evm

package
v0.4.8-rc.0 Latest Latest
Warning

This package is not in the latest version of its module.

 Go to latest Published: Jan 11, 2023 License: GPL-3.0, LGPL-3.0 Imports: 67 Imported by: 2

README

EVM Package

The EVM package implements the AvalancheGo VM interface.

VM

The VM creates the Ethereum backend and provides basic block building, parsing, and retrieval logic to the consensus engine.

APIs

The VM creates APIs for the node through the function CreateHandlers(). CreateHandlers returns the Service struct to serve Subnet-EVM specific APIs. Additionally, the Ethereum backend APIs are also returned at the /rpc extension.

Block Handling

The VM implements buildBlock, parseBlock, and getBlock and uses the chain package from AvalancheGo to construct a metered state, which uses these functions to implement an efficient caching layer and maintain the required invariants for blocks that get returned to the consensus engine.

To do this, the VM uses a modified version of the Ethereum RLP block type here and uses the core package's BlockChain type here to handle the insertion and storage of blocks into the chain.

Block

The Block type implements the AvalancheGo ChainVM Block interface. The key functions for this interface are Verify(), Accept(), Reject(), and Status().

The Block type wraps the stateless block type here and implements these functions to allow the consensus engine to verify blocks as valid, perform consensus, and mark them as accepted or rejected. See the documentation in AvalancheGo for the more detailed VM invariants that are maintained here.

Documentation

Index

Constants

View Source 
const (
	GenesisTestAddr = "0x751a0b96e1042bee789452ecb20253fba40dbe85"
	GenesisTestKey  = "0xabd71b35d559563fea757f0f5edbde286fb8c043105b15abb7cd57189306d7d1"
)

test constants

Variables

View Source 
var (
	// GitCommit is set by the build script
	GitCommit string
	// Version is the version of Subnet EVM
	Version string = "v0.4.8"
)
View Source 
var (
	// ID this VM should be referenced by
	ID = ids.ID{'s', 'u', 'b', 'n', 'e', 't', 'e', 'v', 'm'}
)

Functions

func SubnetEVMJSONFormat added in v0.2.9 

func SubnetEVMJSONFormat(alias string) log.Format

func SubnetEVMTermFormat added in v0.2.9 

func SubnetEVMTermFormat(alias string) log.Format

Types

type Admin 

type Admin struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Admin is the API service for admin API calls

func NewAdminService 

func NewAdminService(vm *VM, performanceDir string) *Admin

func (*Admin) GetVMConfig added in v0.2.2 

func (p *Admin) GetVMConfig(_ *http.Request, _ *struct{}, reply *ConfigReply) error

func (*Admin) LockProfile 

func (p *Admin) LockProfile(_ *http.Request, _ *struct{}, _ *api.EmptyReply) error

LockProfile runs a mutex profile writing to the specified file

func (*Admin) MemoryProfile 

func (p *Admin) MemoryProfile(_ *http.Request, _ *struct{}, _ *api.EmptyReply) error

MemoryProfile runs a memory profile writing to the specified file

func (*Admin) SetLogLevel 

func (p *Admin) SetLogLevel(_ *http.Request, args *SetLogLevelArgs, reply *api.EmptyReply) error

func (*Admin) StartCPUProfiler 

func (p *Admin) StartCPUProfiler(_ *http.Request, _ *struct{}, _ *api.EmptyReply) error

StartCPUProfiler starts a cpu profile writing to the specified file

func (*Admin) StopCPUProfiler 

func (p *Admin) StopCPUProfiler(r *http.Request, _ *struct{}, _ *api.EmptyReply) error

StopCPUProfiler stops the cpu profile

type Batch 

type Batch struct{ database.Batch }

Batch implements ethdb.Batch

func (Batch) Replay 

func (batch Batch) Replay(w ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error

Replay implements ethdb.Batch

func (Batch) ValueSize 

func (batch Batch) ValueSize() int

ValueSize implements ethdb.Batch

type Block 

type Block struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Block implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) Accept 

func (b *Block) Accept(context.Context) error

Accept implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) Bytes 

func (b *Block) Bytes() []byte

Bytes implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) Height 

func (b *Block) Height() uint64

Height implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) ID 

func (b *Block) ID() ids.ID

ID implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) Parent 

func (b *Block) Parent() ids.ID

Parent implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) Reject 

func (b *Block) Reject(context.Context) error

Reject implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) SetStatus 

func (b *Block) SetStatus(status choices.Status)

