x509

package standard library
go1.23.1 Latest Latest
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 Go to latest Published: Sep 5, 2024 License: BSD-3-Clause Imports: 44 Imported by: 101,334

Documentation

Overview

Package x509 implements a subset of the X.509 standard.

It allows parsing and generating certificates, certificate signing requests, certificate revocation lists, and encoded public and private keys. It provides a certificate verifier, complete with a chain builder.

The package targets the X.509 technical profile defined by the IETF (RFC 2459/3280/5280), and as further restricted by the CA/Browser Forum Baseline Requirements. There is minimal support for features outside of these profiles, as the primary goal of the package is to provide compatibility with the publicly trusted TLS certificate ecosystem and its policies and constraints.

On macOS and Windows, certificate verification is handled by system APIs, but the package aims to apply consistent validation rules across operating systems.

Index

Examples

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

View Source 
var ErrUnsupportedAlgorithm = errors.New("x509: cannot verify signature: algorithm unimplemented")

ErrUnsupportedAlgorithm results from attempting to perform an operation that involves algorithms that are not currently implemented.

View Source 
var IncorrectPasswordError = errors.New("x509: decryption password incorrect")

IncorrectPasswordError is returned when an incorrect password is detected.

Functions

func CreateCertificate 

func CreateCertificate(rand io.Reader, template, parent *Certificate, pub, priv any) ([]byte, error)

CreateCertificate creates a new X.509 v3 certificate based on a template. The following members of template are currently used:

  • AuthorityKeyId
  • BasicConstraintsValid
  • CRLDistributionPoints
  • DNSNames
  • EmailAddresses
  • ExcludedDNSDomains
  • ExcludedEmailAddresses
  • ExcludedIPRanges
  • ExcludedURIDomains
  • ExtKeyUsage
  • ExtraExtensions
  • IPAddresses
  • IsCA
  • IssuingCertificateURL
  • KeyUsage
  • MaxPathLen
  • MaxPathLenZero
  • NotAfter
  • NotBefore
  • OCSPServer
  • PermittedDNSDomains
  • PermittedDNSDomainsCritical
  • PermittedEmailAddresses
  • PermittedIPRanges
  • PermittedURIDomains
  • PolicyIdentifiers (see note below)
  • Policies (see note below)
  • SerialNumber
  • SignatureAlgorithm
  • Subject
  • SubjectKeyId
  • URIs
  • UnknownExtKeyUsage

The certificate is signed by parent. If parent is equal to template then the certificate is self-signed. The parameter pub is the public key of the certificate to be generated and priv is the private key of the signer.

The returned slice is the certificate in DER encoding.

The currently supported key types are *rsa.PublicKey, *ecdsa.PublicKey and ed25519.PublicKey. pub must be a supported key type, and priv must be a crypto.Signer with a supported public key.

The AuthorityKeyId will be taken from the SubjectKeyId of parent, if any, unless the resulting certificate is self-signed. Otherwise the value from template will be used.

If SubjectKeyId from template is empty and the template is a CA, SubjectKeyId will be generated from the hash of the public key.

The PolicyIdentifier and Policies fields are both used to marshal certificate policy OIDs. By default, only the PolicyIdentifier is marshaled, but if the GODEBUG setting "x509usepolicies" has the value "1", the Policies field will be marshaled instead of the PolicyIdentifier field. The Policies field can be used to marshal policy OIDs which have components that are larger than 31 bits.

func CreateCertificateRequest added in go1.3 

func CreateCertificateRequest(rand io.Reader, template *CertificateRequest, priv any) (csr []byte, err error)

CreateCertificateRequest creates a new certificate request based on a template. The following members of template are used:

  • SignatureAlgorithm
  • Subject
  • DNSNames
  • EmailAddresses
  • IPAddresses
  • URIs
  • ExtraExtensions
  • Attributes (deprecated)

priv is the private key to sign the CSR with, and the corresponding public key will be included in the CSR. It must implement crypto.Signer and its Public() method must return a *rsa.PublicKey or a *ecdsa.PublicKey or a ed25519.PublicKey. (A *rsa.PrivateKey, *ecdsa.PrivateKey or ed25519.PrivateKey satisfies this.)

The returned slice is the certificate request in DER encoding.

func CreateRevocationList added in go1.15 

func CreateRevocationList(rand io.Reader, template *RevocationList, issuer *Certificate, priv crypto.Signer) ([]byte, error)

CreateRevocationList creates a new X.509 v2 Certificate Revocation List, according to RFC 5280, based on template.

The CRL is signed by priv which should be the private key associated with the public key in the issuer certificate.

The issuer may not be nil, and the crlSign bit must be set in KeyUsage in order to use it as a CRL issuer.

The issuer distinguished name CRL field and authority key identifier extension are populated using the issuer certificate. issuer must have SubjectKeyId set.

func DecryptPEMBlock deprecated added in go1.1 

func DecryptPEMBlock(b *pem.Block, password []byte) ([]byte, error)

DecryptPEMBlock takes a PEM block encrypted according to RFC 1423 and the password used to encrypt it and returns a slice of decrypted DER encoded bytes. It inspects the DEK-Info header to determine the algorithm used for decryption. If no DEK-Info header is present, an error is returned. If an incorrect password is detected an IncorrectPasswordError is returned. Because of deficiencies in the format, it's not always possible to detect an incorrect password. In these cases no error will be returned but the decrypted DER bytes will be random noise.

