roaring

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 Go to latest Published: Jun 3, 2024 License: Apache-2.0, BSD-3-Clause, Apache-2.0 Imports: 18 Imported by: 725

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roaring

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This is a go version of the Roaring bitmap data structure.

Roaring bitmaps are used by several major systems such as Apache Lucene and derivative systems such as Solr and Elasticsearch, Apache Druid (Incubating), LinkedIn Pinot, Netflix Atlas, Apache Spark, OpenSearchServer, anacrolix/torrent, Whoosh, Redpanda, Pilosa, Microsoft Visual Studio Team Services (VSTS), and eBay's Apache Kylin. The YouTube SQL Engine, Google Procella, uses Roaring bitmaps for indexing.

Roaring bitmaps are found to work well in many important applications:

Use Roaring for bitmap compression whenever possible. Do not use other bitmap compression methods (Wang et al., SIGMOD 2017)

The roaring Go library is used by

This library is used in production in several systems, it is part of the Awesome Go collection.

There are also Java and C/C++ versions. The Java, C, C++ and Go version are binary compatible: e.g, you can save bitmaps from a Java program and load them back in Go, and vice versa. We have a format specification.

This code is licensed under Apache License, Version 2.0 (ASL2.0).

Copyright 2016-... by the authors.

When should you use a bitmap?

Sets are a fundamental abstraction in software. They can be implemented in various ways, as hash sets, as trees, and so forth. In databases and search engines, sets are often an integral part of indexes. For example, we may need to maintain a set of all documents or rows (represented by numerical identifier) that satisfy some property. Besides adding or removing elements from the set, we need fast functions to compute the intersection, the union, the difference between sets, and so on.

To implement a set of integers, a particularly appealing strategy is the bitmap (also called bitset or bit vector). Using n bits, we can represent any set made of the integers from the range [0,n): the ith bit is set to one if integer i is present in the set. Commodity processors use words of W=32 or W=64 bits. By combining many such words, we can support large values of n. Intersections, unions and differences can then be implemented as bitwise AND, OR and ANDNOT operations. More complicated set functions can also be implemented as bitwise operations.

When the bitset approach is applicable, it can be orders of magnitude faster than other possible implementation of a set (e.g., as a hash set) while using several times less memory.

However, a bitset, even a compressed one is not always applicable. For example, if you have 1000 random-looking integers, then a simple array might be the best representation. We refer to this case as the "sparse" scenario.

When should you use compressed bitmaps?

An uncompressed BitSet can use a lot of memory. For example, if you take a BitSet and set the bit at position 1,000,000 to true and you have just over 100kB. That is over 100kB to store the position of one bit. This is wasteful even if you do not care about memory: suppose that you need to compute the intersection between this BitSet and another one that has a bit at position 1,000,001 to true, then you need to go through all these zeroes, whether you like it or not. That can become very wasteful.

This being said, there are definitively cases where attempting to use compressed bitmaps is wasteful. For example, if you have a small universe size. E.g., your bitmaps represent sets of integers from [0,n) where n is small (e.g., n=64 or n=128). If you can use uncompressed BitSet and it does not blow up your memory usage, then compressed bitmaps are probably not useful to you. In fact, if you do not need compression, then a BitSet offers remarkable speed.

The sparse scenario is another use case where compressed bitmaps should not be used. Keep in mind that random-looking data is usually not compressible. E.g., if you have a small set of 32-bit random integers, it is not mathematically possible to use far less than 32 bits per integer, and attempts at compression can be counterproductive.

How does Roaring compares with the alternatives?

Most alternatives to Roaring are part of a larger family of compressed bitmaps that are run-length-encoded bitmaps. They identify long runs of 1s or 0s and they represent them with a marker word. If you have a local mix of 1s and 0, you use an uncompressed word.

There are many formats in this family:

  • Oracle's BBC is an obsolete format at this point: though it may provide good compression, it is likely much slower than more recent alternatives due to excessive branching.
  • WAH is a patented variation on BBC that provides better performance.
  • Concise is a variation on the patented WAH. It some specific instances, it can compress much better than WAH (up to 2x better), but it is generally slower.
  • EWAH is both free of patent, and it is faster than all the above. On the downside, it does not compress quite as well. It is faster because it allows some form of "skipping" over uncompressed words. So though none of these formats are great at random access, EWAH is better than the alternatives.

There is a big problem with these formats however that can hurt you badly in some cases: there is no random access. If you want to check whether a given value is present in the set, you have to start from the beginning and "uncompress" the whole thing. This means that if you want to intersect a big set with a large set, you still have to uncompress the whole big set in the worst case...

Roaring solves this problem. It works in the following manner. It divides the data into chunks of 216 integers (e.g., [0, 216), [216, 2 x 216), ...). Within a chunk, it can use an uncompressed bitmap, a simple list of integers, or a list of runs. Whatever format it uses, they all allow you to check for the presence of any one value quickly (e.g., with a binary search). The net result is that Roaring can compute many operations much faster than run-length-encoded formats like WAH, EWAH, Concise... Maybe surprisingly, Roaring also generally offers better compression ratios.