SetStatus implements the InternalBlock interface allowing ChainState to set the status on an existing block

func (*Block) Status 

func (b *Block) Status() choices.Status

Status implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) String 

func (b *Block) String() string

func (*Block) Timestamp 

func (b *Block) Timestamp() time.Time

Timestamp implements the snowman.Block interface

func (*Block) Verify 

func (b *Block) Verify(context.Context) error

Verify implements the snowman.Block interface

type BlockValidator 

type BlockValidator interface {
	SyntacticVerify(b *Block, rules params.Rules) error
}

func NewBlockValidator added in v0.4.0 

func NewBlockValidator() BlockValidator

type BuildGenesisArgs 

type BuildGenesisArgs struct {
	GenesisData *core.Genesis       `json:"genesisData"`
	Encoding    formatting.Encoding `json:"encoding"`
}

BuildGenesisArgs are arguments for BuildGenesis

type BuildGenesisReply 

type BuildGenesisReply struct {
	GenesisBytes string              `json:"genesisBytes"`
	Encoding     formatting.Encoding `json:"encoding"`
}

BuildGenesisReply is the reply from BuildGenesis

type Client 

type Client interface {
	StartCPUProfiler(ctx context.Context) error
	StopCPUProfiler(ctx context.Context) error
	MemoryProfile(ctx context.Context) error
	LockProfile(ctx context.Context) error
	SetLogLevel(ctx context.Context, level log.Lvl) error
	GetVMConfig(ctx context.Context) (*Config, error)
}

Client interface for interacting with EVM chain

func NewCChainClient 

func NewCChainClient(uri string) Client

NewCChainClient returns a Client for interacting with the C Chain

func NewClient 

func NewClient(uri, chain string) Client

NewClient returns a Client for interacting with EVM chain

type Config 

type Config struct {
	// Airdrop
	AirdropFile string `json:"airdrop"`

	// Subnet EVM APIs
	SnowmanAPIEnabled bool   `json:"snowman-api-enabled"`
	AdminAPIEnabled   bool   `json:"admin-api-enabled"`
	AdminAPIDir       string `json:"admin-api-dir"`

	// EnabledEthAPIs is a list of Ethereum services that should be enabled
	// If none is specified, then we use the default list [defaultEnabledAPIs]
	EnabledEthAPIs []string `json:"eth-apis"`

	// Continuous Profiler
	ContinuousProfilerDir       string   `json:"continuous-profiler-dir"`       // If set to non-empty string creates a continuous profiler
	ContinuousProfilerFrequency Duration `json:"continuous-profiler-frequency"` // Frequency to run continuous profiler if enabled
	ContinuousProfilerMaxFiles  int      `json:"continuous-profiler-max-files"` // Maximum number of files to maintain

	// Gas/Price Caps
	RPCGasCap   uint64  `json:"rpc-gas-cap"`
	RPCTxFeeCap float64 `json:"rpc-tx-fee-cap"`

	// Cache settings
	TrieCleanCache        int      `json:"trie-clean-cache"`         // Size of the trie clean cache (MB)
	TrieCleanJournal      string   `json:"trie-clean-journal"`       // Directory to use to save the trie clean cache (must be populated to enable journaling the trie clean cache)
	TrieCleanRejournal    Duration `json:"trie-clean-rejournal"`     // Frequency to re-journal the trie clean cache to disk (minimum 1 minute, must be populated to enable journaling the trie clean cache)
	TrieDirtyCache        int      `json:"trie-dirty-cache"`         // Size of the trie dirty cache (MB)
	TrieDirtyCommitTarget int      `json:"trie-dirty-commit-target"` // Memory limit to target in the dirty cache before performing a commit (MB)
	SnapshotCache         int      `json:"snapshot-cache"`           // Size of the snapshot disk layer clean cache (MB)

	// Eth Settings
	Preimages      bool `json:"preimages-enabled"`
	SnapshotAsync  bool `json:"snapshot-async"`
	SnapshotVerify bool `json:"snapshot-verification-enabled"`

