golangci-lint

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README

GolangCI-Lint

Build Status

GolangCI-Lint is a linters aggregator. It's fast: on average 5 times faster than gometalinter. It's easy to integrate and use, has nice output and has a minimum number of false positives.

Sponsored by GolangCI.com: SaaS service for running linters on Github pull requests. Free for Open Source.

Install

go get -u github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint

Demo

Example of output: Screenshot of sample output

Short 1.5 min video demo of analyzing beego. asciicast

Quick Start

To run golangci-lint execute:

golangci-lint run

It's an equivalent of executing:

golangci-lint run ./...

You can choose which directories and files to analyze:

golangci-lint run dir1 dir2/... dir3/file1.go

Directories are analyzed NOT recursively, to analyze them recursively append /... to their path.

GolangCI-Lint can be used with zero configuration. By default next linters are enabled:

$ golangci-lint linters
Enabled by default linters:
govet: Vet examines Go source code and reports suspicious constructs, such as Printf calls whose arguments do not align with the format string
errcheck: Errcheck is a program for checking for unchecked errors in go programs. These unchecked errors can be critical bugs in some cases
staticcheck: Staticcheck is go vet on steroids, applying a ton of static analysis checks
unused: Checks Go code for unused constants, variables, functions and types
gosimple: Linter for Go source code that specialises on simplifying code
gas: Inspects source code for security problems
structcheck: Finds unused struct fields
varcheck: Finds unused global variables and constants
ineffassign: Detects when assignments to existing variables are not used
deadcode: Finds unused code

and next linters are disabled by default:

$ golangci-lint linters
...
Disabled by default linters:
golint: Golint differs from gofmt. Gofmt reformats Go source code, whereas golint prints out style mistakes
interfacer: Linter that suggests narrower interface types
unconvert: Remove unnecessary type conversions
dupl: Tool for code clone detection
goconst: Finds repeated strings that could be replaced by a constant
gocyclo: Computes and checks the cyclomatic complexity of functions
gofmt: Gofmt checks whether code was gofmt-ed. By default this tool runs with -s option to check for code simplification
goimports: Goimports does everything that gofmt does. Additionally it checks unused imports
maligned: Tool to detect Go structs that would take less memory if their fields were sorted
megacheck: 3 sub-linters in one: unused, gosimple and staticcheck

Pass -E/--enable to enable linter and -D/--disable to disable:

$ golangci-lint run --disable-all -E errcheck

Comparison

golangci-lint vs gometalinter

GolangCI-Lint was created to fix next issues with gometalinter:

  1. Slow work: gometalinter usually works for minutes in average projects. GolangCI-Lint works 2-7x times faster by reusing work.
  2. Huge memory consumption: parallel linters don't share the same program representation and can eat n times more memory (n - concurrency). GolangCI-Lint fixes it by sharing representation and eats 1.35x less memory.
  3. Can't set honest concurrency: if you set it to n it can take up to n*n threads because of forced threads in specific linters. gometalinter can't do anything about it, because it runs linters as black-boxes in forked processes. In GolangCI-Lint we run all linters in one process and fully control them. Configured concurrency will be honest. This issue is important because often you'd like to set concurrency to CPUs count minus one to not freeze your PC and be able to work on it while analyzing code.
  4. Lack of nice output. We like how compilers gcc and clang format their warnings: using colors, printing of warned line and showing position in line.
  5. Too many issues. GolangCI-Lint cuts a lot of issues by using default exclude list of common false-positives. Also, it has enabled by default smart issues processing: merge multiple issues for one line, merge issues with the same text or from the same linter. All of these smart processors can be configured by the user.
  6. Integration to large codebases. A good way to start using linters in a large project is not to fix all hundreds on existing issues, but setup CI and fix only issues in new commits. You can use revgrep for it, but it's yet another utility to install and configure. With golangci-lint it's much easier: revgrep is already built into golangci-lint and you can use it with one option (-n, --new or --new-from-rev).
  7. Installation. With gometalinter, you need to run linters installation step. It's easy to forget this step and have stale linters. It also complicates CI setup. GolangCI-Lint requires no installation of linters.
  8. Yaml or toml config. Gometalinter's JSON isn't convenient for configuration files.

golangci-lint vs Run Needed Linters Manually

  1. It will be much slower because golangci-lint runs all linters in parallel and shares 50-80% of linters work.
  2. It will have less control and more false-positives: some linters can't be properly configured without hacks.
  3. It will take more time because of different usages and need of tracking of versions of n linters.

