abc

README

abc

abc is not an official Google product.

Introduction

abc is a command line interface (CLI) to speed up the process of creating new applications. It achieves this by using a templating system that will allow users to interactively fork existing templates, while providing neccessary context, instructions, or requested inputs.

Using this tool will reduce the cognitive load required to set up GitHub actions properly, or follow development best practices, and avoid copy/pasting from various sources to start a new project.

This doc contains a User Guide and a Template Developer Guide.

Command line usage

The abc command has many subcommands, describes below. In abc versions before 0.9, these commands were called abc templates $SUBCOMMAND, but as of 0.9 they are now also available under the shorter form abc $SUBCOMMAND.

For abc render

Usage: abc render [flags] <template_location>

Example: abc render --prompt github.com/abcxyz/gcp-org-terraform-template@latest

The <template_location> parameter is one of these two things:

• A remote git repository. The subdirectory is optional, defaulting to the root of the repo. This directory must contain a spec.yaml. The version suffix must be either @latest, long commit SHA, branch name or tag. Short commit SHA's are not supported and if provided, they will be tried as a branch or tag name. Examples:

  • github.com/abcxyz/gcp-org-terraform-template@latest (no subdirectory)
  • github.com/abcxyz/abc/t/rest_server@latest (with subdirectory)
  • github.com/abcxyz/abc/t/rest_server@v0.2.1 (uses tag instead of "latest")
  • github.com/abcxyz/abc/t/rest_server@main (use branch name instead of "latest")
  • github.com/abcxyz/abc/t/rest_server@0402ed8413f02e1069c2aec368eca208895918b1 (use ref to long commit SHA)

• A local directory as an absolute or relative path. This directory must contain a spec.yaml. Examples:

  • /my/template/dir
  • my/template/dir
  • ./my/template/dir (equivalent to previous)

Flags

• --dest <output_dir>: the directory on the local filesystem to write output to. Defaults to the current directory. If it doesn't exist, it will be created.

• --input=key=val: provide an input parameter to the template. key must be one of the inputs declared by the template in its spec.yaml. May be repeated to provide multiple inputs, like --input=name=alice --input=email=alice@example.com. Every input must correspond to a template input value (unless you also provide --ignore-unknown-inputs).

• --input-file=file: provide a YAML file with input(s) to the template. The file must contain a YAML object whose keys and values are strings. If a key exists in the file but is also provided as an --input, the --input value takes precedence.

  This flag may be repeated, like --input-file=some-inputs.yaml --input-file=more-inputs.yaml. When there are multiple input files, they must not have any overlapping keys.

  Any inputs in this file that are not accepted by the template are ignored.

• --git-protocol=[https|ssh]: controls the protocol to use when connecting to a remote git repository. The default is to use https, but you may want to use ssh if you want to authenticate using SSH keys. You can also set the environment variable ABC_GIT_PROTOCOL=ssh if you don't want to type this flag for every abc command.

• --force-overwrite: normally, the template rendering operation will abort if the template would output a file at a location that already exists on the filesystem. This flag allows it to continue.

• --keep-temp-dirs: there are two temp directories created during template rendering. Normally, they are removed at the end of the template rendering operation, but this flag causes them to be kept. Inspecting the temp directories can be helpful in debugging problems with spec.yaml or with the abc command itself. The two temp directories are the "template directory", into which the template is downloaded, and the "scratch directory", where files are staged during transformations before being written to the output directory. Use environment variable ABC_LOG_LEVEL=debug to see the locations of the directories.

• --prompt: the user will be prompted for inputs that are needed by the template but are not supplied by --inputs or --input-file. You can specify the environment variable ABC_PROMPT=true to avoid typing this every time.

• --skip-input-validation: don't run any of the validation rules for template inputs. This could be useful if a template has overly strict validation logic and you know for sure that the value you want to use is OK.

• --ignore-unknown-inputs: silently ignore any --input values that aren't accepted by the template.

Flags for template developers:

• --debug-step-diffs: for template authors, not regular users. This will log the diffs made by each step as git commits in a tmp git repository. If you want to see the git logs and diffs with your usual git commands, please navigate to the tmp folder, otherwise you will need to use a git flag --git-dir=path/to/tmp/debug/folder for your commands, e.g.: git --git-dir=path/to/tmp/debug/folder log. A warn log will show you where the tmp repository is.

  Note: you must have git installed to use this flag.

• --debug-scratch-contents: for template authors, not regular users. This will print the filename of every file in the scratch directory after executing each step of the spec.yaml. Useful for debugging errors like path "src/app.js" doesn't exist in the scratch directory, did you forget to "include" it first?".

Logging

Use the environment variables ABC_LOG_MODE and ABC_LOG_LEVEL to configure logging.

