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README

State Sync: Engine role and workflow

State sync promises to dramatically cut down the time it takes for a validator to join a chain by directly downloading and verifying the state of the chain, rather than rebuilding the state by processing all historical blocks.

Avalanche's approach to state sync leaves most of specifics to each VM, to allow maximal flexibility. However, the Avalanche engine plays a well defined role in selecting and validating state summaries, which are the state sync seeds used by a VM to kickstart its syncing process.

In this document, we outline the engine's role in state sync and the requirements for VMs implementing state sync.

StateSyncableVM Interface

The StateSyncableVM interface enumerates all the features a VM must implement to support state sync.

The Avalanche engine begins bootstrapping a VM through state-sync if StateSyncEnabled() returns true. Otherwise, the engine falls back to processing all historical blocks.

The Avalanche engine performs two state-syncing phases:

• Frontier retrieval: retrieve the most recent state summaries from a random subset of validators
• Frontier validation: the retrieved state summaries are voted on by all connected validators

Security is guaranteed by accepting the state summary if and only if a sufficient fraction of stake has validated them. This prevents malicious actors from poisoning a VM with a corrupt or unavailable state summary.

Frontier retrieval

The Avalanche engine waits to begin frontier retrieval until enough stake is connected.

The engine first calls GetOngoingSyncStateSummary() to retrieve a local state summary from the VM. If available, this state summary is added to the frontier.

A state summary may be locally available if the VM was previously shut down while state syncing. By revalidating this local summary, Avalanche engine helps the VM understand whether its local state summary is still widely supported by the network. If the local state summary is widely supported, the engine will allow the VM to resume state syncing from it. Otherwise the VM will be requested to drop it in favour of a fresher, more available state summary.

State summary frontier is collected as follows:

1. The Avalanche engine samples a random subset of validators and sends each of them a GetStateSummaryFrontier message to retrieve the latest state summaries.
2. Each target validator pulls its latest state summary from the VM via the GetLastStateSummary method, and responds with a StateSummaryFrontier message.
3. StateSummaryFrontier responses are parsed via the ParseStateSummary method and added to the state summary frontier to be validated.

The Avalanche engine does not pose major constraints on the state summary structure; as its parsing is left to the VM to implement. However, the Avalanche engine does require each state summary to be uniquely described by two identifiers, Height and ID. The reason for this double identification will be clearer as we describe the state summary validation phase.

Height is a uint64 and represents the block height that the state summaries refers to. Height offers the most succinct way to address an accepted state summary.

ID is an ids.ID type and is the verifiable way to address a state summary, regardless of its status. In most implementations, a state summary ID is the hash of the state summary's bytes.

Frontier validation

Once the frontiers have been retrieved, a network wide voting round is initiated to validate them. Avalanche sends a GetAcceptedStateSummary message to each connected validator, containing a list of the state summary frontier's Heights. Heights provide a unique yet succinct way to identify state summaries, and they help reduce the size of the GetAcceptedStateSummary message.

When a validator receives a GetAcceptedStateSummary message, it will respond with IDs corresponding to the Heights sent in the message. This is done by calling GetStateSummary(summaryHeight uint64) on the VM for each Height. Unknown or unsupported state summary Heights are skipped. Responding with the summary IDs allows the client to verify votes easily and ensures the integrity of the state sync starting point.

AcceptedStateSummary messages returned to the state syncing node are validated by comparing responded state summaries IDs with the IDs calculated from state summary frontier previously retrieved. Valid responses are stored along with cumulative validator stake.

Once all validators respond or timeout, Avalanche will select all the state summaries with a sufficient stake verifying them.

If no state summary is backed by sufficient stake, the process of collecting a state frontier and validating it is restarted again, up to a configurable number of times.

Of all the valid state summaries, one is selected and passed to the VM by calling Summary.Accept(). The preferred state summary is selected as follows: if the locally available one is still valid and supported by the network it will be accepted to allow the VM to resume the previously interrupted state sync. Otherwise, the most recent state summary (with the highest Height value) is picked. Note that Avalanche engine will block upon Summary.Accept()'s response, hence the VM should perform actual state syncing asynchronously.

The Avalanche engine declares state syncing complete in the following cases:

1. Summary.Accept() returns (StateSyncSkipped, nil) signalling that the VM considered the summary valid but skips the whole syncing process. This may happen if the VM estimates that bootstrapping would be faster than state syncing with the provided summary.
2. The VM sends StateSyncDone via the Notify channel.

Note that any error returned from Summary.Accept() is considered fatal and causes the engine to shutdown.

If Summary.Accept() returns (StateSyncStatic, nil), Avalanche will wait until state synced is complete before continuing the bootstrapping process. If Summary.Accept() returns (StateSyncDynamic, nil), Avalanche will immediately continue the bootstrapping process. If bootstrapping finishes before the state sync has been completed, Chits messages will include the LastAcceptedID rather than the PreferredID.