Performance

Benchmarks were executed on MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Late 2013), 2,4 GHz Intel Core i5, 8 GB 1600 MHz DDR3. It has 4 cores and concurrency for linters was default: number of cores. Benchmark runs and measures timings automatically, it's code is here (BenchmarkWithGometalinter).

We measure peak memory usage (RSS) by tracking of processes RSS every 5 ms.

Comparison with gometalinter

We compare golangci-lint and gometalinter in default mode, but explicitly specify all linters to enable because of small differences in the default configuration.

$ golangci-lint run --no-config --issues-exit-code=0 --deadline=30m \
	--disable-all --enable=deadcode  --enable=gocyclo --enable=golint --enable=varcheck \
	--enable=structcheck --enable=maligned --enable=errcheck --enable=dupl --enable=ineffassign \
	--enable=interfacer --enable=unconvert --enable=goconst --enable=gas --enable=megacheck
$ gometalinter --deadline=30m --vendor --cyclo-over=30 --dupl-threshold=150 \
	--exclude=<defaul golangci-lint excludes> --skip=testdata --skip=builtin \
	--disable-all --enable=deadcode  --enable=gocyclo --enable=golint --enable=varcheck \
	--enable=structcheck --enable=maligned --enable=errcheck --enable=dupl --enable=ineffassign \
	--enable=interfacer --enable=unconvert --enable=goconst --enable=gas --enable=megacheck
	./...
Repository GolangCI Time GolangCI Is Faster than Gometalinter GolangCI Memory GolangCI eats less memory than Gometalinter
gometalinter repo, 4 kLoC 6s 6.4x 0.7GB 1.5x
self-repo, 4 kLoC 12s 7.5x 1.2GB 1.7x
beego, 50 kLoC 10s 4.2x 1.4GB 1.1x
hugo, 70 kLoC 15s 6.1x 1.6GB 1.8x
consul, 127 kLoC 58s 4x 2.7GB 1.7x
terraform, 190 kLoC 2m13s 1.6x 4.8GB 1x
go-ethereum, 250 kLoC 33s 5x 3.6GB 1x
go source, 1300 kLoC 2m45s 2x 4.7GB 1x

On average golangci-lint is 4.6 times faster than gometalinter. Maximum difference is in the self-repo: 7.5 times faster, minimum difference is in terraform source code repo: 1.8 times faster.

On average golangci-lint consumes 1.35 times less memory.

Supported Linters

To see a list of supported linters and which linters are enabled/disabled by default execute a command

golangci-lint linters

Enabled By Default Linters

  • go vet - Vet examines Go source code and reports suspicious constructs, such as Printf calls whose arguments do not align with the format string
  • errcheck: Errcheck is a program for checking for unchecked errors in go programs. These unchecked errors can be critical bugs in some cases
  • staticcheck: Staticcheck is a go vet on steroids, applying a ton of static analysis checks
  • unused: Checks Go code for unused constants, variables, functions, and types
  • gosimple: Linter for Go source code that specializes in simplifying a code
  • gas: Inspects source code for security problems
  • structcheck: Finds an unused struct fields
  • varcheck: Finds unused global variables and constants
  • ineffassign: Detects when assignments to existing variables are not used
  • deadcode: Finds unused code
  • typecheck: Like the front-end of a Go compiler, parses and type-checks Go code. Similar to gotype.

Disabled By Default Linters (-E/--enable)

  • golint: Golint differs from gofmt. Gofmt reformats Go source code, whereas golint prints out style mistakes
  • interfacer: Linter that suggests narrower interface types
  • unconvert: Remove unnecessary type conversions
  • dupl: Tool for code clone detection
  • goconst: Finds repeated strings that could be replaced by a constant
  • gocyclo: Computes and checks the cyclomatic complexity of functions
  • gofmt: Gofmt checks whether code was gofmt-ed. By default this tool runs with -s option to check for code simplification
  • goimports: Goimports does everything that gofmt does. Additionally it checks unused imports
  • maligned: Tool to detect Go structs that would take less memory if their fields were sorted
  • megacheck: 3 sub-linters in one: unused, gosimple and staticcheck

Configuration

Command-Line Options

Run next command to see their description and defaults.