The valid values for ABC_LOG_MODE are:

• text: (the default) non-JSON logs, best for human readability in a terminal
• json: JSON formatted logs, better for feeding into a program

The valid values for ABC_LOG_LEVEL are debug, info, notice, warning, error, and emergency. The default is warn.

For abc golden-test

The golden-test feature is essentially unit testing for templates. You provide (1) a set of template input values and (2) the expected output directory contents. The test framework verifies that the actual output matches the expected output, using the verify subcommand. Separately, the record subcommand helps with capturing the current template output and saving it as the "expected" output for future test runs. This concept is similar to "snapshot testing" and "rpc replay testing." In addition, the new-test subcommand creates a new golden test to initialize the needed golden test directory structure and test.yaml.

Each test is configured by placing a file named test.yaml in a subdirectory of the template named testdata/golden/<your-test-name>. See below for details on this file.

Usage:

• abc golden-test new-test [options] <test_name> [<location>] see abc golden-test new-test --help for supported options.
• abc golden-test record [--test-name=<test_name>] [<location>]
• abc golden-test verify [--test-name=<test_name>] [<location>]

Note: For new-test, the <location> parameter gives the location of the template. For record and verify, <location> parameter gives the location that include one or more templates and abc cli will recursively search for templates and tests under the given <location>.

Examples:

• abc golden-test new-test basic examples/templates/render/hello_jupiter creates a new golden-test for the specific named test called basic for the given template
• abc golden-test verify examples/templates/render/hello_jupiter runs all golden-tests for the given template
• abc golden-test verify --test-name=example_test examples/templates/render/hello_jupiter same as above, but only for the specific named tests
• abc golden-test verify examples/templates runs all golden-tests for the templates included in examples/templates
• abc golden-test verify --test-name=example examples/templates same as above, but only for the specific named tests
• abc golden-test verify runs all golden-tests for the templates included in the current directory
• abc golden-test record examples/templates/render/hello_jupiter record the current template output as the desired/expected output for all tests within the given template, saving to testdata/golden/<test_name>/data.
• abc golden-test record --test-name=one_env,multiple_envs examples/templates/render/for_each_dynamic same as above, but only for the specific named tests.
• abc golden-test record examples/templates record the all template outputs as the desired/expected outputs for all test cases for the templates under example/templates directory.
• abc golden-test record --test-name=example examples/templates same as above, but only for the specific named tests.
• abc golden-test record record the all template outputs as the desired/expected outputs for all test cases for the templates under current directory.

For record and verify subcommand, the <test_name> parameter gives the test names to record or verify, if not specified, all tests will be run against. This flag may be repeated, like --test-name=test1, --test-name=test2, or --test-name=test1,test2.

For new-test subcommand, the <location> parameter gives the location of the template, defaults to the current directory.

For record and verify subcommand, the <location> parameter gives the location that include one or more templates, defaults to the current directory.

For every test case, it is expected that a testdata/golden/<test_name>/test.yaml exists to define template input params. Each "input" in this file must correspond to a template input defined in the template's spec.yaml. Each required input in the template's spec.yaml must have a corresponding input value defined in the test.yaml. Typically, you will use golden-test new-test subcommand to initialize the needed golden test directory structure and test.yaml, but it's also possible to create the desired goldentest directory structure and test.yaml by hand.

Example test.yaml:

api_version: 'cli.abcxyz.dev/v1alpha1'
kind: 'GoldenTest'

inputs:
  - name: 'my-service-account'
    value: 'platform-ops@abcxyz-my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com'
  - name: 'my-project-number'
    value: '123456789'

The expected/desired test output for each test is stored in testdata/golden/<test_name>/data. Typically, you'll use the golden-test record subcommand to populate this directory, but it's also possible to create the desired output files by hand.

Builtin vars in golden tests

In spec.yaml, there some built-in variables like _git_tag that are populated automatically based on the environment. For unit testing, we need the ability to populate these variables with fixed values so the test output is the same every time.

To support this, the test.yaml file may have a top-level field builtin_vars that sets the value of built-in variables while running the test. For example:

api_version: 'cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta2'
kind: 'GoldenTest'

inputs:
  - name: 'some-normal-input'
    value: 'some-value'

# For the purposes of this golden test, provide a fake _git_tag value.
builtin_vars:
  - name: '_git_tag'
    value: 'my-cool-tag'

Technicalities:

• Any built-in variables that are not set by builtin_vars will not be in scope. For example, if your spec.yaml references {{._git_tag}}, but test.yaml doesn't provide a value for _git_tag using builtin_vars in test.yaml, then the golden-test command will fail with an error about an unknown variable.
• You can't set an arbitrary variable name; only a specific known set of variable names are allowed (e.g. _git_sha, _git_tag, _flag_dest).
• Built-in variable names always start with underscore.