References
  • Daniel Lemire, Owen Kaser, Nathan Kurz, Luca Deri, Chris O'Hara, François Saint-Jacques, Gregory Ssi-Yan-Kai, Roaring Bitmaps: Implementation of an Optimized Software Library, Software: Practice and Experience 48 (4), 2018 arXiv:1709.07821
  • Samy Chambi, Daniel Lemire, Owen Kaser, Robert Godin, Better bitmap performance with Roaring bitmaps, Software: Practice and Experience 46 (5), 2016.arXiv:1402.6407 This paper used data from http://lemire.me/data/realroaring2014.html
  • Daniel Lemire, Gregory Ssi-Yan-Kai, Owen Kaser, Consistently faster and smaller compressed bitmaps with Roaring, Software: Practice and Experience 46 (11), 2016. arXiv:1603.06549
Dependencies

Dependencies are fetched automatically by giving the -t flag to go get.

they include

  • github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset
  • github.com/mschoch/smat
  • github.com/glycerine/go-unsnap-stream
  • github.com/philhofer/fwd
  • github.com/jtolds/gls

Note that the smat library requires Go 1.6 or better.

Installation
  • go get -t github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring
Instructions for contributors

Using bash or other common shells:

$ git clone git@github.com:RoaringBitmap/roaring.git
$ export GO111MODULE=on 
$ go mod tidy
$ go test -v
Example

Here is a simplified but complete example:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring"
    "bytes"
)


func main() {
    // example inspired by https://github.com/fzandona/goroar
    fmt.Println("==roaring==")
    rb1 := roaring.BitmapOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 100, 1000)
    fmt.Println(rb1.String())

    rb2 := roaring.BitmapOf(3, 4, 1000)
    fmt.Println(rb2.String())

    rb3 := roaring.New()
    fmt.Println(rb3.String())

    fmt.Println("Cardinality: ", rb1.GetCardinality())

    fmt.Println("Contains 3? ", rb1.Contains(3))

    rb1.And(rb2)

    rb3.Add(1)
    rb3.Add(5)

    rb3.Or(rb1)

    // computes union of the three bitmaps in parallel using 4 workers  
    roaring.ParOr(4, rb1, rb2, rb3)
    // computes intersection of the three bitmaps in parallel using 4 workers  
    roaring.ParAnd(4, rb1, rb2, rb3)


    // prints 1, 3, 4, 5, 1000
    i := rb3.Iterator()
    for i.HasNext() {
        fmt.Println(i.Next())
    }
    fmt.Println()

    // next we include an example of serialization
    buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
    rb1.WriteTo(buf) // we omit error handling
    newrb:= roaring.New()
    newrb.ReadFrom(buf)
    if rb1.Equals(newrb) {
    	fmt.Println("I wrote the content to a byte stream and read it back.")
    }
    // you can iterate over bitmaps using ReverseIterator(), Iterator, ManyIterator()
}

If you wish to use serialization and handle errors, you might want to consider the following sample of code:

	rb := BitmapOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 100, 1000)
	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
	size,err:=rb.WriteTo(buf)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Failed writing")
	}
	newrb:= New()
	size,err=newrb.ReadFrom(buf)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Failed reading")
	}
	if ! rb.Equals(newrb) {
		t.Errorf("Cannot retrieve serialized version")
	}

Given N integers in [0,x), then the serialized size in bytes of a Roaring bitmap should never exceed this bound:

8 + 9 * ((long)x+65535)/65536 + 2 * N

That is, given a fixed overhead for the universe size (x), Roaring bitmaps never use more than 2 bytes per integer. You can call BoundSerializedSizeInBytes for a more precise estimate.

64-bit Roaring

By default, roaring is used to stored unsigned 32-bit integers. However, we also offer an extension dedicated to 64-bit integers. It supports roughly the same functions:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring/roaring64"
    "bytes"
)


func main() {
    // example inspired by https://github.com/fzandona/goroar
    fmt.Println("==roaring64==")
    rb1 := roaring64.BitmapOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 100, 1000)
    fmt.Println(rb1.String())

    rb2 := roaring64.BitmapOf(3, 4, 1000)
    fmt.Println(rb2.String())

    rb3 := roaring64.New()
    fmt.Println(rb3.String())

    fmt.Println("Cardinality: ", rb1.GetCardinality())

    fmt.Println("Contains 3? ", rb1.Contains(3))

    rb1.And(rb2)

    rb3.Add(1)
    rb3.Add(5)

    rb3.Or(rb1)



    // prints 1, 3, 4, 5, 1000
    i := rb3.Iterator()
    for i.HasNext() {
        fmt.Println(i.Next())
    }
    fmt.Println()

    // next we include an example of serialization
    buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
    rb1.WriteTo(buf) // we omit error handling
    newrb:= roaring64.New()
    newrb.ReadFrom(buf)
    if rb1.Equals(newrb) {
    	fmt.Println("I wrote the content to a byte stream and read it back.")
    }
    // you can iterate over bitmaps using ReverseIterator(), Iterator, ManyIterator()
}

Only the 32-bit roaring format is standard and cross-operable between Java, C++, C and Go. There is no guarantee that the 64-bit versions are compatible.

