain originally ran in a separate process from the main AvalancheGo process and communicated with it over a local gRPC connection. When this was the case, AvalancheGo's build script would download Coreth, compile it, and place the binary into the avalanchego/build/plugins directory.
API
The C-Chain supports the following API namespaces:
ethpersonaltxpooldebug
Only the eth namespace is enabled by default.
To enable the other namespaces see the instructions for passing in the coreth-config parameter to AvalancheGo: https://docs.avax.network/build/references/command-line-interface#plugins.
Full documentation for the C-Chain's API can be found here.
Compatibility
The C-Chain is compatible with almost all Ethereum tooling, including Remix, Metamask and Truffle.
Differences Between Avalanche C-Chain and Ethereum
Atomic Transactions
As a network composed of multiple blockchains, Avalanche uses atomic transactions to move assets between chains. Coreth modifies the Ethereum block format by adding an ExtraData field, which contains the atomic transactions.
Avalanche Native Tokens (ANTs)
The C-Chain supports Avalanche Native Tokens, which are created on the X-Chain using precompiled contracts. These precompiled contracts nativeAssetCall and nativeAssetBalance support the same interface for ANTs as CALL and BALANCE do for AVAX with the added parameter of assetID to specify the asset.
For the full documentation of precompiles for interacting with ANTs and using them in ARC-20s, see here.
Block Timing
Blocks are produced asynchronously in Snowman Consensus, so the timing assumptions that apply to Ethereum do not apply to Coreth. To support block production in an async environment, a block is permitted to have the same timestamp as its parent. Since there is no general assumption that a block will be produced every 10 seconds, smart contracts built on Avalanche should use the block timestamp instead of the block number for their timing assumptions.
A block with a timestamp more than 10 seconds in the future will not be considered valid. However, a block with a timestamp more than 10 seconds in the past will still be considered valid as long as its timestamp is greater than or equal to the timestamp of its parent block.
Difficulty and Random OpCode
Snowman consensus does not use difficulty in any way, so the difficulty of every block is required to be set to 1. This means that the DIFFICULTY opcode should not be used as a source of randomness.
Additionally, with the change from the DIFFICULTY OpCode to the RANDOM OpCode (RANDOM replaces DIFFICULTY directly), there is no planned change to provide a stronger source of randomness. The RANDOM OpCode relies on the Eth2.0 Randomness Beacon, which has no direct parallel within the context of either Coreth or Snowman consensus. Therefore, instead of providing a weaker source of randomness that may be manipulated, the RANDOM OpCode will not be supported. Instead, it will continue the behavior of the DIFFICULTY OpCode of returning the block's difficulty, such that it will always return 1.
Directories
¶
| Path | Synopsis |
|---|---|
|
Package accounts implements high level Ethereum account management.
|
Package accounts implements high level Ethereum account management. |
|
abi
Package abi implements the Ethereum ABI (Application Binary Interface).
|
Package abi implements the Ethereum ABI (Application Binary Interface). |
|
abi/bind
Package bind generates Ethereum contract Go bindings.
|
Package bind generates Ethereum contract Go bindings. |
|
keystore
Package keystore implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys.
|
Package keystore implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys. |
|
cmd
|
|
|
Package consensus implements different Ethereum consensus engines.
|
Package consensus implements different Ethereum consensus engines. |
|
Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol.
|
Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol. |
|
bloombits
Package bloombits implements bloom filtering on batches of data.
|
Package bloombits implements bloom filtering on batches of data. |
|
rawdb
Package rawdb contains a collection of low level database accessors.
|
Package rawdb contains a collection of low level database accessors. |
|
state
Package state provides a caching layer atop the Ethereum state trie.
|
Package state provides a caching layer atop the Ethereum state trie. |
|
state/snapshot
Package snapshot implements a journalled, dynamic state dump.
|
Package snapshot implements a journalled, dynamic state dump. |
|
types
Package types contains data types related to Ethereum consensus.
|
Package types contains data types related to Ethereum consensus. |
|
vm
Package vm implements the Ethereum Virtual Machine.
|
Package vm implements the Ethereum Virtual Machine. |
|
vm/runtime
Package runtime provides a basic execution model for executing EVM code.
|
Package runtime provides a basic execution model for executing EVM code. |
|
Package eth implements the Ethereum protocol.
|
Package eth implements the Ethereum protocol. |
|
filters
Package filters implements an ethereum filtering system for block, transactions and log events.
|
Package filters implements an ethereum filtering system for block, transactions and log events. |
|
tracers
Package tracers is a manager for transaction tracing engines.
|
Package tracers is a manager for transaction tracing engines. |
|
tracers/js
package js is a collection of tracers written in javascript.
|
package js is a collection of tracers written in javascript. |
|
tracers/js/internal/tracers
Package tracers contains the actual JavaScript tracer assets.
|
Package tracers contains the actual JavaScript tracer assets. |
|
tracers/native
Package native is a collection of tracers written in go.
|
Package native is a collection of tracers written in go. |
|
Package ethclient provides a client for the Ethereum RPC API.
|
Package ethclient provides a client for the Ethereum RPC API. |
|
corethclient
Package corethclient provides an RPC client for coreth-specific APIs.
|
Package corethclient provides an RPC client for coreth-specific APIs. |
|
Package ethdb defines the interfaces for an Ethereum data store.
|
Package ethdb defines the interfaces for an Ethereum data store. |
|
leveldb
Package leveldb implements the key-value database layer based on LevelDB.
|
Package leveldb implements the key-value database layer based on LevelDB. |
|
memorydb
Package memorydb implements the key-value database layer based on memory maps.
|
Package memorydb implements the key-value database layer based on memory maps. |
|
Package ethereum defines interfaces for interacting with Ethereum.
|
Package ethereum defines interfaces for interacting with Ethereum. |
|
internal
|
|
|
debug
Package debug interfaces Go runtime debugging facilities.
|
Package debug interfaces Go runtime debugging facilities. |
|
ethapi
Package ethapi implements the general Ethereum API functions.
|
Package ethapi implements the general Ethereum API functions. |
|
metrics
|
|
|
Package miner implements Ethereum block creation and mining.
|
Package miner implements Ethereum block creation and mining. |
|
Package rpc implements bi-directional JSON-RPC 2.0 on multiple transports.
|
Package rpc implements bi-directional JSON-RPC 2.0 on multiple transports. |
|
signer
|
|
|
statesync
|
|
|
Package trie implements Merkle Patricia Tries.
|
Package trie implements Merkle Patricia Tries. |