For abc describe

The describe command downloads the template and prints out its description, and describes the inputs that it accepts.

Usage:

• abc describe <template_location>

The <template_location> takes the same value as the render command.

Example:

Command:

abc describe github.com/abcxyz/guardian/abc.templates/default-workflows@v0.1.0-alpha12

Output:

Description:  Generate the Guardian workflows for the Google Cloud organization Terraform intrastructure repo.

Input name:   terraform_directory
Description:  A sub-directory for all Terraform files
Default:      .

Input name:   terraform_version
Description:  The terraform version to use with Guardian
Default:      1.5.4

Input name:   guardian_wif_provider
Description:  The Google Cloud workload identity federation provider for Guardian

Input name:   guardian_service_account
Description:  The Google Cloud service account for Guardian
Rule 0:       gcp_matches_service_account(guardian_service_account)

Input name:   guardian_state_bucket
Description:  The Google Cloud storage bucket for Guardian state

User Guide

Start here if you want to install ("render") a template using this CLI tool. "Rendering" a template is when you use the abc CLI to download some template code, do some substitution to replace parts of it with your own values, and write the result to a local directory.

Installation

There are two ways to install:

1. The most official way:

   • Go to https://github.com/abcxyz/abc/releases

   • Pick the most recent release that isn't an -alpha or -rc or anything, just vX.Y.Z

   • Download the .tar.gz file that matches your OS and CPU:

     • Linux: linux_amd64
     • Mac:
       • M1/M2/later: darwin_arm64
       • Intel: darwin_amd64

     You can use the curl -sSL command to download. Please substitute the version number you're downloading:

     $ curl -sSL https://github.com/abcxyz/abc/releases/download/v1.2.3/abc_1.2.3_linux_amd64.tar.gz | tar -xzv abc
     

   • Now you will have an abc file that you can run. Perhaps place it in your $PATH.

2. Alternatively, if you already have a Go programming environment set up, just run go install github.com/abcxyz/abc/cmd/abc@latest.

Tab Autocompletion

Optionally, for tab autocompletion, run:

COMP_INSTALL=1 COMP_YES=1 abc

This will add a complete command to your .bashrc or corresponding file.

Rendering a template

The full user journey looks as follows. For this example, suppose you want to create a "hello world" Go web service.

1. Set up a directory that will receive the rendered template output, and cd to it.

   • Option A: for local experimentation, you can just write into any directory, for example: mkdir ~/template_experiment && cd ~/template_experiment
   • Option B: to create a real service that you'll share with others:
     • create a new git repo that will contain your new service
     • clone it onto your machine (git clone ...)
     • cd into the git directory you just cloned into
     • Create a branch (git checkout -b template_render)
   • Option C: if you know what you're doing, you can create a local repo using git init and worry later about connecting it to an upstream repo.

2. Find the template to install. We assume that you already know the URL of a template that you want to install by reading docs or through word-of-mouth. There is a best-effort list of known templates in template-index.md. For this example, suppose we're installing the "hello jupiter" example from the abc repo.

3. Run the render command:

   $ abc render \
     github.com/abcxyz/abc/examples/templates/render/hello_jupiter@latest
   

   This command will output files in your curent directory that are the result of executing the template.

   • (Optional) examine the resulting files and try running the code:

     $ ls
     main.go
     $ go run main.go
     Hello, jupiter!
     

4. Git commit, push your branch, create a PR, get it reviewed, and submit it.

   $ git add -A
   $ git commit -am 'Initial output of template rendering'
   $ git push origin template_render:$USER/template_render
   
   # Assuming you're using GitHub, now go create a PR.
   

Authentication errors

If abc asks you for a username and password, that probably means that the template you're rendering is in a private git repository, and HTTPS authentication didn't work. You may want to try cloning over SSH instead. To use SSH, you can add --git-protocol=ssh to your command line or set the environment variable ABC_GIT_PROTOCOL=ssh.

Template developer guide

This section explains how you can create a template for others to install (aka "render").

Concepts

A template is installed from a location that you provide. These locations may be either a GitHub repository or a local directory. If you install a template from GitHub, it will be downloaded into a temp directory by abc.

In essence, a template is a directory containing a "spec file", named spec.yaml (example), and other files such as source code and config files.

Model of operation

Template rendering has a few phases:

• The template is downloaded and unpacked into a temp directory, called the "template directory."
• The spec.yaml file is loaded and parsed as YAML from the template directory
• Another temp directory called the "scratch directory" is created.
• The steps in the spec.yaml file are executed in sequence:
  • include actions copy files and directories from the template directory to the scratch directory. This is analogous to a Dockerfile COPY command. For example:

    - action: 'include'
      params:
        paths: ['main.go']
    

  • The append, string_replace, regex_replace, regex_name_lookup, and go_template actions transform the files that are in the scratch directory at the time they're executed.
    • This means that for example a string_replace after an append will affect the appended text, but if put before it will not.
• Once all steps are executed, the contents of the scratch directory are copied to the --dest directory (which default to your current working directory).