Deprecated: Legacy PEM encryption as specified in RFC 1423 is insecure by design. Since it does not authenticate the ciphertext, it is vulnerable to padding oracle attacks that can let an attacker recover the plaintext.

func EncryptPEMBlock deprecated added in go1.1 

func EncryptPEMBlock(rand io.Reader, blockType string, data, password []byte, alg PEMCipher) (*pem.Block, error)

EncryptPEMBlock returns a PEM block of the specified type holding the given DER encoded data encrypted with the specified algorithm and password according to RFC 1423.

Deprecated: Legacy PEM encryption as specified in RFC 1423 is insecure by design. Since it does not authenticate the ciphertext, it is vulnerable to padding oracle attacks that can let an attacker recover the plaintext.

func IsEncryptedPEMBlock deprecated added in go1.1 

func IsEncryptedPEMBlock(b *pem.Block) bool

IsEncryptedPEMBlock returns whether the PEM block is password encrypted according to RFC 1423.

Deprecated: Legacy PEM encryption as specified in RFC 1423 is insecure by design. Since it does not authenticate the ciphertext, it is vulnerable to padding oracle attacks that can let an attacker recover the plaintext.

func MarshalECPrivateKey added in go1.2 

func MarshalECPrivateKey(key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) ([]byte, error)

MarshalECPrivateKey converts an EC private key to SEC 1, ASN.1 DER form.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "EC PRIVATE KEY". For a more flexible key format which is not EC specific, use MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey.

func MarshalPKCS1PrivateKey 

func MarshalPKCS1PrivateKey(key *rsa.PrivateKey) []byte

MarshalPKCS1PrivateKey converts an RSA private key to PKCS #1, ASN.1 DER form.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "RSA PRIVATE KEY". For a more flexible key format which is not RSA specific, use MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey.

func MarshalPKCS1PublicKey added in go1.10 

func MarshalPKCS1PublicKey(key *rsa.PublicKey) []byte

MarshalPKCS1PublicKey converts an RSA public key to PKCS #1, ASN.1 DER form.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "RSA PUBLIC KEY".

func MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey added in go1.10 

func MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey(key any) ([]byte, error)

MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey converts a private key to PKCS #8, ASN.1 DER form.

The following key types are currently supported: *rsa.PrivateKey, *ecdsa.PrivateKey, ed25519.PrivateKey (not a pointer), and *ecdh.PrivateKey. Unsupported key types result in an error.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "PRIVATE KEY".

func MarshalPKIXPublicKey 

func MarshalPKIXPublicKey(pub any) ([]byte, error)

MarshalPKIXPublicKey converts a public key to PKIX, ASN.1 DER form. The encoded public key is a SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure (see RFC 5280, Section 4.1).

The following key types are currently supported: *rsa.PublicKey, *ecdsa.PublicKey, ed25519.PublicKey (not a pointer), and *ecdh.PublicKey. Unsupported key types result in an error.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "PUBLIC KEY".

func ParseCRL deprecated 

func ParseCRL(crlBytes []byte) (*pkix.CertificateList, error)

ParseCRL parses a CRL from the given bytes. It's often the case that PEM encoded CRLs will appear where they should be DER encoded, so this function will transparently handle PEM encoding as long as there isn't any leading garbage.

Deprecated: Use ParseRevocationList instead.

func ParseDERCRL deprecated 

func ParseDERCRL(derBytes []byte) (*pkix.CertificateList, error)

ParseDERCRL parses a DER encoded CRL from the given bytes.

Deprecated: Use ParseRevocationList instead.

func ParseECPrivateKey added in go1.1 

func ParseECPrivateKey(der []byte) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error)

ParseECPrivateKey parses an EC private key in SEC 1, ASN.1 DER form.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "EC PRIVATE KEY".

func ParsePKCS1PrivateKey 

func ParsePKCS1PrivateKey(der []byte) (*rsa.PrivateKey, error)

ParsePKCS1PrivateKey parses an RSA private key in PKCS #1, ASN.1 DER form.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "RSA PRIVATE KEY".

func ParsePKCS1PublicKey added in go1.10 

func ParsePKCS1PublicKey(der []byte) (*rsa.PublicKey, error)

ParsePKCS1PublicKey parses an RSA public key in PKCS #1, ASN.1 DER form.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "RSA PUBLIC KEY".

func ParsePKCS8PrivateKey 

func ParsePKCS8PrivateKey(der []byte) (key any, err error)

ParsePKCS8PrivateKey parses an unencrypted private key in PKCS #8, ASN.1 DER form.

It returns a *rsa.PrivateKey, an *ecdsa.PrivateKey, an ed25519.PrivateKey (not a pointer), or an *ecdh.PrivateKey (for X25519). More types might be supported in the future.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "PRIVATE KEY".

func ParsePKIXPublicKey 

func ParsePKIXPublicKey(derBytes []byte) (pub any, err error)

ParsePKIXPublicKey parses a public key in PKIX, ASN.1 DER form. The encoded public key is a SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure (see RFC 5280, Section 4.1).

It returns a *rsa.PublicKey, *dsa.PublicKey, *ecdsa.PublicKey, ed25519.PublicKey (not a pointer), or *ecdh.PublicKey (for X25519). More types might be supported in the future.

This kind of key is commonly encoded in PEM blocks of type "PUBLIC KEY".