	// Pruning Settings
	Pruning                         bool    `json:"pruning-enabled"`                    // If enabled, trie roots are only persisted every 4096 blocks
	AcceptorQueueLimit              int     `json:"accepted-queue-limit"`               // Maximum blocks to queue before blocking during acceptance
	CommitInterval                  uint64  `json:"commit-interval"`                    // Specifies the commit interval at which to persist EVM and atomic tries.
	AllowMissingTries               bool    `json:"allow-missing-tries"`                // If enabled, warnings preventing an incomplete trie index are suppressed
	PopulateMissingTries            *uint64 `json:"populate-missing-tries,omitempty"`   // Sets the starting point for re-populating missing tries. Disables re-generation if nil.
	PopulateMissingTriesParallelism int     `json:"populate-missing-tries-parallelism"` // Number of concurrent readers to use when re-populating missing tries on startup.

	// Metric Settings
	MetricsExpensiveEnabled bool `json:"metrics-expensive-enabled"` // Debug-level metrics that might impact runtime performance

	// API Settings
	LocalTxsEnabled bool `json:"local-txs-enabled"`

	TxPoolJournal      string   `json:"tx-pool-journal"`
	TxPoolRejournal    Duration `json:"tx-pool-rejournal"`
	TxPoolPriceLimit   uint64   `json:"tx-pool-price-limit"`
	TxPoolPriceBump    uint64   `json:"tx-pool-price-bump"`
	TxPoolAccountSlots uint64   `json:"tx-pool-account-slots"`
	TxPoolGlobalSlots  uint64   `json:"tx-pool-global-slots"`
	TxPoolAccountQueue uint64   `json:"tx-pool-account-queue"`
	TxPoolGlobalQueue  uint64   `json:"tx-pool-global-queue"`

	APIMaxDuration           Duration      `json:"api-max-duration"`
	WSCPURefillRate          Duration      `json:"ws-cpu-refill-rate"`
	WSCPUMaxStored           Duration      `json:"ws-cpu-max-stored"`
	MaxBlocksPerRequest      int64         `json:"api-max-blocks-per-request"`
	AllowUnfinalizedQueries  bool          `json:"allow-unfinalized-queries"`
	AllowUnprotectedTxs      bool          `json:"allow-unprotected-txs"`
	AllowUnprotectedTxHashes []common.Hash `json:"allow-unprotected-tx-hashes"`

	// Keystore Settings
	KeystoreDirectory             string `json:"keystore-directory"` // both absolute and relative supported
	KeystoreExternalSigner        string `json:"keystore-external-signer"`
	KeystoreInsecureUnlockAllowed bool   `json:"keystore-insecure-unlock-allowed"`

	// Gossip Settings
	RemoteGossipOnlyEnabled       bool             `json:"remote-gossip-only-enabled"`
	RegossipFrequency             Duration         `json:"regossip-frequency"`
	RegossipMaxTxs                int              `json:"regossip-max-txs"`
	RegossipTxsPerAddress         int              `json:"regossip-txs-per-address"`
	PriorityRegossipFrequency     Duration         `json:"priority-regossip-frequency"`
	PriorityRegossipMaxTxs        int              `json:"priority-regossip-max-txs"`
	PriorityRegossipTxsPerAddress int              `json:"priority-regossip-txs-per-address"`
	PriorityRegossipAddresses     []common.Address `json:"priority-regossip-addresses"`

	// Log
	LogLevel      string `json:"log-level"`
	LogJSONFormat bool   `json:"log-json-format"`

	// Address for Tx Fees (must be empty if not supported by blockchain)
	FeeRecipient string `json:"feeRecipient"`

	// Offline Pruning Settings
	OfflinePruning                bool   `json:"offline-pruning-enabled"`
	OfflinePruningBloomFilterSize uint64 `json:"offline-pruning-bloom-filter-size"`
	OfflinePruningDataDirectory   string `json:"offline-pruning-data-directory"`

	// VM2VM network
	MaxOutboundActiveRequests int64 `json:"max-outbound-active-requests"`