Documentation

Index

• Variables
• func BatchedParseBlock(ctx context.Context, vm Parser, blks [][]byte) ([]snowman.Block, error)
• func GetAncestors(ctx context.Context, log logging.Logger, vm Getter, blkID ids.ID, ...) ([][]byte, error)
• type BatchedChainVM
• type BuildBlockWithContextChainVM
• type ChainVM
• type Context
• type Getter
• type ParseFunc
  • func (f ParseFunc) ParseBlock(ctx context.Context, blockBytes []byte) (snowman.Block, error)
• type Parser
• type StateSummary
• type StateSyncMode
  • func (s StateSyncMode) String() string
• type StateSyncableVM
• type WithVerifyContext

Variables

var ErrRemoteVMNotImplemented = errors.New("vm does not implement RemoteVM interface")

var ErrStateSyncableVMNotImplemented = errors.New("vm does not implement StateSyncableVM interface")

Functions

func BatchedParseBlock

func BatchedParseBlock(
	ctx context.Context,
	vm Parser,
	blks [][]byte,
) ([]snowman.Block, error)

func GetAncestors

func GetAncestors(
	ctx context.Context,
	log logging.Logger,
	vm Getter,
	blkID ids.ID,
	maxBlocksNum int,
	maxBlocksSize int,
	maxBlocksRetrivalTime time.Duration,
) ([][]byte, error)

Types

type BatchedChainVM

type BatchedChainVM interface {
	GetAncestors(
		ctx context.Context,
		blkID ids.ID,
		maxBlocksNum int,
		maxBlocksSize int,
		maxBlocksRetrivalTime time.Duration,
	) ([][]byte, error)

	BatchedParseBlock(ctx context.Context, blks [][]byte) ([]snowman.Block, error)
}

BatchedChainVM extends the minimal functionalities exposed by ChainVM for VMs communicating over network (gRPC in our case). This allows more efficient operations since calls over network can be duly batched

type BuildBlockWithContextChainVM

type BuildBlockWithContextChainVM interface {
	// Attempt to build a new block given that the P-Chain height is
	// [blockCtx.PChainHeight].
	//
	// This method will be called if and only if the proposervm is activated.
	// Otherwise [BuildBlock] will be called.
	BuildBlockWithContext(ctx context.Context, blockCtx *Context) (snowman.Block, error)
}

BuildBlockWithContextChainVM defines the interface a ChainVM can optionally implement to consider the P-Chain height when building blocks.

type ChainVM

type ChainVM interface {
	common.VM

	Getter
	Parser

	// Attempt to create a new block from data contained in the VM.
	//
	// If the VM doesn't want to issue a new block, an error should be
	// returned.
	BuildBlock(context.Context) (snowman.Block, error)

	// Notify the VM of the currently preferred block.
	//
	// This should always be a block that has no children known to consensus.
	SetPreference(ctx context.Context, blkID ids.ID) error

	// LastAccepted returns the ID of the last accepted block.
	//
	// If no blocks have been accepted by consensus yet, it is assumed there is
	// a definitionally accepted block, the Genesis block, that will be
	// returned.
	LastAccepted(context.Context) (ids.ID, error)

	// GetBlockIDAtHeight returns:
	// - The ID of the block that was accepted with [height].
	// - database.ErrNotFound if the [height] index is unknown.
	//
	// Note: A returned value of [database.ErrNotFound] typically means that the
	//       underlying VM was state synced and does not have access to the
	//       blockID at [height].
	GetBlockIDAtHeight(ctx context.Context, height uint64) (ids.ID, error)
}

ChainVM defines the required functionality of a Snowman VM.

A Snowman VM is responsible for defining the representation of state, the representation of operations on that state, the application of operations on that state, and the creation of the operations. Consensus will decide on if the operation is executed and the order operations are executed in.

For example, suppose we have a VM that tracks an increasing number that is agreed upon by the network. The state is a single number. The operation is setting the number to a new, larger value. Applying the operation will save to the database the new value. The VM can attempt to issue a new number, of larger value, at any time. Consensus will ensure the network agrees on the number at every block height.

type Context

type Context struct {
	// PChainHeight is the height that this block will use to verify it's state.
	// In the proposervm, blocks verify the proposer based on the P-chain height
	// recorded in the parent block. The P-chain height provided here is also
	// the parent's P-chain height, not this block's P-chain height.
	//
	// Because PreForkBlocks and PostForkOptions do not verify their execution
	// against the P-chain's state, this context is undefined for those blocks.
	PChainHeight uint64
}

Context defines the block context that will be optionally provided by the proposervm to an underlying vm.

type Getter

type Getter interface {
	// Attempt to load a block.
	//
	// If the block does not exist, database.ErrNotFound should be returned.
	//
	// It is expected that blocks that have been successfully verified should be
	// returned correctly. It is also expected that blocks that have been
	// accepted by the consensus engine should be able to be fetched. It is not
	// required for blocks that have been rejected by the consensus engine to be
	// able to be fetched.
	GetBlock(ctx context.Context, blkID ids.ID) (snowman.Block, error)
}

Getter defines the functionality for fetching a block by its ID.

type ParseFunc

type ParseFunc func(context.Context, []byte) (snowman.Block, error)