Example 
package main

import (
	"crypto/dsa"
	"crypto/ecdsa"
	"crypto/ed25519"
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/pem"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	const pubPEM = `
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----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-----END PUBLIC KEY-----`

	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(pubPEM))
	if block == nil {
		panic("failed to parse PEM block containing the public key")
	}

	pub, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(block.Bytes)
	if err != nil {
		panic("failed to parse DER encoded public key: " + err.Error())
	}

	switch pub := pub.(type) {
	case *rsa.PublicKey:
		fmt.Println("pub is of type RSA:", pub)
	case *dsa.PublicKey:
		fmt.Println("pub is of type DSA:", pub)
	case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
		fmt.Println("pub is of type ECDSA:", pub)
	case ed25519.PublicKey:
		fmt.Println("pub is of type Ed25519:", pub)
	default:
		panic("unknown type of public key")
	}
}

Output:

func SetFallbackRoots added in go1.20 

func SetFallbackRoots(roots *CertPool)

SetFallbackRoots sets the roots to use during certificate verification, if no custom roots are specified and a platform verifier or a system certificate pool is not available (for instance in a container which does not have a root certificate bundle). SetFallbackRoots will panic if roots is nil.

SetFallbackRoots may only be called once, if called multiple times it will panic.

The fallback behavior can be forced on all platforms, even when there is a system certificate pool, by setting GODEBUG=x509usefallbackroots=1 (note that on Windows and macOS this will disable usage of the platform verification APIs and cause the pure Go verifier to be used). Setting x509usefallbackroots=1 without calling SetFallbackRoots has no effect.

Types

type CertPool 

type CertPool struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

CertPool is a set of certificates.

func NewCertPool 

func NewCertPool() *CertPool

NewCertPool returns a new, empty CertPool.

func SystemCertPool added in go1.7 

func SystemCertPool() (*CertPool, error)

SystemCertPool returns a copy of the system cert pool.

On Unix systems other than macOS the environment variables SSL_CERT_FILE and SSL_CERT_DIR can be used to override the system default locations for the SSL certificate file and SSL certificate files directory, respectively. The latter can be a colon-separated list.

Any mutations to the returned pool are not written to disk and do not affect any other pool returned by SystemCertPool.

New changes in the system cert pool might not be reflected in subsequent calls.

func (*CertPool) AddCert 

func (s *CertPool) AddCert(cert *Certificate)

AddCert adds a certificate to a pool.

func (*CertPool) AddCertWithConstraint added in go1.22.0 

func (s *CertPool) AddCertWithConstraint(cert *Certificate, constraint func([]*Certificate) error)

AddCertWithConstraint adds a certificate to the pool with the additional constraint. When Certificate.Verify builds a chain which is rooted by cert, it will additionally pass the whole chain to constraint to determine its validity. If constraint returns a non-nil error, the chain will be discarded. constraint may be called concurrently from multiple goroutines.

func (*CertPool) AppendCertsFromPEM 

func (s *CertPool) AppendCertsFromPEM(pemCerts []byte) (ok bool)

AppendCertsFromPEM attempts to parse a series of PEM encoded certificates. It appends any certificates found to s and reports whether any certificates were successfully parsed.

On many Linux systems, /etc/ssl/cert.pem will contain the system wide set of root CAs in a format suitable for this function.

func (*CertPool) Clone added in go1.19 

func (s *CertPool) Clone() *CertPool

Clone returns a copy of s.

func (*CertPool) Equal added in go1.19 

func (s *CertPool) Equal(other *CertPool) bool

Equal reports whether s and other are equal.

func (*CertPool) Subjects deprecated 

func (s *CertPool) Subjects() [][]byte

Subjects returns a list of the DER-encoded subjects of all of the certificates in the pool.

Deprecated: if s was returned by SystemCertPool, Subjects will not include the system roots.

type Certificate 

type Certificate struct {
	Raw                     []byte // Complete ASN.1 DER content (certificate, signature algorithm and signature).
	RawTBSCertificate       []byte // Certificate part of raw ASN.1 DER content.
	RawSubjectPublicKeyInfo []byte // DER encoded SubjectPublicKeyInfo.
	RawSubject              []byte // DER encoded Subject
	RawIssuer               []byte // DER encoded Issuer

	Signature          []byte
	SignatureAlgorithm SignatureAlgorithm

	PublicKeyAlgorithm PublicKeyAlgorithm
	PublicKey          any

	Version             int
	SerialNumber        *big.Int
	Issuer              pkix.Name
	Subject             pkix.Name
	NotBefore, NotAfter time.Time // Validity bounds.
	KeyUsage            KeyUsage

	// Extensions contains raw X.509 extensions. When parsing certificates,
	// this can be used to extract non-critical extensions that are not
	// parsed by this package. When marshaling certificates, the Extensions
	// field is ignored, see ExtraExtensions.
	Extensions []pkix.Extension

	// ExtraExtensions contains extensions to be copied, raw, into any
	// marshaled certificates. Values override any extensions that would
	// otherwise be produced based on the other fields. The ExtraExtensions
	// field is not populated when parsing certificates, see Extensions.
	ExtraExtensions []pkix.Extension

	// UnhandledCriticalExtensions contains a list of extension IDs that
	// were not (fully) processed when parsing. Verify will fail if this
	// slice is non-empty, unless verification is delegated to an OS
	// library which understands all the critical extensions.
	//
	// Users can access these extensions using Extensions and can remove
	// elements from this slice if they believe that they have been
	// handled.
	UnhandledCriticalExtensions []asn1.ObjectIdentifier

	ExtKeyUsage        []ExtKeyUsage           // Sequence of extended key usages.
	UnknownExtKeyUsage []asn1.ObjectIdentifier // Encountered extended key usages unknown to this package.