	// Sync settings
	StateSyncEnabled         bool   `json:"state-sync-enabled"`
	StateSyncSkipResume      bool   `json:"state-sync-skip-resume"` // Forces state sync to use the highest available summary block
	StateSyncServerTrieCache int    `json:"state-sync-server-trie-cache"`
	StateSyncIDs             string `json:"state-sync-ids"`
	StateSyncCommitInterval  uint64 `json:"state-sync-commit-interval"`
	StateSyncMinBlocks       uint64 `json:"state-sync-min-blocks"`

	// SkipUpgradeCheck disables checking that upgrades must take place before the last
	// accepted block. Skipping this check is useful when a node operator does not update
	// their node before the network upgrade and their node accepts blocks that have
	// identical state with the pre-upgrade ruleset.
	SkipUpgradeCheck bool `json:"skip-upgrade-check"`

	// AcceptedCacheSize is the depth to keep in the accepted headers cache and the
	// accepted logs cache at the accepted tip.
	//
	// This is particularly useful for improving the performance of eth_getLogs
	// on RPC nodes.
	AcceptedCacheSize int `json:"accepted-cache-size"`
}

Config ...

func (Config) EthAPIs 

func (c Config) EthAPIs() []string

EthAPIs returns an array of strings representing the Eth APIs that should be enabled

func (Config) EthBackendSettings 

func (c Config) EthBackendSettings() eth.Settings

func (*Config) SetDefaults 

func (c *Config) SetDefaults()

func (*Config) Validate added in v0.2.1 

func (c *Config) Validate() error

Validate returns an error if this is an invalid config.

type ConfigReply added in v0.2.2 

type ConfigReply struct {
	Config *Config `json:"config"`
}

type Database 

type Database struct{ database.Database }

Database implements ethdb.Database

func (Database) NewBatch 

func (db Database) NewBatch() ethdb.Batch

NewBatch implements ethdb.Database

func (Database) NewBatchWithSize added in v0.4.0 

func (db Database) NewBatchWithSize(size int) ethdb.Batch

NewBatchWithSize implements ethdb.Database TODO: propagate size through avalanchego Database interface

func (Database) NewIterator 

func (db Database) NewIterator(prefix []byte, start []byte) ethdb.Iterator

NewIterator implements ethdb.Database

Note: This method assumes that the prefix is NOT part of the start, so there's no need for the caller to prepend the prefix to the start.

func (Database) NewIteratorWithStart 

func (db Database) NewIteratorWithStart(start []byte) ethdb.Iterator

NewIteratorWithStart implements ethdb.Database

func (Database) Stat added in v0.2.3 

func (db Database) Stat(string) (string, error)

Stat implements ethdb.Database

type DecodeGenesisArgs 

type DecodeGenesisArgs struct {
	GenesisBytes string              `json:"genesisBytes"`
	Encoding     formatting.Encoding `json:"encoding"`
}

DecodeGenesisArgs are arguments for DecodeGenesis

type DecodeGenesisReply 

type DecodeGenesisReply struct {
	Genesis  *core.Genesis       `json:"genesisData"`
	Encoding formatting.Encoding `json:"encoding"`
}

DecodeGenesisReply is the reply from DecodeGenesis

type Duration 

type Duration struct {
	time.Duration
}

func (Duration) MarshalJSON added in v0.2.9 

func (d Duration) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)

String implements the stringer interface.

func (Duration) String added in v0.2.9 

func (d Duration) String() string

String implements the stringer interface.

func (*Duration) UnmarshalJSON 

func (d *Duration) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) (err error)

type Factory 

type Factory struct{}

func (*Factory) New 

func (f *Factory) New(*snow.Context) (interface{}, error)

type GetAcceptedFrontReply 

type GetAcceptedFrontReply struct {
	Hash   common.Hash `json:"hash"`
	Number *big.Int    `json:"number"`
}

GetAcceptedFrontReply defines the reply that will be sent from the GetAcceptedFront API call

type GossipHandler 

type GossipHandler struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

GossipHandler handles incoming gossip messages

func NewGossipHandler added in v0.1.1 

func NewGossipHandler(vm *VM, stats GossipReceivedStats) *GossipHandler

func (*GossipHandler) HandleTxs 

func (h *GossipHandler) HandleTxs(nodeID ids.NodeID, msg message.TxsGossip) error

type GossipReceivedStats added in v0.4.0 

type GossipReceivedStats interface {
	IncEthTxsGossipReceived()