Normally, the template and scratch directories are deleted when rendering completes. For debugging, you can provide the flag --keep-temp-dirs to retain them for inspection.

The spec file

The spec file, named spec.yaml describes the template, including:

• A human-readable description of the template
• The version of the YAML schema that is used by this file; we may add or remove fields from spec.yaml
• What inputs are needed from the user (e.g. their GCP service account name or the port number to listen on)
• The sequence of steps to be executed by the CLI when rendering the template (e.g. "replace every instance of __replace_me_service_account__ with the user-provided input named service_account).

Here is an example spec file. It has a single templated file, main.go, and during template rendering all instances of the word world are replaced by a user-provided string. Thus "hello, world" is transformed into "hello, $whatever" in main.go.

api_version: 'cli.abcxyz.dev/v1alpha1'
kind: 'Template'

desc:
  'An example template that changes a "hello world" program to a "hello whoever"
  program'
inputs:
  - name: 'whomever'
    desc: 'The name of the person or thing to say hello to'
steps:
  - desc: 'Include some files and directories'
    action: 'include'
    params:
      paths: ['main.go']
  - desc: 'Replace "world" with user-provided input'
    action: 'string_replace'
    params:
      paths: ['main.go']
      replacements:
        - to_replace: 'world'
          with: '{{.whomever}}'

List of api_versions

The api_version field controls the interpretation of the YAML file. Some features are only available in more recent versions.

The currently valid versions are:

api_version	Supported in abc CLI versions	Notes
cli.abcxyz.dev/v1alpha1	0.0.0 and up	Initial version
cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta1	0.2.0 and up	Adds support for an if predicate on each step in spec.yaml
cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta2	0.4.0 and up	Adds: - the top-level ignore field in spec.yaml - Path globs
cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta3	0.5.0	Adds: - _git_* builtin variables
cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta4	0.6.0	Adds: - independent rules
cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta5	0.6.0	Same as v1beta4 for complex reasons
cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta6	0.7.0	Adds: the _now_ms variable and formatTime function in Go-templates

Template inputs

Typically the CLI user will supply certain values as --input=inputname=value which will be used by the spec file (such as whomever in the preceding example). Alternatively, the user can use --prompt rather than --input to enter values interactively.

A template may not need any inputs, in which case the inputs top-level field in the spec.yaml can be omitted.

Each input in the inputs list has these fields:

• name: an identifier for this input that will be used in template expressions (like {{.myinput}}) and CEL expressions.

• description: documentation for the users of your template to help them understand what value to enter for this input.

• default (optional): the string value that will be used if the user doesn't supply this input. If an input doesn't have a default, then a value for that input must be given by the CLI user.

• rules: a list of validation rule objects. Each rule object has these fields:

  • rule: a CEL expression that returns true if the input is valid.

    This CEL expression has access to all each input value as a CEL variable of the same name (see examples below). The type in CEL of each input variable is always string. You can convert a string of digits to a number using int(my_input) if you need to do numeric comparisons; see the "min_size_bytes" example below.

    This CEL expression can call extra CEL functions that we added to address common validation needs link, such as gcp_matches_project_id(string) and gcp_matches_service_account(string).

  • message (optional): a message to show to the CLI user if validation fails. The template author can use this to tell the user what input format is valid.

The input validation rules may be skipped with the --skip-input-validation flag, documented above.

An example input without a default:

inputs:
  - name: 'output_filename'
    desc: 'The name of the file to create'

An example input with a default:

inputs:
  - name: 'output_filename'
    description: 'The name of the file to create'
    default: 'out.txt'

An example of parsing an input as an integer:

inputs:
  - name: 'disk_size_bytes'
    rules:
      - rule: 'int(disk_size_bytes)' # Will fail if disk_size_bytes (which is a string) can't be parsed as int
        message: 'Must be an integer'

An example input with a validation rule:

inputs:
  - name: 'project_id_to_use'
    rules:
      - rule: 'gcp_matches_project_id(project_id_to_use)'
        message: 'Must be a GCP project ID'

An example of validating multiple inputs together:

inputs:
  - name: 'min_size_bytes'
  - name: 'max_size_bytes'
    rules:
      - rule: 'int(min_size_bytes) <= int(max_size_bytes)'
        message: "the max can't be less than the min"

Top-level rules

Most of the time, validation rules will be part of an inputs declaration as described above. But it's also possible to create validation rules that are independent of any input and go at the topmost scope of the spec file.