	// BasicConstraintsValid indicates whether IsCA, MaxPathLen,
	// and MaxPathLenZero are valid.
	BasicConstraintsValid bool
	IsCA                  bool

	// MaxPathLen and MaxPathLenZero indicate the presence and
	// value of the BasicConstraints' "pathLenConstraint".
	//
	// When parsing a certificate, a positive non-zero MaxPathLen
	// means that the field was specified, -1 means it was unset,
	// and MaxPathLenZero being true mean that the field was
	// explicitly set to zero. The case of MaxPathLen==0 with MaxPathLenZero==false
	// should be treated equivalent to -1 (unset).
	//
	// When generating a certificate, an unset pathLenConstraint
	// can be requested with either MaxPathLen == -1 or using the
	// zero value for both MaxPathLen and MaxPathLenZero.
	MaxPathLen int
	// MaxPathLenZero indicates that BasicConstraintsValid==true
	// and MaxPathLen==0 should be interpreted as an actual
	// maximum path length of zero. Otherwise, that combination is
	// interpreted as MaxPathLen not being set.
	MaxPathLenZero bool

	SubjectKeyId   []byte
	AuthorityKeyId []byte

	// RFC 5280, 4.2.2.1 (Authority Information Access)
	OCSPServer            []string
	IssuingCertificateURL []string

	// Subject Alternate Name values. (Note that these values may not be valid
	// if invalid values were contained within a parsed certificate. For
	// example, an element of DNSNames may not be a valid DNS domain name.)
	DNSNames       []string
	EmailAddresses []string
	IPAddresses    []net.IP
	URIs           []*url.URL

	// Name constraints
	PermittedDNSDomainsCritical bool // if true then the name constraints are marked critical.
	PermittedDNSDomains         []string
	ExcludedDNSDomains          []string
	PermittedIPRanges           []*net.IPNet
	ExcludedIPRanges            []*net.IPNet
	PermittedEmailAddresses     []string
	ExcludedEmailAddresses      []string
	PermittedURIDomains         []string
	ExcludedURIDomains          []string

	// CRL Distribution Points
	CRLDistributionPoints []string

	// PolicyIdentifiers contains asn1.ObjectIdentifiers, the components
	// of which are limited to int32. If a certificate contains a policy which
	// cannot be represented by asn1.ObjectIdentifier, it will not be included in
	// PolicyIdentifiers, but will be present in Policies, which contains all parsed
	// policy OIDs.
	PolicyIdentifiers []asn1.ObjectIdentifier

	// Policies contains all policy identifiers included in the certificate.
	// In Go 1.22, encoding/gob cannot handle and ignores this field.
	Policies []OID
}

A Certificate represents an X.509 certificate.

func ParseCertificate 

func ParseCertificate(der []byte) (*Certificate, error)

ParseCertificate parses a single certificate from the given ASN.1 DER data.

Before Go 1.23, ParseCertificate accepted certificates with negative serial numbers. This behavior can be restored by including "x509negativeserial=1" in the GODEBUG environment variable.

func ParseCertificates 

func ParseCertificates(der []byte) ([]*Certificate, error)

ParseCertificates parses one or more certificates from the given ASN.1 DER data. The certificates must be concatenated with no intermediate padding.

func (*Certificate) CheckCRLSignature deprecated 

func (c *Certificate) CheckCRLSignature(crl *pkix.CertificateList) error

CheckCRLSignature checks that the signature in crl is from c.

Deprecated: Use RevocationList.CheckSignatureFrom instead.

func (*Certificate) CheckSignature 

func (c *Certificate) CheckSignature(algo SignatureAlgorithm, signed, signature []byte) error

CheckSignature verifies that signature is a valid signature over signed from c's public key.

This is a low-level API that performs no validity checks on the certificate.

MD5WithRSA signatures are rejected, while SHA1WithRSA and ECDSAWithSHA1 signatures are currently accepted.

func (*Certificate) CheckSignatureFrom 

func (c *Certificate) CheckSignatureFrom(parent *Certificate) error

CheckSignatureFrom verifies that the signature on c is a valid signature from parent.

This is a low-level API that performs very limited checks, and not a full path verifier. Most users should use Certificate.Verify instead.

func (*Certificate) CreateCRL deprecated 

func (c *Certificate) CreateCRL(rand io.Reader, priv any, revokedCerts []pkix.RevokedCertificate, now, expiry time.Time) (crlBytes []byte, err error)

CreateCRL returns a DER encoded CRL, signed by this Certificate, that contains the given list of revoked certificates.

Deprecated: this method does not generate an RFC 5280 conformant X.509 v2 CRL. To generate a standards compliant CRL, use CreateRevocationList instead.

func (*Certificate) Equal 

func (c *Certificate) Equal(other *Certificate) bool

func (*Certificate) Verify 

func (c *Certificate) Verify(opts VerifyOptions) (chains [][]*Certificate, err error)

Verify attempts to verify c by building one or more chains from c to a certificate in opts.Roots, using certificates in opts.Intermediates if needed. If successful, it returns one or more chains where the first element of the chain is c and the last element is from opts.Roots.

If opts.Roots is nil, the platform verifier might be used, and verification details might differ from what is described below. If system roots are unavailable the returned error will be of type SystemRootsError.

Name constraints in the intermediates will be applied to all names claimed in the chain, not just opts.DNSName. Thus it is invalid for a leaf to claim example.com if an intermediate doesn't permit it, even if example.com is not the name being validated. Note that DirectoryName constraints are not supported.