	// new vs. known txs received
	IncEthTxsGossipReceivedKnown()
	IncEthTxsGossipReceivedNew()
}

GossipReceivedStats groups functions for incoming gossip stats.

type GossipSentStats added in v0.4.0 

type GossipSentStats interface {
	IncEthTxsGossipSent()

	// regossip
	IncEthTxsRegossipQueued()
	IncEthTxsRegossipQueuedLocal(count int)
	IncEthTxsRegossipQueuedRemote(count int)
}

GossipSentStats groups functions for outgoing gossip stats.

type GossipStats added in v0.4.0 

type GossipStats interface {
	GossipReceivedStats
	GossipSentStats
}

GossipStats contains methods for updating incoming and outgoing gossip stats.

func NewGossipStats added in v0.4.0 

func NewGossipStats() GossipStats

type Gossiper added in v0.1.1 

type Gossiper interface {
	// GossipTxs sends AppGossip message containing the given [txs]
	GossipTxs(txs []*types.Transaction) error
}

Gossiper handles outgoing gossip of transactions

type SetLogLevelArgs 

type SetLogLevelArgs struct {
	Level string `json:"level"`
}

type SnowmanAPI 

type SnowmanAPI struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

SnowmanAPI introduces snowman specific functionality to the evm

func (*SnowmanAPI) GetAcceptedFront 

func (api *SnowmanAPI) GetAcceptedFront(ctx context.Context) (*GetAcceptedFrontReply, error)

GetAcceptedFront returns the last accepted block's hash and height

func (*SnowmanAPI) IssueBlock 

func (api *SnowmanAPI) IssueBlock(ctx context.Context) error

IssueBlock to the chain

type StateSyncClient added in v0.3.0 

type StateSyncClient interface {
	// methods that implement the client side of [block.StateSyncableVM]
	StateSyncEnabled(context.Context) (bool, error)
	GetOngoingSyncStateSummary(context.Context) (block.StateSummary, error)
	ParseStateSummary(ctx context.Context, summaryBytes []byte) (block.StateSummary, error)

	// additional methods required by the evm package
	StateSyncClearOngoingSummary() error
	Shutdown() error
	Error() error
}

func NewStateSyncClient added in v0.3.0 

func NewStateSyncClient(config *stateSyncClientConfig) StateSyncClient

type StateSyncServer added in v0.3.0 

type StateSyncServer interface {
	GetLastStateSummary(context.Context) (block.StateSummary, error)
	GetStateSummary(context.Context, uint64) (block.StateSummary, error)
}

func NewStateSyncServer added in v0.3.0 

func NewStateSyncServer(config *stateSyncServerConfig) StateSyncServer

type StaticService 

type StaticService struct{}

StaticService defines the static API services exposed by the evm

func CreateStaticService 

func CreateStaticService() *StaticService

func (*StaticService) BuildGenesis 

func (ss *StaticService) BuildGenesis(_ *http.Request, args *BuildGenesisArgs, reply *BuildGenesisReply) error

BuildGenesis constructs a genesis file.

func (*StaticService) DecodeGenesis 

func (ss *StaticService) DecodeGenesis(_ *http.Request, args *DecodeGenesisArgs, reply *DecodeGenesisReply) error

BuildGenesis constructs a genesis file.

type Status 

type Status uint32

Status ... 

const (
	Unknown Status = iota
	Dropped
	Processing
	Accepted
)

List of possible status values Unknown Zero value, means the status is not known Dropped means the transaction was in the mempool, but was dropped because it failed verification Processing means the transaction is in the mempool Accepted means the transaction was accepted

func (Status) MarshalJSON 

func (s Status) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)

MarshalJSON ...

func (Status) String 

func (s Status) String() string

func (*Status) UnmarshalJSON 

func (s *Status) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error

UnmarshalJSON ...

func (Status) Valid 

func (s Status) Valid() error

Valid returns nil if the status is a valid status.