Documentation

Current documentation is available at https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring and https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring/roaring64

Goroutine safety

In general, it should not generally be considered safe to access the same bitmaps using different goroutines--they are left unsynchronized for performance. Should you want to access a Bitmap from more than one goroutine, you should provide synchronization. Typically this is done by using channels to pass the *Bitmap around (in Go style; so there is only ever one owner), or by using sync.Mutex to serialize operations on Bitmaps.

Coverage

We test our software. For a report on our test coverage, see

https://coveralls.io/github/RoaringBitmap/roaring?branch=master

Benchmark

Type

     go test -bench Benchmark -run -

To run benchmarks on Real Roaring Datasets run the following:

go get github.com/RoaringBitmap/real-roaring-datasets
BENCH_REAL_DATA=1 go test -bench BenchmarkRealData -run -
Iterative use

You can use roaring with gore:

  • go get -u github.com/motemen/gore
  • Make sure that $GOPATH/bin is in your $PATH.
  • go get github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring
$ gore
gore version 0.2.6  :help for help
gore> :import github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring
gore> x:=roaring.New()
gore> x.Add(1)
gore> x.String()
"{1}"
Fuzzy testing

You can help us test further the library with fuzzy testing:

     go get github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz/go-fuzz
     go get github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz/go-fuzz-build
     go test -tags=gofuzz -run=TestGenerateSmatCorpus
     go-fuzz-build github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring
     go-fuzz -bin=./roaring-fuzz.zip -workdir=workdir/ -timeout=200 -func FuzzSmat

Let it run, and if the # of crashers is > 0, check out the reports in the workdir where you should be able to find the panic goroutine stack traces.

You may also replace -func FuzzSmat by -func FuzzSerializationBuffer or -func FuzzSerializationStream.

Alternative in Go

There is a Go version wrapping the C/C++ implementation https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/gocroaring

For an alternative implementation in Go, see https://github.com/fzandona/goroar The two versions were written independently.

Mailing list/discussion group

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/roaring-bitmaps

Documentation

Overview

Package roaring is an implementation of Roaring Bitmaps in Go. They provide fast compressed bitmap data structures (also called bitset). They are ideally suited to represent sets of integers over relatively small ranges. See http://roaringbitmap.org for details.

Index

Constants

View Source 
const (

	// MaxUint32 is the largest uint32 value.
	MaxUint32 = math.MaxUint32

	// MaxRange is One more than the maximum allowed bitmap bit index. For use as an upper
	// bound for ranges.
	MaxRange uint64 = MaxUint32 + 1

	// MaxUint16 is the largest 16 bit unsigned int.
	// This is the largest value an interval16 can store.
	MaxUint16 = math.MaxUint16
)

Variables

View Source 
var (
	// ErrFrozenBitmapInvalidCookie is returned when the header does not contain the frozenCookie.
	ErrFrozenBitmapInvalidCookie = errors.New("header does not contain the frozenCookie")
	// ErrFrozenBitmapBigEndian is returned when the header is big endian.
	ErrFrozenBitmapBigEndian = errors.New("loading big endian frozen bitmaps is not supported")
	// ErrFrozenBitmapIncomplete is returned when the buffer is too small to contain a frozen bitmap.
	ErrFrozenBitmapIncomplete = errors.New("input buffer too small to contain a frozen bitmap")
	// ErrFrozenBitmapOverpopulated is returned when the number of containers is too large.
	ErrFrozenBitmapOverpopulated = errors.New("too many containers")
	// ErrFrozenBitmapUnexpectedData is returned when the buffer contains unexpected data.
	ErrFrozenBitmapUnexpectedData = errors.New("spurious data in input")
	// ErrFrozenBitmapInvalidTypecode is returned when the typecode is invalid.
	ErrFrozenBitmapInvalidTypecode = errors.New("unrecognized typecode")
	// ErrFrozenBitmapBufferTooSmall is returned when the buffer is too small.
	ErrFrozenBitmapBufferTooSmall = errors.New("buffer too small")
)

Functions

func BoundSerializedSizeInBytes added in v0.2.1 

func BoundSerializedSizeInBytes(cardinality uint64, universeSize uint64) uint64

BoundSerializedSizeInBytes returns an upper bound on the serialized size in bytes assuming that one wants to store "cardinality" integers in [0, universe_size)

Types

type Bitmap added in v0.2.0 

type Bitmap struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Bitmap represents a compressed bitmap where you can add integers.