Name constraint validation follows the rules from RFC 5280, with the addition that DNS name constraints may use the leading period format defined for emails and URIs. When a constraint has a leading period it indicates that at least one additional label must be prepended to the constrained name to be considered valid.

Extended Key Usage values are enforced nested down a chain, so an intermediate or root that enumerates EKUs prevents a leaf from asserting an EKU not in that list. (While this is not specified, it is common practice in order to limit the types of certificates a CA can issue.)

Certificates that use SHA1WithRSA and ECDSAWithSHA1 signatures are not supported, and will not be used to build chains.

Certificates other than c in the returned chains should not be modified.

WARNING: this function doesn't do any revocation checking.

Example 
package main

import (
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/pem"
)

func main() {
	// Verifying with a custom list of root certificates.

	const rootPEM = `
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIEBDCCAuygAwIBAgIDAjppMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMEIxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVT
MRYwFAYDVQQKEw1HZW9UcnVzdCBJbmMuMRswGQYDVQQDExJHZW9UcnVzdCBHbG9i
YWwgQ0EwHhcNMTMwNDA1MTUxNTU1WhcNMTUwNDA0MTUxNTU1WjBJMQswCQYDVQQG
EwJVUzETMBEGA1UEChMKR29vZ2xlIEluYzElMCMGA1UEAxMcR29vZ2xlIEludGVy
bmV0IEF1dGhvcml0eSBHMjCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEB
AJwqBHdc2FCROgajguDYUEi8iT/xGXAaiEZ+4I/F8YnOIe5a/mENtzJEiaB0C1NP
VaTOgmKV7utZX8bhBYASxF6UP7xbSDj0U/ck5vuR6RXEz/RTDfRK/J9U3n2+oGtv
h8DQUB8oMANA2ghzUWx//zo8pzcGjr1LEQTrfSTe5vn8MXH7lNVg8y5Kr0LSy+rE
ahqyzFPdFUuLH8gZYR/Nnag+YyuENWllhMgZxUYi+FOVvuOAShDGKuy6lyARxzmZ
EASg8GF6lSWMTlJ14rbtCMoU/M4iarNOz0YDl5cDfsCx3nuvRTPPuj5xt970JSXC
DTWJnZ37DhF5iR43xa+OcmkCAwEAAaOB+zCB+DAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBTAephojYn7
qwVkDBF9qn1luMrMTjAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUSt0GFhu89mi1dvWBtrtiGrpagS8wEgYD
VR0TAQH/BAgwBgEB/wIBADAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAQYwOgYDVR0fBDMwMTAvoC2g
K4YpaHR0cDovL2NybC5nZW90cnVzdC5jb20vY3Jscy9ndGdsb2JhbC5jcmwwPQYI
KwYBBQUHAQEEMTAvMC0GCCsGAQUFBzABhiFodHRwOi8vZ3RnbG9iYWwtb2NzcC5n
ZW90cnVzdC5jb20wFwYDVR0gBBAwDjAMBgorBgEEAdZ5AgUBMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEB
BQUAA4IBAQA21waAESetKhSbOHezI6B1WLuxfoNCunLaHtiONgaX4PCVOzf9G0JY
/iLIa704XtE7JW4S615ndkZAkNoUyHgN7ZVm2o6Gb4ChulYylYbc3GrKBIxbf/a/
zG+FA1jDaFETzf3I93k9mTXwVqO94FntT0QJo544evZG0R0SnU++0ED8Vf4GXjza
HFa9llF7b1cq26KqltyMdMKVvvBulRP/F/A8rLIQjcxz++iPAsbw+zOzlTvjwsto
WHPbqCRiOwY1nQ2pM714A5AuTHhdUDqB1O6gyHA43LL5Z/qHQF1hwFGPa4NrzQU6
yuGnBXj8ytqU0CwIPX4WecigUCAkVDNx
-----END CERTIFICATE-----`

	const certPEM = `
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----`

	// First, create the set of root certificates. For this example we only
	// have one. It's also possible to omit this in order to use the
	// default root set of the current operating system.
	roots := x509.NewCertPool()
	ok := roots.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(rootPEM))
	if !ok {
		panic("failed to parse root certificate")
	}

	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(certPEM))
	if block == nil {
		panic("failed to parse certificate PEM")
	}
	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
	if err != nil {
		panic("failed to parse certificate: " + err.Error())
	}

	opts := x509.VerifyOptions{
		DNSName: "mail.google.com",
		Roots:   roots,
	}

	if _, err := cert.Verify(opts); err != nil {
		panic("failed to verify certificate: " + err.Error())
	}
}

Output:

func (*Certificate) VerifyHostname 

func (c *Certificate) VerifyHostname(h string) error

VerifyHostname returns nil if c is a valid certificate for the named host. Otherwise it returns an error describing the mismatch.

IP addresses can be optionally enclosed in square brackets and are checked against the IPAddresses field. Other names are checked case insensitively against the DNSNames field. If the names are valid hostnames, the certificate fields can have a wildcard as the complete left-most label (e.g. *.example.com).

Note that the legacy Common Name field is ignored.

type CertificateInvalidError 

type CertificateInvalidError struct {
	Cert   *Certificate
	Reason InvalidReason
	Detail string
}

CertificateInvalidError results when an odd error occurs. Users of this library probably want to handle all these errors uniformly.

func (CertificateInvalidError) Error 

func (e CertificateInvalidError) Error() string

type CertificateRequest added in go1.3 

type CertificateRequest struct {
	Raw                      []byte // Complete ASN.1 DER content (CSR, signature algorithm and signature).
	RawTBSCertificateRequest []byte // Certificate request info part of raw ASN.1 DER content.
	RawSubjectPublicKeyInfo  []byte // DER encoded SubjectPublicKeyInfo.
	RawSubject               []byte // DER encoded Subject.