To use this feature, your spec.yaml must declare api_version: cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta4 or greater.

Example:

apiVersion: "cli.abcxyz.dev/v1beta4"
kind: "Template"
desc: "An example of using independent rules"
rules:
  - rule: '_git_sha != ""'
    message: "this template must be installed from a git repo"

Built-in template variables

Besides the template inputs described above, there are built-in template variables that are automatically provided. These can be referenced in a go-template context as {{._my_variable}} and in a CEL context as my_variable. The built-in variables are:

• _git_sha: If the template source is a git repo (local or remote), then this will be set to the hex git SHA of the source. If the template is NOT being rendered from git (for example, it's being rendered from a local directory that's not in a git repo), then this variable will exist but its value will be empty string.

  Available in api_versions v1beta3 and later.

  The motivating use case for this is to allow terraform module sources to be pinned to the same SHA of the template that is being rendered.

  Example:

  steps:
    - desc: 'Replace git_sha_goes_here with actual git sha in terraform files'
      action: 'string_replace'
      params:
        paths: ['*.tf']
        replacements:
          - to_replace: 'git_sha_goes_here'
            with: '{{._git_sha}}'
  

• _git_short_sha: It's like _git_sha above, except it's only the first 7 characters rather than the full SHA.

  Available in api_versions v1beta3 and later.

• _git_tag: If...

  1. the template source is a git repo (local or remote)
  2. there is a tag corresponding to the template source SHA

  ... then _git_tag will be set to the git tag name. Otherwise _git_tag will be an empty string.

  There's one rare edge case: if the template source SHA has multiple tags that point to it, we break the tie as follows. We attempt to parse the tags as semantic version and take the latest one. If that doesn't work because the tags are not semver, then we take the lexicographically largest tag name.

  Available in api_versions v1beta3 and later.

• _flag_dest: this variable is only in scope within the params field of a print action. It contains the destination directory that the template is being rendered to. It's intended to be used to show instructions to the user, like message: "cd into {{._flag_dest}} and run the foo command.

• _flag_source: this variable is only in scope within the params field of a print action. It contains the source directory that the template is being rendered from.

Templating

Most fields in the spec file can use template expressions that reference the input values. In the above example, the replacement value of {{.whomever}} means "the user-provided input value named whomever." This uses the text/template templating language that is part of the Go standard library.

Steps and actions

Each step of the spec file performs a single action. A single step consists of:

• an optional string named desc
• a required string named action
• (in api_version >= v1beta1) an optional string named if containing CEL predicate (more below on CEL).
• a required object named params whose fields depend on the action

Example:

desc: 'An optional human-readable description of what this step is for'
action: 'action-name' # One of 'include', 'print', 'append', 'string_replace', 'regex_replace', `regex_name_lookup`, `go_template`, `for_each`
if: 'bool(my_input) || int(my_other_input) > 42' # Optional CEL expression
params:
  foo: bar # The params differ depending on the action

Action: include

Copies files or directories from the template directory to the scratch directory. It's similar to the COPY command in a Dockerfile.

Params:

• paths: a list of files and/or directories to copy. These may use template expressions or file globs (e.g. {{.my_input}}, *.txt). Directories will be crawled recursively and every file underneath will be processed. By default, the output location of each file is the same as its location in the template directory.

• as: as list of output locations relative to the output directory. This can be used to make the output location(s) different than the input locations. If as is present, its length must be equal to the length of paths; that is, each path must be given an output location. These may use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}). If file globs are used in paths, the corresponding as inputs will be treated as directories:

  - paths: ['*.txt', '*.md', 'nonglob.json']
    as: ['dir1', 'dir2', 'newname.json']
  

  output:
  
  /dir1/file1.txt
  /dir1/file2.txt
  /dir2/file3.md
  /dir2/file4.md
  /newname.json
  

• skip: omits some files or directories that might be present in the input paths. For each path in paths, if $path/$skip exists, it won't be included in the output. This supports use cases like "I want every thing in this directory except this specific subdirectory and this specific file."

  It's not an error if the path to skip wasn't found.

  As a special case, the template spec file is automatically skipped and omitted from the template output when the template has an include for the path .. We assume that when template authors say "copy everything in the template into the output," they mean "everything except the spec file."

  These may use template expressions or file globs (e.g. {{.my_input}}, *.txt).

• from: rarely used. The only currently valid value is 'destination'. This allows the template to modify a file that is already present on the user's filesystem. This copies files into the scratch from the destination directory instead of the template directory. The paths must point to files that exist in the destination directory (which defaults to the current working directory. See the example below.