func AddOffset added in v0.4.14 

func AddOffset(x *Bitmap, offset uint32) (answer *Bitmap)

AddOffset adds the value 'offset' to each and every value in a bitmap, generating a new bitmap in the process

func AddOffset64 added in v0.4.22 

func AddOffset64(x *Bitmap, offset int64) (answer *Bitmap)

AddOffset64 adds the value 'offset' to each and every value in a bitmap, generating a new bitmap in the process If offset + element is outside of the range [0,2^32), that the element will be dropped

func And 

func And(x1, x2 *Bitmap) *Bitmap

And computes the intersection between two bitmaps and returns the result

func AndNot 

func AndNot(x1, x2 *Bitmap) *Bitmap

AndNot computes the difference between two bitmaps and returns the result

func BitmapOf 

func BitmapOf(dat ...uint32) *Bitmap

BitmapOf generates a new bitmap filled with the specified integers

func FastAnd 

func FastAnd(bitmaps ...*Bitmap) *Bitmap

FastAnd computes the intersection between many bitmaps quickly Compared to the And function, it can take many bitmaps as input, thus saving the trouble of manually calling "And" many times.

Performance hints: if you have very large and tiny bitmaps, it may be beneficial performance-wise to put a tiny bitmap in first position.

func FastOr 

func FastOr(bitmaps ...*Bitmap) *Bitmap

FastOr computes the union between many bitmaps quickly, as opposed to having to call Or repeatedly. It might also be faster than calling Or repeatedly.

func Flip 

func Flip(bm *Bitmap, rangeStart, rangeEnd uint64) *Bitmap

Flip negates the bits in the given range (i.e., [rangeStart,rangeEnd)), any integer present in this range and in the bitmap is removed, and any integer present in the range and not in the bitmap is added, a new bitmap is returned leaving the current bitmap unchanged. The function uses 64-bit parameters even though a Bitmap stores 32-bit values because it is allowed and meaningful to use [0,uint64(0x100000000)) as a range while uint64(0x100000000) cannot be represented as a 32-bit value.

func FlipInt 

func FlipInt(bm *Bitmap, rangeStart, rangeEnd int) *Bitmap

FlipInt calls Flip after casting the parameters (convenience method)

func FromBitSet added in v1.7.0 

func FromBitSet(bitset *bitset.BitSet) *Bitmap

FromBitSet creates a new RoaringBitmap from a bitset.BitSet instance

func FromDense added in v1.7.0 

func FromDense(bitmap []uint64, doCopy bool) *Bitmap

FromDense creates a bitmap from a slice of uint64s representing the bitmap as a dense bitmap. Useful to convert bitmaps from libraries like https://github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset or https://github.com/kelindar/bitmap into roaring bitmaps fast and with convenience.

This function will not create any run containers, only array and bitmap containers. It's up to the caller to call RunOptimize if they want to further compress the runs of consecutive values.

When doCopy is true, the bitmap is copied into a new slice for each bitmap container. This is useful when the bitmap is going to be modified after this function returns or if it's undesirable to hold references to large bitmaps which the GC would not be able to collect. One copy can still happen even when doCopy is false if the bitmap length is not divisible by bitmapContainerSize.

See also FromBitSet.

func HeapOr added in v0.1.1 

func HeapOr(bitmaps ...*Bitmap) *Bitmap

HeapOr computes the union between many bitmaps quickly using a heap. It might be faster than calling Or repeatedly.

func HeapXor added in v0.1.1 

func HeapXor(bitmaps ...*Bitmap) *Bitmap

HeapXor computes the symmetric difference between many bitmaps quickly (as opposed to calling Xor repeated). Internally, this function uses a heap. It might be faster than calling Xor repeatedly.

func New added in v0.2.8 

func New() *Bitmap

New creates a new empty Bitmap (same as NewBitmap)

func NewBitmap added in v0.2.0 

func NewBitmap() *Bitmap

NewBitmap creates a new empty Bitmap (see also New)

func Or 

func Or(x1, x2 *Bitmap) *Bitmap

Or computes the union between two bitmaps and returns the result

func ParAnd added in v0.3.13 

func ParAnd(parallelism int, bitmaps ...*Bitmap) *Bitmap

ParAnd computes the intersection (AND) of all provided bitmaps in parallel, where the parameter "parallelism" determines how many workers are to be used (if it is set to 0, a default number of workers is chosen)

func ParHeapOr added in v0.4.5 

func ParHeapOr(parallelism int, bitmaps ...*Bitmap) *Bitmap

ParHeapOr computes the union (OR) of all provided bitmaps in parallel, where the parameter "parallelism" determines how many workers are to be used (if it is set to 0, a default number of workers is chosen) ParHeapOr uses a heap to compute the union. For rare cases it might be faster than ParOr

func ParOr added in v0.3.13 

func ParOr(parallelism int, bitmaps ...*Bitmap) *Bitmap

ParOr computes the union (OR) of all provided bitmaps in parallel, where the parameter "parallelism" determines how many workers are to be used (if it is set to 0, a default number of workers is chosen)

func Xor 

func Xor(x1, x2 *Bitmap) *Bitmap

Xor computes the symmetric difference between two bitmaps and returns the result

func (*Bitmap) Add added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Add(x uint32)