golangci-lint run -h
Run Options
  • -c, --config - path to config file if you don't like using default config path .golangci.(yml|toml|json).
  • -j, --concurrency - the number of threads used. By default, it's a number of CPUs. Unlike gometalinter, it's an honest value, since we do not fork linter processes.
  • --build-tags - build tags to take into account.
  • --issues-exit-code - exit code if issues were found. The default is 1.
  • --deadline - timeout for running golangci-lint, 1m by default.
  • --tests - analyze *_test.go files. It's false by default.
  • -v, --verbose - enable verbose output. Use this options to see which linters were enabled, to see timings of steps and another helpful information.
  • --print-resources-usage - print memory usage and total time elapsed.
Linters
  • -E, --enable - enable specific linter. You can pass option multiple times or use a comma:
golangci-lint run --disable-all -E golint -E govet -E errcheck
golangci-lint run --disable-all --enable golint,govet,errcheck
  • -D, --disable - disable specific linter. Similar to enabling option.
  • --enable-all - enable all supported linters.
  • --disable-all - disable all supported linters.
  • -p, --presets - enable specific presets. To list all presets run
$ golangci-lint linters
...
Linters presets:
bugs: govet, errcheck, staticcheck, gas, megacheck
unused: unused, structcheck, varcheck, ineffassign, deadcode, megacheck
format: gofmt, goimports
style: golint, gosimple, interfacer, unconvert, dupl, goconst, megacheck
complexity: gocyclo
performance: maligned

Usage example:

$ golangci-lint run -v --disable-all -p bugs,style,complexity,format
INFO[0000] Active linters: [govet goconst gocyclo gofmt gas dupl goimports megacheck interfacer unconvert errcheck golint]
  • --fast - run only fast linters from the enabled set of linters. To find out which linters are fast run golangci-lint linters.
Linters Options
  • --errcheck.check-type-assertions - errcheck: check for ignored type assertion results. Disabled by default.
  • --errcheck.check-blank - errcheck: check for errors assigned to blank identifier: _ = errFunc(). Disabled by default
  • --govet.check-shadowing - govet: check for shadowed variables. Disabled by default.
  • --golint.min-confidence - golint: minimum confidence of a problem to print it. The default is 0.8.
  • --gofmt.simplify - gofmt: simplify code (gofmt -s), enabled by default.
  • --gocyclo.min-complexity - gocyclo: a minimal complexity of function to report it. The default is 30 (it's very high limit).
  • --maligned.suggest-new - Maligned: print suggested more optimal struct fields ordering. Disabled by default. Example:
crypto/tls/ticket.go:20: struct of size 64 bytes could be of size 56 bytes:
struct{
	masterSecret	[]byte,
	certificates	[][]byte,
	vers        	uint16,
	cipherSuite 	uint16,
	usedOldKey  	bool,
}
  • --dupl.threshold - dupl: Minimal threshold to detect copy-paste, 150 by default.
  • --goconst.min-len - goconst: minimum constant string length, 3 by default.
  • --goconst.min-occurrences - goconst: minimum occurences of constant string count to trigger issue. Default is 3.
Issues Options

  • -n, --new - show only new issues: if there are unstaged changes or untracked files, only those changes are analyzed, else only changes in HEAD~ are analyzed. It's a super-useful option for integration golangci-lint into existing large codebase. It's not practical to fix all existing issues at the moment of integration: much better don't allow issues in new code. Disabled by default.

  • --new-from-rev - show only new issues created after specified git revision.

  • --new-from-patch - show only new issues created in git patch with the specified file path.

  • -e, --exclude - exclude issue by regexp on issue text.

  • --exclude-use-default - use or not use default excludes. We tested our linter on large codebases and marked common false positives. By default we ignore common false positives by next regexps:

    • Error return value of .((os\.)?std(out|err)\..*|.*Close|os\.Remove(All)?|.*printf?|os\.(Un)?Setenv). is not checked - ercheck: almost all programs ignore errors on these functions and in most cases it's ok.

    • (should have comment|comment on exported method) - golint: annoying issues about not having a comment. The rare codebase has such comments.

    • G103: - gas: Use of unsafe calls should be audited

    • G104: - gas: disable what errcheck does: it reports on Close etc

    • G204: - gas: Subprocess launching should be audited: too lot false - positives

    • G301: - gas: Expect directory permissions to be 0750 or less

    • G302: - gas: Expect file permissions to be 0600 or less

    • G304: - gas: Potential file inclusion via variable: `src, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)`.

    • (possible misuse of unsafe.Pointer|should have signature) - common false positives by govet.

    • ineffective break statement. Did you mean to break out of the outer loop - megacheck: developers tend to write in C-style with an explicit break in a switch, so it's ok to ignore.

    Use option --exclude-use-default=false to disable these default exclude regexps.

  • --max-issues-per-linter - maximum issues count per one linter. Set to 0 to disable. The default value is 50 to not being annoying.

  • --max-same-issues - maximum count of issues with the same text. Set to 0 to disable. The default value is 3 to not being annoying.