Examples:

• A simple include, where each file keeps it location:

  - action: 'include'
    params:
      paths: ['main.go', '{{.user_requested_config}}/config.txt']
  

• Using as to relocate files:

  - action: 'include'
    params:
      paths: ['{{.dbname}}/db.go']
      as: ['db.go']
  

• Using skip to omit certain sub-paths:

  - action: 'include'
    params:
      paths: ['configs']
      skip: ['unwanted_subdir', 'unwanted_file.txt']
  

• Appending to a file that already exists in the destination directory using from: destination:

  - action: 'include'
    params:
      from: 'destination'
      paths: ['existing_file_in_dest_dir.txt']
  - action: 'append'
    params:
      paths: ['existing_file_in_dest_dir.txt']
      with: "I'm a new line at the end of the file"
  

Action: print

Prints a message to standard output. This can be used to suggest actions to the user.

Params:

• message: the message to show. May use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}).

  The print action has special access to extra template variables named _flag_* containing the values of some of the command line flags. This can be useful to print a message like Template rendering is done, now please to go the {{._flag_dest}} directory and run a certain command. The available values are:

  • {{._flag_dest}}: the value of the --dest flag, e.g. .
  • {{._flag_source}}: the template location that's being rendered, e.g. github.com/abcxyz/abc/t/my_template@latest

Example:

- action: 'print'
  params:
    message:
      'Please go to the GCP console for project {{.project_id}} and click the
      thing'

Action: append

Appends a string on the end of a given file. File must already exist. If no newline at end of with parameter, one will be added unless skip_ensure_newline is set to true.

If you need to remove an existing trailing newline before appending, use regex_replace instead.

Params:

• paths: List of files and/or directory trees to append to end of. May use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}). Directories will be crawled recursively and every file underneath will be processed.
• with: String to append to the file.
• skip_ensure_newline: Bool (default false). When true, a with not ending in a newline will result in a file with no terminating newline. If false, a newline will be added automatically if not provided.

Example:

- action: 'append'
  params:
    paths: ['foo.html', 'web/']
    with: '</html>\n'
    skip_ensure_newline: false

Action: string_replace

Within a given list of files and/or directories, replaces all occurrences of a given string with a given replacement string.

Params:

• paths: a list of files and/or directories in which to do the replacement. May use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}). Directories will be crawled recursively and every file underneath will be processed.
• replacements: a list of objects, each having the form:
  • to_replace: the string to search for. May use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}).
  • with: the string to replace with. May use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}).

Example:

- action: 'string_replace'
  params:
    paths: ['main.go']
    replacements:
      - to_replace: 'Alice'
        with: '{{.sender_name}}'
      - to_replace: 'Bob'
        with: '{{.receiver_name}}'

Action: regex_replace

Within a given list of files and/or directories, replace a regular expression (or a subgroup thereof) with a given string.

Params:

• paths: A list of files and/or directories in which to do the replacement. May use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}). Directories will be crawled recursively and every file underneath will be processed.

• replacements: a list of objects, each having the form:

  • regex: an RE2 regular expression, optionally containing named subgroups (like (?P<mygroupname>[a-z]+). May use template expressions.

    Non-named subgroups (like (abc)|(def))are not supported, for the sake of readability. Use a non-capturing group (like (?:abc)|(?:abc)) if you need grouping without capturing.

    Note that by default, RE2 doesn't use multiline mode, so ^ and $ will match the start and end of the entire file, rather than each line. To enter multiline mode you need to set the flag by including this: (?m:YOUR_REGEX_HERE). More information available in RE2 docs.

  • with: a string to that will replace regex matches (or, if the subgroup_to_replace field is set, will replace only that subgroup). May use template expressions and may use Regexp.Expand() syntax (e.g. ${mysubgroup}).

    Regex expansion (e.g. ${mygroup}) happens before before go-template expansion (e.g. {{ .myinput }}; that means you can use a subgroup to name an input variable, like {{ .${mygroup} }}. That expression means "the replacement value is calculated by taking the text of the regex subgroup named mygroup and looking up the user-provided input variable having that name." This is covered in the examples below.

