README
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Merkle Tree
For smaller static data structures that don't require immutable snapshots or mutability; for instance the transactions and validation signatures of a block can be hashed using this simple merkle tree logic.
Documentation
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Overview ¶
Package merkle computes a deterministic minimal height Merkle tree hash. If the number of items is not a power of two, some leaves will be at different levels. Tries to keep both sides of the tree the same size, but the left may be one greater.
Use this for short deterministic trees, such as the validator list. For larger datasets, use IAVLTree.
Be aware that the current implementation by itself does not prevent second pre-image attacks. Hence, use this library with caution. Otherwise you might run into similar issues as, e.g., in early Bitcoin: https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=102395
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/ \ / \
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* * * h6
/ \ / \ / \
h0 h1 h2 h3 h4 h5
TODO(ismail): add 2nd pre-image protection or clarify further on how we use this and why this secure.
Index ¶
- Constants
- func HashFromByteSlices(items [][]byte) []byte
- func HashFromByteSlicesIterative(input [][]byte) []byte
- func KeyPathToKeys(path string) (keys [][]byte, err error)
- type Key
- type KeyPath
- type OpDecoder
- type Proof
- type ProofNode
- type ProofOperator
- type ProofOperators
- type ProofRuntime
- func (prt *ProofRuntime) Decode(pop tmcrypto.ProofOp) (ProofOperator, error)
- func (prt *ProofRuntime) DecodeProof(proof *tmcrypto.ProofOps) (ProofOperators, error)
- func (prt *ProofRuntime) RegisterOpDecoder(typ string, dec OpDecoder)
- func (prt *ProofRuntime) Verify(proof *tmcrypto.ProofOps, root []byte, keypath string, args [][]byte) (err error)
- func (prt *ProofRuntime) VerifyAbsence(proof *tmcrypto.ProofOps, root []byte, keypath string) (err error)
- func (prt *ProofRuntime) VerifyValue(proof *tmcrypto.ProofOps, root []byte, keypath string, value []byte) (err error)
- type Tree
- type ValueOp
Constants ¶
const ( KeyEncodingURL keyEncoding = iota KeyEncodingHex KeyEncodingMax // Number of known encodings. Used for testing )
const ( // MaxAunts is the maximum number of aunts that can be included in a Proof. // This corresponds to a tree of size 2^100, which should be sufficient for all conceivable purposes. // This maximum helps prevent Denial-of-Service attacks by limitting the size of the proofs. MaxAunts = 100 )
const ProofOpValue = "simple:v"
Variables ¶
This section is empty.
Functions ¶
func HashFromByteSlices ¶
HashFromByteSlices computes a Merkle tree where the leaves are the byte slice, in the provided order. It follows RFC-6962.
func HashFromByteSlicesIterative ¶
HashFromByteSliceIterative is an iterative alternative to HashFromByteSlice motivated by potential performance improvements. (#2611) had suggested that an iterative version of HashFromByteSlice would be faster, presumably because we can envision some overhead accumulating from stack frames and function calls. Additionally, a recursive algorithm risks hitting the stack limit and causing a stack overflow should the tree be too large.
Provided here is an iterative alternative, a test to assert correctness and a benchmark. On the performance side, there appears to be no overall difference:
BenchmarkHashAlternatives/recursive-4 20000 77677 ns/op BenchmarkHashAlternatives/iterative-4 20000 76802 ns/op
On the surface it might seem that the additional overhead is due to the different allocation patterns of the implementations. The recursive version uses a single [][]byte slices which it then re-slices at each level of the tree. The iterative version reproduces [][]byte once within the function and then rewrites sub-slices of that array at each level of the tree.
Experimenting by modifying the code to simply calculate the hash and not store the result show little to no difference in performance.
These preliminary results suggest:
- The performance of the HashFromByteSlice is pretty good
- Go has low overhead for recursive functions
- The performance of the HashFromByteSlice routine is dominated by the actual hashing of data
Although this work is in no way exhaustive, point #3 suggests that optimization of this routine would need to take an alternative approach to make significant improvements on the current performance.
Finally, considering that the recursive implementation is easier to read, it might not be worthwhile to switch to a less intuitive implementation for so little benefit.
func KeyPathToKeys ¶
Decode a path to a list of keys. Path must begin with `/`. Each key must use a known encoding.
Types ¶
type Proof ¶
type Proof struct {
Total int64 `json:"total,string"` // Total number of items.
Index int64 `json:"index,string"` // Index of item to prove.
LeafHash []byte `json:"leaf_hash"` // Hash of item value.
Aunts [][]byte `json:"aunts"` // Hashes from leaf's sibling to a root's child.