type SubnetEVMLogger added in v0.2.9 

type SubnetEVMLogger struct {
	log.Handler
}

func InitLogger added in v0.2.9 

func InitLogger(alias string, level string, jsonFormat bool, writer io.Writer) (SubnetEVMLogger, error)

InitLogger initializes logger with alias and sets the log level and format with the original os.StdErr interface along with the context logger.

func (*SubnetEVMLogger) SetLogLevel added in v0.2.9 

func (c *SubnetEVMLogger) SetLogLevel(level string) error

SetLogLevel sets the log level of initialized log handler.

type Syncer added in v0.3.0 

type Syncer interface {
	Start(ctx context.Context) error
	Done() <-chan error
}

Syncer represents a step in state sync, along with Start/Done methods to control and monitor progress. Error returns an error if any was encountered.

type VM 

type VM struct {

	// *chain.State helps to implement the VM interface by wrapping blocks
	// with an efficient caching layer.
	*chain.State

	peer.Network

	// State sync server and client
	StateSyncServer
	StateSyncClient
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

VM implements the snowman.ChainVM interface

func (*VM) CreateHandlers 

func (vm *VM) CreateHandlers(context.Context) (map[string]*commonEng.HTTPHandler, error)

CreateHandlers makes new http handlers that can handle API calls

func (*VM) CreateStaticHandlers 

func (vm *VM) CreateStaticHandlers(context.Context) (map[string]*commonEng.HTTPHandler, error)

CreateStaticHandlers makes new http handlers that can handle API calls

func (*VM) GetActivationTime 

func (vm *VM) GetActivationTime() time.Time

implements SnowmanPlusPlusVM interface

func (*VM) GetBlockIDAtHeight added in v0.1.1 

func (vm *VM) GetBlockIDAtHeight(_ context.Context, blkHeight uint64) (ids.ID, error)

GetBlockAtHeight implements the HeightIndexedChainVM interface and returns the canonical block at [blkHeight]. If [blkHeight] is less than the height of the last accepted block, this will return the block accepted at that height. Otherwise, it may return a blkID that has not yet been accepted. Note: the engine assumes that if a block is not found at [blkHeight], then database.ErrNotFound will be returned. This indicates that the VM has state synced and does not have all historical blocks available.

func (*VM) GetCurrentNonce 

func (vm *VM) GetCurrentNonce(address common.Address) (uint64, error)

GetCurrentNonce returns the nonce associated with the address at the preferred block

func (*VM) HealthCheck 

func (vm *VM) HealthCheck(context.Context) (interface{}, error)

Health returns nil if this chain is healthy. Also returns details, which should be one of: string, []byte, map[string]string

func (*VM) Initialize 

func (vm *VM) Initialize(
	_ context.Context,
	chainCtx *snow.Context,
	dbManager manager.Manager,
	genesisBytes []byte,
	upgradeBytes []byte,
	configBytes []byte,
	toEngine chan<- commonEng.Message,
	fxs []*commonEng.Fx,
	appSender commonEng.AppSender,
) error

Initialize implements the snowman.ChainVM interface

func (*VM) NewBlockBuilder 

func (vm *VM) NewBlockBuilder(notifyBuildBlockChan chan<- commonEng.Message) *blockBuilder

func (*VM) ParseEthBlock added in v0.3.0 

func (vm *VM) ParseEthBlock(b []byte) (*types.Block, error)

func (*VM) SetPreference 

func (vm *VM) SetPreference(ctx context.Context, blkID ids.ID) error

SetPreference sets what the current tail of the chain is

func (*VM) SetState added in v0.1.1 

func (vm *VM) SetState(_ context.Context, state snow.State) error

func (*VM) Shutdown 

func (vm *VM) Shutdown(context.Context) error

Shutdown implements the snowman.ChainVM interface

func (*VM) VerifyHeightIndex added in v0.1.1 

func (vm *VM) VerifyHeightIndex(context.Context) error

VerifyHeightIndex always returns a nil error since the index is maintained by vm.blockChain.

func (*VM) Version 

func (vm *VM) Version(context.Context) (string, error)

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis

Jump to

Keyboard shortcuts

? : This menu
/ : Search site
f or F : Jump to
y or Y : Canonical URL
go.dev uses cookies from Google to deliver and enhance the quality of its services and to analyze traffic. Learn more.