Examples:

• Find gcp_project_id=(anything) and replace x with the user-provided input named project_id:

  - action: 'regex_replace'
    params:
      paths: ['main.go']
      replacements:
        - regex: 'gcp_project_id=[a-z0-9-]+'
          with: 'gcp_project_id={{.project_id}}'
  

• Do the same thing as above, in a different way:

  - action: 'regex_replace'
    params:
      paths: ['main.go']
      replacements:
        - regex: 'gcp_project_id=(?P<proj_id>[a-z0-9-]+)'
          subgroup_to_replace: 'proj_id'
          with: '{{.project_id}}'
  

• Even more fancy: replace all instances of gcp_$foo=$bar with gcp_$foo=$user_provided_input_named_foo:

  - action: 'regex_replace'
    params:
      paths: ['main.go']
      replacements:
        - regex: 'gcp_(?P<input_name>[a-z_]+)=(?P<value>[a-z0-9-]+)'
          subgroup_to_replace: 'value'
          with: '{{ .${input_name} }}'
  

• Replace all instances of template_me_$foo=$bar with $foo=$user_provided_input_named_foo:

  - action: 'regex_replace'
    params:
      paths: ['main.go']
      replacements:
        - regex: 'template_me_(?P<input_name>[a-z_]+)=(?P<value>[a-z0-9-]+)'
          with: '${input_name}={{ .${input_name} }}'
  

Action: regex_name_lookup

regex_name_lookup is similar to regex_replace, but simpler to use, at the cost of generality. It matches a regular expression and replaces each named subgroup with the input variable whose name matches the subgroup name.

Params:

• paths: A list of files and/or directories in which to do the replacement. May use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}). Directories will be crawled recursively and every file underneath will be processed.
• replacements: a list of objects, each having the form:
  • regex: an RE2 regular expression containing one or more named subgroups. Each subgroup will be replaced by looking up the input variable having the same name as the subgroup.

Example: replace all appearances of template_me with the input variable named myinput:

- action: 'regex_name_lookup'
  params:
    paths: ['main.go']
    replacements:
      - regex: '(?P<myinput>template_me)'

Action: go_template

Executes a file as a Go template, replacing the file with the template output.

Params:

• paths: A list of files and/or directories in which to do the replacement. May use template expressions (e.g. {{.my_input}}). Directories will be crawled recursively and every file underneath will be processed. These files will be rendered with Go's text/template templating language.

Example:

Suppose you have a file named hello.html that looks like this, with a {{.foo}} template expression:

<html><body>
{{ if .friendly }}
Hello, {{.person_name}}!
{{ else }}
Go jump in a lake, {{.person_name}}.
{{ end }}
</body></html>

This action will replace {{.person_name}} (and all other template expressions) with the corresponding inputs:

- action: 'go_template'
  params:
    paths: ['hello.html']

Action: for_each

The for_each action lets you execute a sequence of steps repeatedly for each element of a list. For example, you might want your template to create several copies of a given file, one per application environment (e.g. production, staging).

There are two variants of for_each. One variant accepts a hardcoded YAML list of values to iterate over in the values field. The other variant accepts a CEL expression in the values_from field that outputs a list of strings.

Variant 1 example: hardcoded list of YAML values:

- desc: 'Iterate over each (hard-coded) environment'
  action: 'for_each'
  params:
    iterator:
      key: 'environment'
      values: ['production', 'dev']
    steps:
      - desc: 'Do some action for each environment'
        action: 'print'
        params:
          message: 'Now processing environment named {{.environment}}'

Variant 2 example: a CEL expression that produces the list to iterate over:

- desc: 'Iterate over each environment, produced by CEL as a list'
  action: 'for_each'
  params:
    iterator:
      key: 'environment'
      values_from: 'comma_separated_environments.split(",")'
    steps:
      - desc: 'Do some action for each environment'
        action: 'print'
        params:
          message: 'Now processing environment named {{.environment}}'

Params:

• iterator: an object containing the key key, and exactly one of values or values_from.
  • key: the name of the index variable that assumes the value of each element of the list.
  • values: a list of strings to iterate over.
  • values_from: a CEL expression that outputs a list of strings.
• steps: a list of steps/actions to execute in the scope of the for_each loop. It's analogous to the steps field at the top level of the spec file.

Ignore (Optional)

This ignore feature is similiar to skip in include action, the difference here is that ignore is global and it applies to every include action.

We use filepath Match to match the file and directory paths that should be ignored if included/copied to destination directory. In addition, we also match file and directory names using the same accepted patterns.

This section is optional, if not provided, a default ignore list is used: .DS_Store, .bin, and .ssh, meaning all file and directory matching these names will be ignored. To set your custom ignore list, please check accepted patterns here. Note: a leading slash in a pattern here means the source of the included paths.

Example:

ignore:
  # Ignore `.ssh` under root, root is the template dir or destination dir if the
  # included paths are from destination.
  - '/.ssh'
  # Ignore all txt files with name `tmp.txt` recursively (under root and its
  # sub-directories).
  - 'tmp.txt'
  # Ignore all txt files in the sub-directories with folder depth of 2.
  - '*/*.txt'
  # Ignore all cfg files recursively.
  - '*.cfg'
steps:
  - desc: 'Include some files and directories'
    action: 'include'
    params:
      paths: ['.ssh', 'src_dir']
  - desc: 'Include some files and directories from destination'
    action: 'include'
    params:
      paths: ['dest_dir']
      from: 'destination'

Post-rendering validation test (golden test)

We use post-rendering validation tests to record (capture the anticipated outcome akin to expected output in unit test) and subsequently verify template rendering results.