ParseFunc defines a function that parses raw bytes into a block.

func (ParseFunc) ParseBlock

func (f ParseFunc) ParseBlock(ctx context.Context, blockBytes []byte) (snowman.Block, error)

ParseBlock wraps a ParseFunc into a ParseBlock function, to be used by a Parser interface

type Parser

type Parser interface {
	// Attempt to create a block from a stream of bytes.
	//
	// The block should be represented by the full byte array, without extra
	// bytes.
	//
	// It is expected for all historical blocks to be parseable.
	ParseBlock(ctx context.Context, blockBytes []byte) (snowman.Block, error)
}

Parser defines the functionality for fetching a block by its bytes.

type StateSummary

type StateSummary interface {
	// ID uniquely identifies this state summary, regardless of the chain state.
	ID() ids.ID

	// Height uniquely identifies this an accepted state summary.
	Height() uint64

	// Bytes returns a byte slice than can be used to reconstruct this summary.
	Bytes() []byte

	// Accept triggers the VM to start state syncing to this summary.
	//
	// It returns the state sync mode selected by the VM.
	Accept(context.Context) (StateSyncMode, error)
}

StateSummary represents all the information needed to download, verify, and rebuild its state.

type StateSyncMode

type StateSyncMode uint8

StateSyncMode is returned by the StateSyncableVM when a state summary is passed to it. It indicates which type of state sync the VM is performing.

const (
	// StateSyncSkipped indicates that state sync won't be run by the VM. This
	// may happen if the VM decides that the state sync is too recent and it
	// would be faster to bootstrap the missing blocks.
	StateSyncSkipped StateSyncMode = iota + 1

	// StateSyncStatic indicates that engine should stop and wait for the VM to
	// complete state syncing before moving ahead with bootstrapping.
	StateSyncStatic

	// StateSyncDynamic indicates that engine should immediately transition
	// into bootstrapping and then normal consensus. State sync will proceed
	// asynchronously in the VM.
	//
	// Invariant: If this is returned it is assumed that the VM should be able
	// to handle requests from the engine as if the VM is fully synced.
	// Specifically, it is required that the invariants specified by
	// LastAccepted, GetBlock, ParseBlock, and Block.Verify are maintained. This
	// means that when StateSummary.Accept returns, the block that would become
	// the last accepted block must be immediately fetchable by the engine.
	StateSyncDynamic
)

func (StateSyncMode) String

func (s StateSyncMode) String() string

type StateSyncableVM

type StateSyncableVM interface {
	// StateSyncEnabled indicates whether the state sync is enabled for this VM.
	// If StateSyncableVM is not implemented, as it may happen with a wrapper
	// VM, StateSyncEnabled should return false, nil
	StateSyncEnabled(context.Context) (bool, error)

	// GetOngoingSyncStateSummary returns an in-progress state summary if it
	// exists.
	//
	// The engine can then ask the network if the ongoing summary is still
	// supported, thus helping the VM decide whether to continue an in-progress
	// sync or start over.
	//
	// Returns database.ErrNotFound if there is no in-progress sync.
	GetOngoingSyncStateSummary(context.Context) (StateSummary, error)

	// GetLastStateSummary returns the latest state summary.
	//
	// Returns database.ErrNotFound if no summary is available.
	GetLastStateSummary(context.Context) (StateSummary, error)

	// ParseStateSummary parses a state summary out of [summaryBytes].
	ParseStateSummary(ctx context.Context, summaryBytes []byte) (StateSummary, error)

	// GetStateSummary retrieves the state summary that was generated at height
	// [summaryHeight].
	//
	// Returns database.ErrNotFound if no summary is available at
	// [summaryHeight].
	GetStateSummary(ctx context.Context, summaryHeight uint64) (StateSummary, error)
}

StateSyncableVM contains the functionality to allow VMs to sync to a given state, rather then boostrapping from genesis.

type WithVerifyContext

type WithVerifyContext interface {
	// Returns true if [VerifyWithContext] should be called.
	// Returns false if [Verify] should be called.
	//
	// This method will be called if and only if the proposervm is activated.
	// Otherwise [Verify] will be called.
	ShouldVerifyWithContext(context.Context) (bool, error)

	// Verify that the state transition this block would make if accepted is
	// valid. If the state transition is invalid, a non-nil error should be
	// returned.
	//
	// It is guaranteed that the Parent has been successfully verified.
	//
	// This method may be called again with a different context.
	//
	// If nil is returned, it is guaranteed that either Accept or Reject will be
	// called on this block, unless the VM is shut down.
	//
	// Note: During `Accept` the block context is not provided. This implies
	// that the block context provided here can not be used to alter any
	// potential state transition that assumes network agreement. The block
	// context should only be used to determine the validity of the block.
	VerifyWithContext(context.Context, *Context) error
}

WithVerifyContext defines the interface a Block can optionally implement to consider the P-Chain height when verifying itself.

As with all Blocks, it is guaranteed for verification to be called in topological order.

If the status of the block is Accepted or Rejected; VerifyWithContext will never be called.