Add the integer x to the bitmap

func (*Bitmap) AddInt added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) AddInt(x int)

AddInt adds the integer x to the bitmap (convenience method: the parameter is casted to uint32 and we call Add)

func (*Bitmap) AddMany added in v0.2.8 

func (rb *Bitmap) AddMany(dat []uint32)

AddMany add all of the values in dat

func (*Bitmap) AddRange added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) AddRange(rangeStart, rangeEnd uint64)

AddRange adds the integers in [rangeStart, rangeEnd) to the bitmap. The function uses 64-bit parameters even though a Bitmap stores 32-bit values because it is allowed and meaningful to use [0,uint64(0x100000000)) as a range while uint64(0x100000000) cannot be represented as a 32-bit value.

func (*Bitmap) And added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) And(x2 *Bitmap)

And computes the intersection between two bitmaps and stores the result in the current bitmap

func (*Bitmap) AndAny added in v0.5.0 

func (x1 *Bitmap) AndAny(bitmaps ...*Bitmap)

AndAny provides a result equivalent to x1.And(FastOr(bitmaps)). It's optimized to minimize allocations. It also might be faster than separate calls.

func (*Bitmap) AndCardinality added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) AndCardinality(x2 *Bitmap) uint64

AndCardinality returns the cardinality of the intersection between two bitmaps, bitmaps are not modified

func (*Bitmap) AndNot added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) AndNot(x2 *Bitmap)

AndNot computes the difference between two bitmaps and stores the result in the current bitmap

func (*Bitmap) CheckedAdd added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) CheckedAdd(x uint32) bool

CheckedAdd adds the integer x to the bitmap and return true if it was added (false if the integer was already present)

func (*Bitmap) CheckedRemove added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) CheckedRemove(x uint32) bool

CheckedRemove removes the integer x from the bitmap and return true if the integer was effectively removed (and false if the integer was not present)

func (*Bitmap) Checksum added in v1.0.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Checksum() uint64

Checksum computes a hash (currently FNV-1a) for a bitmap that is suitable for using bitmaps as elements in hash sets or as keys in hash maps, as well as generally quicker comparisons. The implementation is biased towards efficiency in little endian machines, so expect some extra CPU cycles and memory to be used if your machine is big endian. Likewise, do not use this to verify integrity unless you are certain you will load the bitmap on a machine with the same endianess used to create it. (Thankfully very few people use big endian machines these days.)

func (*Bitmap) Clear added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Clear()

Clear resets the Bitmap to be logically empty, but may retain some memory allocations that may speed up future operations

func (*Bitmap) Clone added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Clone() *Bitmap

Clone creates a copy of the Bitmap

func (*Bitmap) CloneCopyOnWriteContainers added in v0.4.18 

func (rb *Bitmap) CloneCopyOnWriteContainers()

CloneCopyOnWriteContainers clones all containers which have needCopyOnWrite set to true. This can be used to make sure it is safe to munmap a []byte that the roaring array may still have a reference to, after calling FromBuffer. More generally this function is useful if you call FromBuffer to construct a bitmap with a backing array buf and then later discard the buf array. Note that you should call CloneCopyOnWriteContainers on all bitmaps that were derived from the 'FromBuffer' bitmap since they map have dependencies on the buf array as well.

func (*Bitmap) Contains added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Contains(x uint32) bool

Contains returns true if the integer is contained in the bitmap

func (*Bitmap) ContainsInt added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) ContainsInt(x int) bool

ContainsInt returns true if the integer is contained in the bitmap (this is a convenience method, the parameter is casted to uint32 and Contains is called)

func (*Bitmap) DenseSize added in v1.7.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) DenseSize() uint64

DenseSize returns the size of the bitmap when stored as a dense bitmap.

func (*Bitmap) Equals added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Equals(o interface{}) bool

Equals returns true if the two bitmaps contain the same integers

func (*Bitmap) Flip added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Flip(rangeStart, rangeEnd uint64)

Flip negates the bits in the given range (i.e., [rangeStart,rangeEnd)), any integer present in this range and in the bitmap is removed, and any integer present in the range and not in the bitmap is added. The function uses 64-bit parameters even though a Bitmap stores 32-bit values because it is allowed and meaningful to use [0,uint64(0x100000000)) as a range while uint64(0x100000000) cannot be represented as a 32-bit value.

func (*Bitmap) FlipInt added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) FlipInt(rangeStart, rangeEnd int)

FlipInt calls Flip after casting the parameters (convenience method)

func (*Bitmap) Freeze added in v0.9.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Freeze() ([]byte, error)

Freeze serializes the bitmap in the CRoaring's frozen format.

