ethereum

README

Quorum is an Ethereum-based distributed ledger protocol with transaction/contract privacy and new consensus mechanisms.

Quorum is a fork of go-ethereum and is updated in line with go-ethereum releases.

Key enhancements over go-ethereum:

• Privacy - Quorum supports private transactions and private contracts through public/private state separation, and utilises peer-to-peer encrypted message exchanges (see Constellation and Tessera) for directed transfer of private data to network participants
• Alternative Consensus Mechanisms - with no need for POW/POS in a permissioned network, Quorum instead offers multiple consensus mechanisms that are more appropriate for consortium chains:
  • Raft-based Consensus - a consensus model for faster blocktimes, transaction finality, and on-demand block creation
  • Istanbul BFT - a PBFT-inspired consensus algorithm with transaction finality, by AMIS.
  • Clique POA Consensus - a default POA consensus algorithm bundled with Go Ethereum.
• Peer Permissioning - node/peer permissioning, ensuring only known parties can join the network
• Account Management - Quorum introduced account plugins, which allows Quorum or clef to be extended with alternative methods of managing accounts including external vaults.
• Pluggable Architecture - allows adding additional features as plugins to the core geth, providing extensibility, flexibility, and distinct isolation of Quorum features.
• Higher Performance - Quorum offers significantly higher performance throughput than public geth

Architecture

The above diagram is very high-level overview of component architecture used by Quorum. For more in-depth discussion of the components and how they interact, please refer to lifecycle of a private transaction.

Quickstart

There are several ways to quickly get up and running with Quorum. One of the easiest is to use Quorum Wizard - a command line tool that allows users to set up a development Quorum network on their local machine in less than 2 minutes.

Quorum Projects

Check out some of the interesting projects we are actively working on:

• quorum-wizard: Setup a Quorum network in 2 minutes!
• quorum-remix-plugin: The Quorum plugin for Ethereum's Remix IDE adds support for creating and interacting with private contracts on a Quorum network.
• Cakeshop: An integrated development environment and SDK for Quorum
• Quorum-Profiling: Toolset for stress testing & benchmarking Quorum networks.
• quorum-examples: Quorum demonstration examples
• qubernetes: Deploy Quorum on Kubernetes
• quorum-cloud: Tools to help deploy Quorum network in a cloud provider of choice
• quorum.js: Extends web3.js to support Quorum-specific APIs
• Zero Knowledge on Quorum
  • ZSL POC and ZSL on Quorum
  • Anonymous Zether implementation

Official Docker Containers

The official docker containers can be found under https://hub.docker.com/u/quorumengineering/

Third Party Tools/Libraries

The following Quorum-related libraries/applications have been created by Third Parties and as such are not specifically endorsed by J.P. Morgan. A big thanks to the developers for improving the tooling around Quorum!

• Quorum Blockchain Explorer - a Blockchain Explorer for Quorum which supports viewing private transactions
• Quorum-Genesis - A simple CL utility for Quorum to help populate the genesis file with voters and makers
• Quorum Maker - a utility to create Quorum nodes
• QuorumNetworkManager - makes creating & managing Quorum networks easy
• ERC20 REST service - a Quorum-supported RESTful service for creating and managing ERC-20 tokens
• Nethereum Quorum - a .NET Quorum adapter
• web3j-quorum - an extension to the web3j Java library providing support for the Quorum API
• Apache Camel - an Apache Camel component providing support for the Quorum API using web3j library. Here is the artcile describing how to use Apache Camel with Ethereum and Quorum https://medium.com/@bibryam/enterprise-integration-for-ethereum-fa67a1577d43

Contributing

Quorum is built on open source and we invite you to contribute enhancements. Upon review you will be required to complete a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) before we are able to merge. If you have any questions about the contribution process, please feel free to send an email to info@goquorum.com. Please see the Contributors guide for more information about the process.

Reporting Security Bugs

Security is part of our commitment to our users. At Quorum we have a close relationship with the security community, we understand the realm, and encourage security researchers to become part of our mission of building secure reliable software. This section explains how to submit security bugs, and what to expect in return.

All security bugs in Quorum and its ecosystem (Tessera, Constellation, Cakeshop, ..etc) should be reported by email to security-quorum@consensys.net. Please use the prefix [security] in your subject. This email is delivered to Quorum security team. Your email will be acknowledged, and you'll receive a more detailed response to your email as soon as possible indicating the next steps in handling your report. After the initial reply to your report, the security team will endeavor to keep you informed of the progress being made towards a fix and full announcement.