To add golden tests to your template, all you need is to create a testdata/golden folder under your template, and a testdata/golden/<test_name>/test.yaml for each of your tests to define test metadata and input parameters.

The test.yaml for a post-rendering validation test may look like,

api_version: 'cli.abcxyz.dev/v1alpha1'
kind: 'GoldenTest'

inputs:
  - name: 'input_a'
    value: 'a'
  - name: 'input_b'
    value: 'b'

Then you can use abc golden-test to record (capture the anticipated outcome akin to expected output in unit test)or verify the tests.

Using CEL

We use the CEL language to allow template authors to embed scripts in the spec file in certain places. The places you can use CEL are:

• the from_values field inside for_each that produces a list of values to iterate over
• the rule field inside an input that validates the input and returns a boolean
• (starting in api_version v1beta1) the if field inside a step object

CEL, the Common Expression Language), is a non-Turing complete language that's designed to be easily embedded in programs. "Expression" means "a computation that produces a value", like 1+1 or ["shark"+"nado", "croco"+"gator"].

The CEL expressions you write in your spec file will have access to the template inputs, as in this example:

For example:

- desc: 'Iterate over each environment, produced by CEL as a list'
  action: 'for_each'
  params:
    iterator:
      key: 'env'
      values: 'input.comma_separated_environments.split(",")'

The above example also shows the split function, which is not part of the core CEL language. It's a "custom function" that we added to CEL to support a common need for templates (see below).

Custom functions reference

These are the functions that we added that are not normally part of CEL.

• gcp_matches_project_id(string) returns whether the input matches the format of a GCP project ID.

  You might want to use this for a template that creates a project or references an existing project.

  Examples:

  gcp_matches_project_id("my-project") == true
  gcp_matches_project_id("example.com:my-project") == true
  

• gcp_matches_service_account(string) returns whether the input matches a full GCP service account name. It can be either an API-created service account or a platform-created service agent.

  You might want to use this for a template that requires a reference to an already-created service account.

  Example:

  gcp_matches_service_account("platform-ops@abcxyz-my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com") == true
  gcp_matches_service_account("platform-ops") == false
  

• gcp_matches_service_account_id(string) returns whether the input matches the part of a GCP service account name before the "@" sign.

  You might want to use this for a template that creates a service account.

  Example:

  gcp_matches_service_account_id("platform-ops") == true
  gcp_matches_service_account_id("platform-ops@abcxyz-my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com") == false
  

• matches_capitalized_bool(string): returns whether the input is a stringified boolean starting with a capitalized letter, as used in Python.

  This function doesn't accept boolean inputs because the whole point is that we're checking the string form of a boolean for its capiltalization.

  Examples:

  matches_capitalized_bool("True") == true
  matches_capitalized_bool("False") == true
  matches_capitalized_bool("true") == false
  matches_capitalized_bool("false") == false
  matches_uncapitalized_bool("something_else") == false
  

• matches_uncapitalized_bool(string): returns whether the input is a stringified boolean starting with a capitalized letter, as used in Go, Terraform, and others.

  This function doesn't accept boolean inputs because the whole point is that we're checking the string form of a boolean for its capiltalization.

  Example expressions:

  matches_uncapitalized_bool("true") == true
  matches_uncapitalized_bool("false") == true
  matches_uncapitalized_bool("True") == false
  matches_uncapitalized_bool("False") == false
  matches_uncapitalized_bool("something_else") == false
  

• string.split(split_char): we added a "split" method on strings. This has the same semantics as Go's strings.Split function.

  Example:

  "abc,def".split(",") == ["abc", "def"]
  

Update Checks

abcxyz/abc-updater is run once a day to check for newer versions of abc, results are printed to stderr if an update is available. This check can be disabled by setting the environment variable ABC_IGNORE_VERSIONS=ALL. Notifications can be disabled for specific versions with a list of versions and constraints ABC_IGNORE_VERSIONS=<2.0.0,3.5.0.

This check is not done on non-release builds, as they don't have canonical version to check against.

Metrics

Google collects usage statics. No identifible data is collected. Mtrics are collected using abcxyz/abc-updater.

Currently, data is collected on:

• Count of total invocations
• Count of each sub-command (render, describe, upgrade, ect)
• Count of invocations running in panic
• Runtime in ms of each invocation

Along with each metric, the following metadata is recorded:

• Application version
• Installation time with minute granularity

Metrics data is retained for 24 months.

You can opt-out of collection by setting the following environment variable:

ABC_NO_METRICS=TRUE