func (*Bitmap) FreezeTo added in v0.9.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) FreezeTo(buf []byte) (int, error)

FreezeTo serializes the bitmap in the CRoaring's frozen format.

func (*Bitmap) FromBase64 added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) FromBase64(str string) (int64, error)

FromBase64 deserializes a bitmap from Base64

func (*Bitmap) FromBuffer added in v0.3.15 

func (rb *Bitmap) FromBuffer(buf []byte) (p int64, err error)

FromBuffer creates a bitmap from its serialized version stored in buffer

The format specification is available here: https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec

The provided byte array (buf) is expected to be a constant. The function makes the best effort attempt not to copy data. You should take care not to modify buff as it will likely result in unexpected program behavior.

Resulting bitmaps are effectively immutable in the following sense: a copy-on-write marker is used so that when you modify the resulting bitmap, copies of selected data (containers) are made. You should *not* change the copy-on-write status of the resulting bitmaps (SetCopyOnWrite).

Thus FromBuffer is more likely to be appropriate for read-only use cases, when the resulting bitmap can be considered immutable.

If buf becomes unavailable, then a bitmap created with FromBuffer would be effectively broken. Furthermore, any bitmap derived from this bitmap (e.g., via Or, And) might also be broken. Thus, before making buf unavailable, you should call CloneCopyOnWriteContainers on all such bitmaps.

See also the FromUnsafeBytes function which can have better performance in some cases.

func (*Bitmap) FromDense added in v1.7.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) FromDense(bitmap []uint64, doCopy bool)

FromDense unmarshalls from a slice of uint64s representing the bitmap as a dense bitmap. Useful to convert bitmaps from libraries like https://github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset or https://github.com/kelindar/bitmap into roaring bitmaps fast and with convenience. Callers are responsible for ensuring that the bitmap is empty before calling this function.

This function will not create any run containers, only array and bitmap containers. It is up to the caller to call RunOptimize if they want to further compress the runs of consecutive values.

When doCopy is true, the bitmap is copied into a new slice for each bitmap container. This is useful when the bitmap is going to be modified after this function returns or if it's undesirable to hold references to large bitmaps which the GC would not be able to collect. One copy can still happen even when doCopy is false if the bitmap length is not divisible by bitmapContainerSize.

See FromBitSet.

func (*Bitmap) FromUnsafeBytes added in v1.4.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) FromUnsafeBytes(data []byte, cookieHeader ...byte) (p int64, err error)

FromUnsafeBytes reads a serialized version of this bitmap from the byte buffer without copy. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that the input data is not modified and remains valid for the entire lifetime of this bitmap. This method avoids small allocations but holds references to the input data buffer. It is GC-friendly, but it may consume more memory eventually. The containers in the resulting bitmap are immutable containers tied to the provided byte array and they rely on copy-on-write which means that modifying them creates copies. Thus FromUnsafeBytes is more likely to be appropriate for read-only use cases, when the resulting bitmap can be considered immutable.

See also the FromBuffer function. See https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring/pull/395 for more details.

func (*Bitmap) FrozenView added in v0.9.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) FrozenView(buf []byte) error

FrozenView creates a static view of a serialized bitmap stored in buf. It uses CRoaring's frozen bitmap format.

The format specification is available here: https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/CRoaring/blob/2c867e9f9c9e2a3a7032791f94c4c7ae3013f6e0/src/roaring.c#L2756-L2783

The provided byte array (buf) is expected to be a constant. The function makes the best effort attempt not to copy data. Only little endian is supported. The function will err if it detects a big endian serialized file. You should take care not to modify buff as it will likely result in unexpected program behavior. If said buffer comes from a memory map, it's advisable to give it read only permissions, either at creation or by calling Mprotect from the golang.org/x/sys/unix package.

Resulting bitmaps are effectively immutable in the following sense: a copy-on-write marker is used so that when you modify the resulting bitmap, copies of selected data (containers) are made. You should *not* change the copy-on-write status of the resulting bitmaps (SetCopyOnWrite).

If buf becomes unavailable, then a bitmap created with FromBuffer would be effectively broken. Furthermore, any bitmap derived from this bitmap (e.g., via Or, And) might also be broken. Thus, before making buf unavailable, you should call CloneCopyOnWriteContainers on all such bitmaps.

func (*Bitmap) GetCardinality added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) GetCardinality() uint64

GetCardinality returns the number of integers contained in the bitmap

func (*Bitmap) GetCopyOnWrite added in v0.2.4 

func (rb *Bitmap) GetCopyOnWrite() (val bool)

GetCopyOnWrite gets this bitmap's copy-on-write property

func (*Bitmap) GetFrozenSizeInBytes added in v0.9.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) GetFrozenSizeInBytes() uint64

GetFrozenSizeInBytes returns the size in bytes of the frozen bitmap.

func (*Bitmap) GetSerializedSizeInBytes added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) GetSerializedSizeInBytes() uint64