If you have not received a reply to your email or you have not heard from the security team please contact any team member through quorum slack security channel. Please note that Quorum slack channels are public discussion forum. When escalating to this medium, please do not disclose the details of the issue. Simply state that you're trying to reach a member of the security team.

Responsible Disclosure Process

Quorum project uses the following responsible disclosure process:

• Once the security report is received it is assigned a primary handler. This person coordinates the fix and release process.
• The issue is confirmed and a list of affected software is determined.
• Code is audited to find any potential similar problems.
• If it is determined, in consultation with the submitter, that a CVE-ID is required, the primary handler will trigger the process.
• Fixes are applied to the public repository and a new release is issued.
• On the date that the fixes are applied, announcements are sent to Quorum-announce.
• At this point you would be able to disclose publicly your finding.

Note: This process can take some time. Every effort will be made to handle the security bug in as timely a manner as possible, however it's important that we follow the process described above to ensure that disclosures are handled consistently.

Receiving Security Updates

The best way to receive security announcements is to subscribe to the Quorum-announce mailing list/channel. Any messages pertaining to a security issue will be prefixed with [security].

Comments on This Policy If you have any suggestions to improve this policy, please send an email to info@goquorum.com for discussion.

License

The go-ethereum library (i.e. all code outside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING.LESSER file.

The go-ethereum binaries (i.e. all code inside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING file.

Documentation

Overview

Package ethereum defines interfaces for interacting with Ethereum.

Index

• Variables
• type CallMsg
• type ChainReader
• type ChainStateReader
• type ChainSyncReader
• type ContractCaller
• type FilterQuery
• type GasEstimator
• type GasPricer
• type LogFilterer
• type PendingContractCaller
• type PendingStateEventer
• type PendingStateReader
• type Subscription
• type SyncProgress
• type TransactionReader
• type TransactionSender

Variables

var NotFound = errors.New("not found")

NotFound is returned by API methods if the requested item does not exist.

Types

type CallMsg

type CallMsg struct {
	From     common.Address  // the sender of the 'transaction'
	To       *common.Address // the destination contract (nil for contract creation)
	Gas      uint64          // if 0, the call executes with near-infinite gas
	GasPrice *big.Int        // wei <-> gas exchange ratio
	Value    *big.Int        // amount of wei sent along with the call
	Data     []byte          // input data, usually an ABI-encoded contract method invocation
}

CallMsg contains parameters for contract calls.

type ChainReader

type ChainReader interface {
	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error)
	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
	TransactionCount(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash) (uint, error)
	TransactionInBlock(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash, index uint) (*types.Transaction, error)

	// This method subscribes to notifications about changes of the head block of
	// the canonical chain.
	SubscribeNewHead(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Header) (Subscription, error)
}

ChainReader provides access to the blockchain. The methods in this interface access raw data from either the canonical chain (when requesting by block number) or any blockchain fork that was previously downloaded and processed by the node. The block number argument can be nil to select the latest canonical block. Reading block headers should be preferred over full blocks whenever possible.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type ChainStateReader

type ChainStateReader interface {
	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
	StorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (uint64, error)
}

ChainStateReader wraps access to the state trie of the canonical blockchain. Note that implementations of the interface may be unable to return state values for old blocks. In many cases, using CallContract can be preferable to reading raw contract storage.

type ChainSyncReader

type ChainSyncReader interface {
	SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) (*SyncProgress, error)
}

ChainSyncReader wraps access to the node's current sync status. If there's no sync currently running, it returns nil.

type ContractCaller

type ContractCaller interface {
	CallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
}

A ContractCaller provides contract calls, essentially transactions that are executed by the EVM but not mined into the blockchain. ContractCall is a low-level method to execute such calls. For applications which are structured around specific contracts, the abigen tool provides a nicer, properly typed way to perform calls.

type FilterQuery

type FilterQuery struct {
	BlockHash *common.Hash     // used by eth_getLogs, return logs only from block with this hash
	FromBlock *big.Int         // beginning of the queried range, nil means genesis block
	ToBlock   *big.Int         // end of the range, nil means latest block
	Addresses []common.Address // restricts matches to events created by specific contracts