	Version            int
	Signature          []byte
	SignatureAlgorithm SignatureAlgorithm

	PublicKeyAlgorithm PublicKeyAlgorithm
	PublicKey          any

	Subject pkix.Name

	// Attributes contains the CSR attributes that can parse as
	// pkix.AttributeTypeAndValueSET.
	//
	// Deprecated: Use Extensions and ExtraExtensions instead for parsing and
	// generating the requestedExtensions attribute.
	Attributes []pkix.AttributeTypeAndValueSET

	// Extensions contains all requested extensions, in raw form. When parsing
	// CSRs, this can be used to extract extensions that are not parsed by this
	// package.
	Extensions []pkix.Extension

	// ExtraExtensions contains extensions to be copied, raw, into any CSR
	// marshaled by CreateCertificateRequest. Values override any extensions
	// that would otherwise be produced based on the other fields but are
	// overridden by any extensions specified in Attributes.
	//
	// The ExtraExtensions field is not populated by ParseCertificateRequest,
	// see Extensions instead.
	ExtraExtensions []pkix.Extension

	// Subject Alternate Name values.
	DNSNames       []string
	EmailAddresses []string
	IPAddresses    []net.IP
	URIs           []*url.URL
}

CertificateRequest represents a PKCS #10, certificate signature request.

func ParseCertificateRequest added in go1.3 

func ParseCertificateRequest(asn1Data []byte) (*CertificateRequest, error)

ParseCertificateRequest parses a single certificate request from the given ASN.1 DER data.

func (*CertificateRequest) CheckSignature added in go1.5 

func (c *CertificateRequest) CheckSignature() error

CheckSignature reports whether the signature on c is valid.

type ConstraintViolationError 

type ConstraintViolationError struct{}

ConstraintViolationError results when a requested usage is not permitted by a certificate. For example: checking a signature when the public key isn't a certificate signing key.

func (ConstraintViolationError) Error 

func (ConstraintViolationError) Error() string

type ExtKeyUsage 

type ExtKeyUsage int

ExtKeyUsage represents an extended set of actions that are valid for a given key. Each of the ExtKeyUsage* constants define a unique action. 

const (
	ExtKeyUsageAny ExtKeyUsage = iota
	ExtKeyUsageServerAuth
	ExtKeyUsageClientAuth
	ExtKeyUsageCodeSigning
	ExtKeyUsageEmailProtection
	ExtKeyUsageIPSECEndSystem
	ExtKeyUsageIPSECTunnel
	ExtKeyUsageIPSECUser
	ExtKeyUsageTimeStamping
	ExtKeyUsageOCSPSigning
	ExtKeyUsageMicrosoftServerGatedCrypto
	ExtKeyUsageNetscapeServerGatedCrypto
	ExtKeyUsageMicrosoftCommercialCodeSigning
	ExtKeyUsageMicrosoftKernelCodeSigning
)

type HostnameError 

type HostnameError struct {
	Certificate *Certificate
	Host        string
}

HostnameError results when the set of authorized names doesn't match the requested name.

func (HostnameError) Error 

func (h HostnameError) Error() string

type InsecureAlgorithmError added in go1.6 

type InsecureAlgorithmError SignatureAlgorithm

An InsecureAlgorithmError indicates that the SignatureAlgorithm used to generate the signature is not secure, and the signature has been rejected.

To temporarily restore support for SHA-1 signatures, include the value "x509sha1=1" in the GODEBUG environment variable. Note that this option will be removed in a future release.

func (InsecureAlgorithmError) Error added in go1.6 

func (e InsecureAlgorithmError) Error() string

type InvalidReason 

type InvalidReason int
const (
	// NotAuthorizedToSign results when a certificate is signed by another
	// which isn't marked as a CA certificate.
	NotAuthorizedToSign InvalidReason = iota
	// Expired results when a certificate has expired, based on the time
	// given in the VerifyOptions.
	Expired
	// CANotAuthorizedForThisName results when an intermediate or root
	// certificate has a name constraint which doesn't permit a DNS or
	// other name (including IP address) in the leaf certificate.
	CANotAuthorizedForThisName
	// TooManyIntermediates results when a path length constraint is
	// violated.
	TooManyIntermediates
	// IncompatibleUsage results when the certificate's key usage indicates
	// that it may only be used for a different purpose.
	IncompatibleUsage
	// NameMismatch results when the subject name of a parent certificate
	// does not match the issuer name in the child.
	NameMismatch
	// NameConstraintsWithoutSANs is a legacy error and is no longer returned.
	NameConstraintsWithoutSANs
	// UnconstrainedName results when a CA certificate contains permitted
	// name constraints, but leaf certificate contains a name of an
	// unsupported or unconstrained type.
	UnconstrainedName
	// TooManyConstraints results when the number of comparison operations
	// needed to check a certificate exceeds the limit set by
	// VerifyOptions.MaxConstraintComparisions. This limit exists to
	// prevent pathological certificates can consuming excessive amounts of
	// CPU time to verify.
	TooManyConstraints
	// CANotAuthorizedForExtKeyUsage results when an intermediate or root
	// certificate does not permit a requested extended key usage.
	CANotAuthorizedForExtKeyUsage
)

type KeyUsage 

type KeyUsage int

KeyUsage represents the set of actions that are valid for a given key. It's a bitmap of the KeyUsage* constants. 