}
Proof represents a Merkle proof. NOTE: The convention for proofs is to include leaf hashes but to exclude the root hash. This convention is implemented across IAVL range proofs as well. Keep this consistent unless there's a very good reason to change everything. This also affects the generalized proof system as well.
func ProofsFromByteSlices ¶
ProofsFromByteSlices computes inclusion proof for given items. proofs[0] is the proof for items[0].
func (*Proof) ComputeRootHash ¶
Compute the root hash given a leaf hash. Does not verify the result.
func (*Proof) String ¶
String implements the stringer interface for Proof. It is a wrapper around StringIndented.
func (*Proof) StringIndented ¶
StringIndented generates a canonical string representation of a Proof.
func (*Proof) ValidateBasic ¶
ValidateBasic performs basic validation. NOTE: it expects the LeafHash and the elements of Aunts to be of size tmhash.Size, and it expects at most MaxAunts elements in Aunts.
type ProofNode ¶
type ProofNode struct {
Hash []byte
Parent *ProofNode
Left *ProofNode // Left sibling (only one of Left,Right is set)
Right *ProofNode // Right sibling (only one of Left,Right is set)
}
ProofNode is a helper structure to construct merkle proof. The node and the tree is thrown away afterwards. Exactly one of node.Left and node.Right is nil, unless node is the root, in which case both are nil. node.Parent.Hash = hash(node.Hash, node.Right.Hash) or hash(node.Left.Hash, node.Hash), depending on whether node is a left/right child.
func (*ProofNode) FlattenAunts ¶
FlattenAunts will return the inner hashes for the item corresponding to the leaf, starting from a leaf ProofNode.
type ProofOperator ¶
type ProofOperator interface {
Run([][]byte) ([][]byte, error)
GetKey() []byte
ProofOp() tmcrypto.ProofOp
}
ProofOperator is a layer for calculating intermediate Merkle roots when a series of Merkle trees are chained together. Run() takes leaf values from a tree and returns the Merkle root for the corresponding tree. It takes and returns a list of bytes to allow multiple leaves to be part of a single proof, for instance in a range proof. ProofOp() encodes the ProofOperator in a generic way so it can later be decoded with OpDecoder.
func ValueOpDecoder ¶
func ValueOpDecoder(pop tmcrypto.ProofOp) (ProofOperator, error)
type ProofOperators ¶
type ProofOperators []ProofOperator
ProofOperators is a slice of ProofOperator(s). Each operator will be applied to the input value sequentially and the last Merkle root will be verified with already known data
func (ProofOperators) Verify ¶
func (poz ProofOperators) Verify(root []byte, keypath string, args [][]byte) (err error)
func (ProofOperators) VerifyValue ¶
func (poz ProofOperators) VerifyValue(root []byte, keypath string, value []byte) (err error)
type ProofRuntime ¶
type ProofRuntime struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
func DefaultProofRuntime ¶
func DefaultProofRuntime() (prt *ProofRuntime)
DefaultProofRuntime only knows about value proofs. To use e.g. IAVL proofs, register op-decoders as defined in the IAVL package.
func NewProofRuntime ¶
func NewProofRuntime() *ProofRuntime
func (*ProofRuntime) Decode ¶
func (prt *ProofRuntime) Decode(pop tmcrypto.ProofOp) (ProofOperator, error)
func (*ProofRuntime) DecodeProof ¶
func (prt *ProofRuntime) DecodeProof(proof *tmcrypto.ProofOps) (ProofOperators, error)
func (*ProofRuntime) RegisterOpDecoder ¶
func (prt *ProofRuntime) RegisterOpDecoder(typ string, dec OpDecoder)
func (*ProofRuntime) VerifyAbsence ¶
func (prt *ProofRuntime) VerifyAbsence(proof *tmcrypto.ProofOps, root []byte, keypath string) (err error)
TODO In the long run we'll need a method of classifcation of ops, whether existence or absence or perhaps a third?
func (*ProofRuntime) VerifyValue ¶
type Tree ¶
type Tree interface {
Size() (size int)
Height() (height int8)
Has(key []byte) (has bool)
Proof(key []byte) (value []byte, proof []byte, exists bool) // TODO make it return an index
Get(key []byte) (index int, value []byte, exists bool)
GetByIndex(index int) (key []byte, value []byte)
Set(key []byte, value []byte) (updated bool)
Remove(key []byte) (value []byte, removed bool)
HashWithCount() (hash []byte, count int)
Hash() (hash []byte)
Save() (hash []byte)
Load(hash []byte)
Copy() Tree
Iterate(func(key []byte, value []byte) (stop bool)) (stopped bool)
IterateRange(start []byte, end []byte, ascending bool, fx func(key []byte, value []byte) (stop bool)) (stopped bool)
}
Tree is a Merkle tree interface.
type ValueOp ¶
type ValueOp struct {
// To encode in ProofOp.Data
Proof *Proof `json:"proof"`
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
ValueOp takes a key and a single value as argument and produces the root hash. The corresponding tree structure is the SimpleMap tree. SimpleMap takes a Hasher, and currently Tendermint uses tmhash. SimpleValueOp should support the hash function as used in tmhash. TODO support additional hash functions here as options/args to this operator.
If the produced root hash matches the expected hash, the proof is good.
Source Files