	// The Topic list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list
	// of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element slice matches any
	// topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the
	// contained topics.
	//
	// Examples:
	// {} or nil          matches any topic list
	// {{A}}              matches topic A in first position
	// {{}, {B}}          matches any topic in first position AND B in second position
	// {{A}, {B}}         matches topic A in first position AND B in second position
	// {{A, B}, {C, D}}   matches topic (A OR B) in first position AND (C OR D) in second position
	Topics [][]common.Hash
}

FilterQuery contains options for contract log filtering.

type GasEstimator

type GasEstimator interface {
	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) (uint64, error)
}

GasEstimator wraps EstimateGas, which tries to estimate the gas needed to execute a specific transaction based on the pending state. There is no guarantee that this is the true gas limit requirement as other transactions may be added or removed by miners, but it should provide a basis for setting a reasonable default.

type GasPricer

type GasPricer interface {
	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
}

GasPricer wraps the gas price oracle, which monitors the blockchain to determine the optimal gas price given current fee market conditions.

type LogFilterer

type LogFilterer interface {
	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery) ([]types.Log, error)
	SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery, ch chan<- types.Log) (Subscription, error)
}

LogFilterer provides access to contract log events using a one-off query or continuous event subscription.

Logs received through a streaming query subscription may have Removed set to true, indicating that the log was reverted due to a chain reorganisation.

type PendingContractCaller

type PendingContractCaller interface {
	PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) ([]byte, error)
}

PendingContractCaller can be used to perform calls against the pending state.

type PendingStateEventer

type PendingStateEventer interface {
	SubscribePendingTransactions(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Transaction) (Subscription, error)
}

A PendingStateEventer provides access to real time notifications about changes to the pending state.

type PendingStateReader

type PendingStateReader interface {
	PendingBalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (*big.Int, error)
	PendingStorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
	PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) ([]byte, error)
	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error)
	PendingTransactionCount(ctx context.Context) (uint, error)
}

A PendingStateReader provides access to the pending state, which is the result of all known executable transactions which have not yet been included in the blockchain. It is commonly used to display the result of ’unconfirmed’ actions (e.g. wallet value transfers) initiated by the user. The PendingNonceAt operation is a good way to retrieve the next available transaction nonce for a specific account.

type Subscription

type Subscription interface {
	// Unsubscribe cancels the sending of events to the data channel
	// and closes the error channel.
	Unsubscribe()
	// Err returns the subscription error channel. The error channel receives
	// a value if there is an issue with the subscription (e.g. the network connection
	// delivering the events has been closed). Only one value will ever be sent.
	// The error channel is closed by Unsubscribe.
	Err() <-chan error
}

Subscription represents an event subscription where events are delivered on a data channel.

type SyncProgress

type SyncProgress struct {
	StartingBlock uint64 // Block number where sync began
	CurrentBlock  uint64 // Current block number where sync is at
	HighestBlock  uint64 // Highest alleged block number in the chain
	PulledStates  uint64 // Number of state trie entries already downloaded
	KnownStates   uint64 // Total number of state trie entries known about
}

SyncProgress gives progress indications when the node is synchronising with the Ethereum network.

type TransactionReader

type TransactionReader interface {
	// TransactionByHash checks the pool of pending transactions in addition to the
	// blockchain. The isPending return value indicates whether the transaction has been
	// mined yet. Note that the transaction may not be part of the canonical chain even if
	// it's not pending.
	TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (tx *types.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
	// TransactionReceipt returns the receipt of a mined transaction. Note that the
	// transaction may not be included in the current canonical chain even if a receipt
	// exists.
	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
}

TransactionReader provides access to past transactions and their receipts. Implementations may impose arbitrary restrictions on the transactions and receipts that can be retrieved. Historic transactions may not be available.

Avoid relying on this interface if possible. Contract logs (through the LogFilterer interface) are more reliable and usually safer in the presence of chain reorganisations.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type TransactionSender

type TransactionSender interface {
	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
}

TransactionSender wraps transaction sending. The SendTransaction method injects a signed transaction into the pending transaction pool for execution. If the transaction was a contract creation, the TransactionReceipt method can be used to retrieve the contract address after the transaction has been mined.

The transaction must be signed and have a valid nonce to be included. Consumers of the API can use package accounts to maintain local private keys and need can retrieve the next available nonce using PendingNonceAt.