Output Options
  • --out-format - format of output: colored-line-number|line-number|json, default is colored-line-number.
  • --print-issued-lines - print line of source code where the issue occurred. Enabled by default.
  • --print-linter-name - print linter name in issue line. Enabled by default.
  • --print-welcome - print welcome message. Enabled by default.

Configuration File

GolangCI-Lint looks for next config paths in the current directory:

  • .golangci.yml
  • .golangci.toml
  • .golangci.json

Configuration options inside the file are identical to command-line options. There is a .golangci.yml with all supported options.

It's a .golangci.yml of this repo: we enable more linters than by default and make their settings more strict:

run:
  deadline: 30s
  tests: true

linters-settings:
  govet:
    check-shadowing: true
  golint:
    min-confidence: 0
  gocyclo:
    min-complexity: 10
  maligned:
    suggest-new: true
  dupl:
    threshold: 100
  goconst:
    min-len: 2
    min-occurrences: 2

linters:
  enable-all: true
  disable:
    - maligned

issues:
  exclude:
    - should have a package comment

False Positives

False positives are inevitable, but we did our best to reduce their count. For example, we have an enabled by default set of exclude patterns. If false positive occurred you have next choices:

  1. Exclude issue by text using command-line option -e or config option issues.exclude. It's helpful when you decided to ignore all issues of this type.
  2. Exclude this one issue by using special comment // nolint[:linter1,linter2,...] on issued line. Comment // nolint disables all issues reporting on this line. Comment e.g. // nolint:govet disables only govet issues for this line.

Please create GitHub Issues here about found false positives. We will add it to default exclude list if it's common or we will fix underlying linter.

IDE integrations

  1. VS Code - pull request (thanks to pdf)

Internals

The key difference with gometalinter is that golangci-lint shares work between specific linters (golint, govet, ...). For small and medium projects 50-80% of work between linters can be reused. Now we share loader.Program and SSA representation building. SSA representation is used from a fork of go-tools, not the official one. Also, we are going to reuse AST parsing and traversal.

We don't fork to call specific linter but use its API. We forked GitHub repos of almost all linters to make API. It also allows us to be more performant and control actual count of used threads.

All linters are vendored in /vendor folder: their version is fixed, they are builtin and you don't need to install them separately.

We use chains for issues and independent processors to post-process them: exclude issues by limits, nolint comment, diff, regexps; prettify paths etc.

We use cobra for command-line action.

FAQ

Q: How to add custom linter?

A: You can integrate it yourself, take a look at existing linters integrations. Or you can create GitHub Issue and we will integrate it soon.

Q: It's cool to use golangci-lint when starting a project, but what about existing projects with large codebase? It will take days to fix all found issues

A: We are sure that every project can easily integrate golangci-lint, even the large one. The idea is to not fix all existing issues. Fix only newly added issue: issues in new code. To do this setup CI (or better use GolangCI to run golangci-lint with option --new-from-rev=origin/master. Also, take a look at option -n. By doing this you won't create new issues in code and can smoothly fix existing issues (or not).

Q: How to use golangci-lint in CI (Continuous Integration)?

A: You have 2 choices:

  1. Use GolangCI: this service is highly integrated with GitHub (issues are commented in the pull request) and uses a golangci-lint tool. For configuration use .golangci.yml (or toml/json).
  2. Use custom CI: just run golangci-lint in CI and check exit code. If it's non-zero - fail the build. The main disadvantage is that you can't see found issues in pull request code and should view build log, then open needed source file to see a context.

Q: golangci-lint doesn't work

  1. Update it: go get -u github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint
  2. Run it with -v option and check the output.
  3. If it doesn't help create GitHub issue with the output.

Thanks

Thanks to alecthomas/gometalinter for inspiration and amazing work. Thanks to developers and authors of used linters:

Future Plans

  1. Upstream all changes of forked linters.
  2. Fully integrate all used linters: make a common interface and reuse 100% of what can be reused: AST traversal, packages preparation etc.
  3. Make it easy to write own linter/checker: it should take a minimum code, have perfect documentation, debugging and testing tooling.
  4. Speedup packages loading (dig into loader): on-disk cache and existing code profiling-optimizing.
  5. Analyze (don't only filter) only new code: analyze only changed files and dependencies, make incremental analysis, caches.
  6. Smart new issues detector: don't print existing issues on changed lines.
  7. Integration with Text Editors. On-the-fly code analysis for text editors: it should be super-fast.
  8. Minimize false-positives by fixing linters and improving testing tooling.
  9. Automatic issues fixing (code rewrite, refactoring) where it's possible.
  10. Documentation for every issue type.

Directories

Path Synopsis
cmd
golangci-lint
pkg
commands
config
fsutils
golinters
printers
result
result/processors
timeutils

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