const (
	KeyUsageDigitalSignature KeyUsage = 1 << iota
	KeyUsageContentCommitment
	KeyUsageKeyEncipherment
	KeyUsageDataEncipherment
	KeyUsageKeyAgreement
	KeyUsageCertSign
	KeyUsageCRLSign
	KeyUsageEncipherOnly
	KeyUsageDecipherOnly
)

type OID added in go1.22.0 

type OID struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

An OID represents an ASN.1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER.

func OIDFromInts added in go1.22.0 

func OIDFromInts(oid []uint64) (OID, error)

OIDFromInts creates a new OID using ints, each integer is a separate component.

func ParseOID added in go1.23.0 

func ParseOID(oid string) (OID, error)

ParseOID parses a Object Identifier string, represented by ASCII numbers separated by dots.

func (OID) Equal added in go1.22.0 

func (oid OID) Equal(other OID) bool

Equal returns true when oid and other represents the same Object Identifier.

func (OID) EqualASN1OID added in go1.22.0 

func (oid OID) EqualASN1OID(other asn1.ObjectIdentifier) bool

EqualASN1OID returns whether an OID equals an asn1.ObjectIdentifier. If asn1.ObjectIdentifier cannot represent the OID specified by oid, because a component of OID requires more than 31 bits, it returns false.

func (OID) MarshalBinary added in go1.23.0 

func (o OID) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error)

MarshalBinary implements encoding.BinaryMarshaler

func (OID) MarshalText added in go1.23.0 

func (o OID) MarshalText() ([]byte, error)

MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler

func (OID) String added in go1.22.0 

func (oid OID) String() string

Strings returns the string representation of the Object Identifier.

func (*OID) UnmarshalBinary added in go1.23.0 

func (o *OID) UnmarshalBinary(b []byte) error

UnmarshalBinary implements encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler

func (*OID) UnmarshalText added in go1.23.0 

func (o *OID) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error

UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler

type PEMCipher added in go1.1 

type PEMCipher int
const (
	PEMCipherDES PEMCipher
	PEMCipher3DES
	PEMCipherAES128
	PEMCipherAES192
	PEMCipherAES256
)

Possible values for the EncryptPEMBlock encryption algorithm.

type PublicKeyAlgorithm 

type PublicKeyAlgorithm int
const (
	UnknownPublicKeyAlgorithm PublicKeyAlgorithm = iota
	RSA
	DSA // Only supported for parsing.
	ECDSA
	Ed25519
)

func (PublicKeyAlgorithm) String added in go1.10 

func (algo PublicKeyAlgorithm) String() string

type RevocationList added in go1.15 

type RevocationList struct {
	// Raw contains the complete ASN.1 DER content of the CRL (tbsCertList,
	// signatureAlgorithm, and signatureValue.)
	Raw []byte
	// RawTBSRevocationList contains just the tbsCertList portion of the ASN.1
	// DER.
	RawTBSRevocationList []byte
	// RawIssuer contains the DER encoded Issuer.
	RawIssuer []byte

	// Issuer contains the DN of the issuing certificate.
	Issuer pkix.Name
	// AuthorityKeyId is used to identify the public key associated with the
	// issuing certificate. It is populated from the authorityKeyIdentifier
	// extension when parsing a CRL. It is ignored when creating a CRL; the
	// extension is populated from the issuing certificate itself.
	AuthorityKeyId []byte

	Signature []byte
	// SignatureAlgorithm is used to determine the signature algorithm to be
	// used when signing the CRL. If 0 the default algorithm for the signing
	// key will be used.
	SignatureAlgorithm SignatureAlgorithm

	// RevokedCertificateEntries represents the revokedCertificates sequence in
	// the CRL. It is used when creating a CRL and also populated when parsing a
	// CRL. When creating a CRL, it may be empty or nil, in which case the
	// revokedCertificates ASN.1 sequence will be omitted from the CRL entirely.
	RevokedCertificateEntries []RevocationListEntry

	// RevokedCertificates is used to populate the revokedCertificates
	// sequence in the CRL if RevokedCertificateEntries is empty. It may be empty
	// or nil, in which case an empty CRL will be created.
	//
	// Deprecated: Use RevokedCertificateEntries instead.
	RevokedCertificates []pkix.RevokedCertificate

	// Number is used to populate the X.509 v2 cRLNumber extension in the CRL,
	// which should be a monotonically increasing sequence number for a given
	// CRL scope and CRL issuer. It is also populated from the cRLNumber
	// extension when parsing a CRL.
	Number *big.Int

	// ThisUpdate is used to populate the thisUpdate field in the CRL, which
	// indicates the issuance date of the CRL.
	ThisUpdate time.Time
	// NextUpdate is used to populate the nextUpdate field in the CRL, which
	// indicates the date by which the next CRL will be issued. NextUpdate
	// must be greater than ThisUpdate.
	NextUpdate time.Time

	// Extensions contains raw X.509 extensions. When creating a CRL,
	// the Extensions field is ignored, see ExtraExtensions.
	Extensions []pkix.Extension

	// ExtraExtensions contains any additional extensions to add directly to
	// the CRL.
	ExtraExtensions []pkix.Extension
}

RevocationList represents a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) as specified by RFC 5280.

func ParseRevocationList added in go1.19 

func ParseRevocationList(der []byte) (*RevocationList, error)

ParseRevocationList parses a X509 v2 Certificate Revocation List from the given ASN.1 DER data.