GetSerializedSizeInBytes computes the serialized size in bytes of the Bitmap. It should correspond to the number of bytes written when invoking WriteTo. You can expect that this function is much cheaper computationally than WriteTo.

func (*Bitmap) GetSizeInBytes added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) GetSizeInBytes() uint64

GetSizeInBytes estimates the memory usage of the Bitmap. Note that this might differ slightly from the amount of bytes required for persistent storage

func (*Bitmap) HasRunCompression added in v0.3.1 

func (rb *Bitmap) HasRunCompression() bool

HasRunCompression returns true if the bitmap benefits from run compression

func (*Bitmap) Intersects added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Intersects(x2 *Bitmap) bool

Intersects checks whether two bitmap intersects, bitmaps are not modified

func (*Bitmap) IntersectsWithInterval added in v1.0.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) IntersectsWithInterval(x, y uint64) bool

IntersectsWithInterval checks whether a bitmap 'rb' and an open interval '[x,y)' intersect.

func (*Bitmap) IsEmpty added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) IsEmpty() bool

IsEmpty returns true if the Bitmap is empty (it is faster than doing (GetCardinality() == 0))

func (*Bitmap) Iterate added in v0.4.23 

func (rb *Bitmap) Iterate(cb func(x uint32) bool)

Iterate iterates over the bitmap, calling the given callback with each value in the bitmap. If the callback returns false, the iteration is halted. The iteration results are undefined if the bitmap is modified (e.g., with Add or Remove). There is no guarantee as to what order the values will be iterated.

func (*Bitmap) Iterator added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Iterator() IntPeekable

Iterator creates a new IntPeekable to iterate over the integers contained in the bitmap, in sorted order; the iterator becomes invalid if the bitmap is modified (e.g., with Add or Remove).

func (*Bitmap) ManyIterator added in v0.4.3 

func (rb *Bitmap) ManyIterator() ManyIntIterable

ManyIterator creates a new ManyIntIterable to iterate over the integers contained in the bitmap, in sorted order; the iterator becomes invalid if the bitmap is modified (e.g., with Add or Remove).

func (*Bitmap) MarshalBinary added in v0.2.6 

func (rb *Bitmap) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error)

MarshalBinary implements the encoding.BinaryMarshaler interface for the bitmap (same as ToBytes)

func (*Bitmap) Maximum added in v0.3.6 

func (rb *Bitmap) Maximum() uint32

Maximum get the largest value stored in this roaring bitmap, assumes that it is not empty

func (*Bitmap) Minimum added in v0.3.6 

func (rb *Bitmap) Minimum() uint32

Minimum get the smallest value stored in this roaring bitmap, assumes that it is not empty

func (*Bitmap) Or added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Or(x2 *Bitmap)

Or computes the union between two bitmaps and stores the result in the current bitmap

func (*Bitmap) OrCardinality added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) OrCardinality(x2 *Bitmap) uint64

OrCardinality returns the cardinality of the union between two bitmaps, bitmaps are not modified

func (*Bitmap) Rank added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Rank(x uint32) uint64

Rank returns the number of integers that are smaller or equal to x (Rank(infinity) would be GetCardinality()). If you pass the smallest value, you get the value 1. If you pass a value that is smaller than the smallest value, you get 0. Note that this function differs in convention from the Select function since it return 1 and not 0 on the smallest value.

func (*Bitmap) ReadFrom added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) ReadFrom(reader io.Reader, cookieHeader ...byte) (p int64, err error)

ReadFrom reads a serialized version of this bitmap from stream. The format is compatible with other RoaringBitmap implementations (Java, C) and is documented here: https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec Since io.Reader is regarded as a stream and cannot be read twice. So add cookieHeader to accept the 4-byte data that has been read in roaring64.ReadFrom. It is not necessary to pass cookieHeader when call roaring.ReadFrom to read the roaring32 data directly.

func (*Bitmap) Remove added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Remove(x uint32)

Remove the integer x from the bitmap

func (*Bitmap) RemoveRange added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) RemoveRange(rangeStart, rangeEnd uint64)

RemoveRange removes the integers in [rangeStart, rangeEnd) from the bitmap. The function uses 64-bit parameters even though a Bitmap stores 32-bit values because it is allowed and meaningful to use [0,uint64(0x100000000)) as a range while uint64(0x100000000) cannot be represented as a 32-bit value.

func (*Bitmap) ReverseIterator added in v0.4.9 

func (rb *Bitmap) ReverseIterator() IntIterable

ReverseIterator creates a new IntIterable to iterate over the integers contained in the bitmap, in sorted order; the iterator becomes invalid if the bitmap is modified (e.g., with Add or Remove).

func (*Bitmap) RunOptimize added in v0.3.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) RunOptimize()

RunOptimize attempts to further compress the runs of consecutive values found in the bitmap

func (*Bitmap) Select added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Select(x uint32) (uint32, error)

Select returns the xth integer in the bitmap. If you pass 0, you get the smallest element. Note that this function differs in convention from the Rank function which returns 1 on the smallest value.

func (*Bitmap) SetCopyOnWrite added in v0.2.4 

func (rb *Bitmap) SetCopyOnWrite(val bool)

SetCopyOnWrite sets this bitmap to use copy-on-write so that copies are fast and memory conscious if the parameter is true, otherwise we leave the default where hard copies are made (copy-on-write requires extra care in a threaded context). Calling SetCopyOnWrite(true) on a bitmap created with FromBuffer is unsafe.

func (*Bitmap) Stats added in v0.3.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Stats() Statistics

Stats returns details on container type usage in a Statistics struct.

func (*Bitmap) String added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) String() string

String creates a string representation of the Bitmap

func (*Bitmap) ToArray added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) ToArray() []uint32

ToArray creates a new slice containing all of the integers stored in the Bitmap in sorted order

func (*Bitmap) ToBase64 added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) ToBase64() (string, error)

ToBase64 serializes a bitmap as Base64

func (*Bitmap) ToBitSet added in v1.7.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) ToBitSet() *bitset.BitSet

ToBitSet copies the content of the RoaringBitmap into a bitset.BitSet instance

func (*Bitmap) ToBytes added in v0.3.3 

func (rb *Bitmap) ToBytes() ([]byte, error)

ToBytes returns an array of bytes corresponding to what is written when calling WriteTo

func (*Bitmap) ToDense added in v1.7.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) ToDense() []uint64

ToDense returns a slice of uint64s representing the bitmap as a dense bitmap. Useful to convert a roaring bitmap to a format that can be used by other libraries like https://github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset or https://github.com/kelindar/bitmap

func (*Bitmap) UnmarshalBinary added in v0.2.6 

func (rb *Bitmap) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error

UnmarshalBinary implements the encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler interface for the bitmap

func (*Bitmap) WriteDenseTo added in v1.7.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) WriteDenseTo(bitmap []uint64)

WriteDenseTo writes to a slice of uint64s representing the bitmap as a dense bitmap. Callers are responsible for allocating enough space in the bitmap using DenseSize. Useful to convert a roaring bitmap to a format that can be used by other libraries like https://github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset or https://github.com/kelindar/bitmap

func (*Bitmap) WriteFrozenTo added in v1.0.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) WriteFrozenTo(wr io.Writer) (int, error)

WriteFrozenTo serializes the bitmap in the CRoaring's frozen format.

func (*Bitmap) WriteTo added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) WriteTo(stream io.Writer) (int64, error)

WriteTo writes a serialized version of this bitmap to stream. The format is compatible with other RoaringBitmap implementations (Java, C) and is documented here: https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec

func (*Bitmap) Xor added in v0.2.0 

func (rb *Bitmap) Xor(x2 *Bitmap)

Xor computes the symmetric difference between two bitmaps and stores the result in the current bitmap

type IntIterable 

type IntIterable interface {
	HasNext() bool
	Next() uint32
}

IntIterable allows you to iterate over the values in a Bitmap

type IntIterator added in v1.1.0 

type IntIterator = intIterator

IntIterator is meant to allow you to iterate through the values of a bitmap, see Initialize(a *Bitmap)

type IntPeekable added in v0.4.19 

type IntPeekable interface {
	IntIterable
	// PeekNext peeks the next value without advancing the iterator
	PeekNext() uint32
	// AdvanceIfNeeded advances as long as the next value is smaller than minval
	AdvanceIfNeeded(minval uint32)
}

IntPeekable allows you to look at the next value without advancing and advance as long as the next value is smaller than minval

type IntReverseIterator added in v1.1.0 

type IntReverseIterator = intReverseIterator

IntReverseIterator is meant to allow you to iterate through the values of a bitmap, see Initialize(a *Bitmap)

type ManyIntIterable added in v0.4.3 

type ManyIntIterable interface {
	// NextMany fills buf up with values, returns how many values were returned
	NextMany(buf []uint32) int
	// NextMany64 fills up buf with 64 bit values, uses hs as a mask (OR), returns how many values were returned
	NextMany64(hs uint64, buf []uint64) int
}

ManyIntIterable allows you to iterate over the values in a Bitmap

type ManyIntIterator added in v1.1.0 

type ManyIntIterator = manyIntIterator

ManyIntIterator is meant to allow you to iterate through the values of a bitmap, see Initialize(a *Bitmap)

type Statistics added in v0.3.0 

type Statistics struct {
	Cardinality uint64
	Containers  uint64

	ArrayContainers      uint64
	ArrayContainerBytes  uint64
	ArrayContainerValues uint64

	BitmapContainers      uint64
	BitmapContainerBytes  uint64
	BitmapContainerValues uint64

	RunContainers      uint64
	RunContainerBytes  uint64
	RunContainerValues uint64
}

Statistics provides details on the container types in use.

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