func (*RevocationList) CheckSignatureFrom added in go1.19 

func (rl *RevocationList) CheckSignatureFrom(parent *Certificate) error

CheckSignatureFrom verifies that the signature on rl is a valid signature from issuer.

type RevocationListEntry added in go1.21.0 

type RevocationListEntry struct {
	// Raw contains the raw bytes of the revokedCertificates entry. It is set when
	// parsing a CRL; it is ignored when generating a CRL.
	Raw []byte

	// SerialNumber represents the serial number of a revoked certificate. It is
	// both used when creating a CRL and populated when parsing a CRL. It must not
	// be nil.
	SerialNumber *big.Int
	// RevocationTime represents the time at which the certificate was revoked. It
	// is both used when creating a CRL and populated when parsing a CRL. It must
	// not be the zero time.
	RevocationTime time.Time
	// ReasonCode represents the reason for revocation, using the integer enum
	// values specified in RFC 5280 Section 5.3.1. When creating a CRL, the zero
	// value will result in the reasonCode extension being omitted. When parsing a
	// CRL, the zero value may represent either the reasonCode extension being
	// absent (which implies the default revocation reason of 0/Unspecified), or
	// it may represent the reasonCode extension being present and explicitly
	// containing a value of 0/Unspecified (which should not happen according to
	// the DER encoding rules, but can and does happen anyway).
	ReasonCode int

	// Extensions contains raw X.509 extensions. When parsing CRL entries,
	// this can be used to extract non-critical extensions that are not
	// parsed by this package. When marshaling CRL entries, the Extensions
	// field is ignored, see ExtraExtensions.
	Extensions []pkix.Extension
	// ExtraExtensions contains extensions to be copied, raw, into any
	// marshaled CRL entries. Values override any extensions that would
	// otherwise be produced based on the other fields. The ExtraExtensions
	// field is not populated when parsing CRL entries, see Extensions.
	ExtraExtensions []pkix.Extension
}

RevocationListEntry represents an entry in the revokedCertificates sequence of a CRL.

type SignatureAlgorithm 

type SignatureAlgorithm int
const (
	UnknownSignatureAlgorithm SignatureAlgorithm = iota

	MD2WithRSA  // Unsupported.
	MD5WithRSA  // Only supported for signing, not verification.
	SHA1WithRSA // Only supported for signing, and verification of CRLs, CSRs, and OCSP responses.
	SHA256WithRSA
	SHA384WithRSA
	SHA512WithRSA
	DSAWithSHA1   // Unsupported.
	DSAWithSHA256 // Unsupported.
	ECDSAWithSHA1 // Only supported for signing, and verification of CRLs, CSRs, and OCSP responses.
	ECDSAWithSHA256
	ECDSAWithSHA384
	ECDSAWithSHA512
	SHA256WithRSAPSS
	SHA384WithRSAPSS
	SHA512WithRSAPSS
	PureEd25519
)

func (SignatureAlgorithm) String added in go1.6 

func (algo SignatureAlgorithm) String() string

type SystemRootsError added in go1.1 

type SystemRootsError struct {
	Err error
}

SystemRootsError results when we fail to load the system root certificates.

func (SystemRootsError) Error added in go1.1 

func (se SystemRootsError) Error() string

func (SystemRootsError) Unwrap added in go1.16 

func (se SystemRootsError) Unwrap() error

type UnhandledCriticalExtension 

type UnhandledCriticalExtension struct{}

func (UnhandledCriticalExtension) Error 

func (h UnhandledCriticalExtension) Error() string

type UnknownAuthorityError 

type UnknownAuthorityError struct {
	Cert *Certificate
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

UnknownAuthorityError results when the certificate issuer is unknown

func (UnknownAuthorityError) Error 

func (e UnknownAuthorityError) Error() string

type VerifyOptions 

type VerifyOptions struct {
	// DNSName, if set, is checked against the leaf certificate with
	// Certificate.VerifyHostname or the platform verifier.
	DNSName string

	// Intermediates is an optional pool of certificates that are not trust
	// anchors, but can be used to form a chain from the leaf certificate to a
	// root certificate.
	Intermediates *CertPool
	// Roots is the set of trusted root certificates the leaf certificate needs
	// to chain up to. If nil, the system roots or the platform verifier are used.
	Roots *CertPool

	// CurrentTime is used to check the validity of all certificates in the
	// chain. If zero, the current time is used.
	CurrentTime time.Time

	// KeyUsages specifies which Extended Key Usage values are acceptable. A
	// chain is accepted if it allows any of the listed values. An empty list
	// means ExtKeyUsageServerAuth. To accept any key usage, include ExtKeyUsageAny.
	KeyUsages []ExtKeyUsage

	// MaxConstraintComparisions is the maximum number of comparisons to
	// perform when checking a given certificate's name constraints. If
	// zero, a sensible default is used. This limit prevents pathological
	// certificates from consuming excessive amounts of CPU time when
	// validating. It does not apply to the platform verifier.
	MaxConstraintComparisions int
}

VerifyOptions contains parameters for Certificate.Verify.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
internal
macos
Package macOS provides cgo-less wrappers for Core Foundation and Security.framework, similarly to how package syscall provides access to libSystem.dylib.
 Package macOS provides cgo-less wrappers for Core Foundation and Security.framework, similarly to how package syscall provides access to libSystem.dylib.
Package pkix contains shared, low level structures used for ASN.1 parsing and serialization of X.509 certificates, CRL and OCSP.
 Package pkix contains shared, low level structures used for ASN.1 parsing and serialization of X.509 certificates, CRL and OCSP.

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