os

package standard library
go1.23.3 Latest Latest
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 Go to latest Published: Nov 6, 2024 License: BSD-3-Clause Imports: 20 Imported by: 2,047,459

Documentation

Overview

Package os provides a platform-independent interface to operating system functionality. The design is Unix-like, although the error handling is Go-like; failing calls return values of type error rather than error numbers. Often, more information is available within the error. For example, if a call that takes a file name fails, such as Open or Stat, the error will include the failing file name when printed and will be of type *PathError, which may be unpacked for more information.

The os interface is intended to be uniform across all operating systems. Features not generally available appear in the system-specific package syscall.

Here is a simple example, opening a file and reading some of it. 

file, err := os.Open("file.go") // For read access.
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal(err)
}

If the open fails, the error string will be self-explanatory, like 

open file.go: no such file or directory

The file's data can then be read into a slice of bytes. Read and Write take their byte counts from the length of the argument slice. 

data := make([]byte, 100)
count, err := file.Read(data)
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal(err)
}
fmt.Printf("read %d bytes: %q\n", count, data[:count])

Concurrency

The methods of File correspond to file system operations. All are safe for concurrent use. The maximum number of concurrent operations on a File may be limited by the OS or the system. The number should be high, but exceeding it may degrade performance or cause other issues.

Index

Examples

Constants

View Source 
const (
	// Exactly one of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, or O_RDWR must be specified.
	O_RDONLY int = syscall.O_RDONLY // open the file read-only.
	O_WRONLY int = syscall.O_WRONLY // open the file write-only.
	O_RDWR   int = syscall.O_RDWR   // open the file read-write.
	// The remaining values may be or'ed in to control behavior.
	O_APPEND int = syscall.O_APPEND // append data to the file when writing.
	O_CREATE int = syscall.O_CREAT  // create a new file if none exists.
	O_EXCL   int = syscall.O_EXCL   // used with O_CREATE, file must not exist.
	O_SYNC   int = syscall.O_SYNC   // open for synchronous I/O.
	O_TRUNC  int = syscall.O_TRUNC  // truncate regular writable file when opened.
)

Flags to OpenFile wrapping those of the underlying system. Not all flags may be implemented on a given system.

View Source 
const (
	SEEK_SET int = 0 // seek relative to the origin of the file
	SEEK_CUR int = 1 // seek relative to the current offset
	SEEK_END int = 2 // seek relative to the end
)

Seek whence values.

Deprecated: Use io.SeekStart, io.SeekCurrent, and io.SeekEnd.

View Source 
const (
	PathSeparator     = '/' // OS-specific path separator
	PathListSeparator = ':' // OS-specific path list separator
)
View Source 
const (
	// The single letters are the abbreviations
	// used by the String method's formatting.
	ModeDir        = fs.ModeDir        // d: is a directory
	ModeAppend     = fs.ModeAppend     // a: append-only
	ModeExclusive  = fs.ModeExclusive  // l: exclusive use
	ModeTemporary  = fs.ModeTemporary  // T: temporary file; Plan 9 only
	ModeSymlink    = fs.ModeSymlink    // L: symbolic link
	ModeDevice     = fs.ModeDevice     // D: device file
	ModeNamedPipe  = fs.ModeNamedPipe  // p: named pipe (FIFO)
	ModeSocket     = fs.ModeSocket     // S: Unix domain socket
	ModeSetuid     = fs.ModeSetuid     // u: setuid
	ModeSetgid     = fs.ModeSetgid     // g: setgid
	ModeCharDevice = fs.ModeCharDevice // c: Unix character device, when ModeDevice is set
	ModeSticky     = fs.ModeSticky     // t: sticky
	ModeIrregular  = fs.ModeIrregular  // ?: non-regular file; nothing else is known about this file

	// Mask for the type bits. For regular files, none will be set.
	ModeType = fs.ModeType

	ModePerm = fs.ModePerm // Unix permission bits, 0o777
)

The defined file mode bits are the most significant bits of the FileMode. The nine least-significant bits are the standard Unix rwxrwxrwx permissions. The values of these bits should be considered part of the public API and may be used in wire protocols or disk representations: they must not be changed, although new bits might be added.

View Source 
const DevNull = "/dev/null"

DevNull is the name of the operating system's “null device.” On Unix-like systems, it is "/dev/null"; on Windows, "NUL".

Variables

View Source 
var (
	// ErrInvalid indicates an invalid argument.
	// Methods on File will return this error when the receiver is nil.
	ErrInvalid = fs.ErrInvalid // "invalid argument"

	ErrPermission = fs.ErrPermission // "permission denied"
	ErrExist      = fs.ErrExist      // "file already exists"
	ErrNotExist   = fs.ErrNotExist   // "file does not exist"
	ErrClosed     = fs.ErrClosed     // "file already closed"

	ErrNoDeadline       = errNoDeadline()       // "file type does not support deadline"
	ErrDeadlineExceeded = errDeadlineExceeded() // "i/o timeout"
)

Portable analogs of some common system call errors.

Errors returned from this package may be tested against these errors with errors.Is.

View Source 
var (
	Stdin  = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stdin), "/dev/stdin")
	Stdout = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stdout), "/dev/stdout")
	Stderr = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stderr), "/dev/stderr")
)

Stdin, Stdout, and Stderr are open Files pointing to the standard input, standard output, and standard error file descriptors.

Note that the Go runtime writes to standard error for panics and crashes; closing Stderr may cause those messages to go elsewhere, perhaps to a file opened later.

View Source 
var Args []string

Args hold the command-line arguments, starting with the program name.

View Source 
var ErrProcessDone = errors.New("os: process already finished")

ErrProcessDone indicates a Process has finished.

Functions

func Chdir 

func Chdir(dir string) error

Chdir changes the current working directory to the named directory. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func Chmod 

func Chmod(name string, mode FileMode) error

Chmod changes the mode of the named file to mode. If the file is a symbolic link, it changes the mode of the link's target. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

A different subset of the mode bits are used, depending on the operating system.

On Unix, the mode's permission bits, ModeSetuid, ModeSetgid, and ModeSticky are used.

On Windows, only the 0o200 bit (owner writable) of mode is used; it controls whether the file's read-only attribute is set or cleared. The other bits are currently unused. For compatibility with Go 1.12 and earlier, use a non-zero mode. Use mode 0o400 for a read-only file and 0o600 for a readable+writable file.

On Plan 9, the mode's permission bits, ModeAppend, ModeExclusive, and ModeTemporary are used.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	if err := os.Chmod("some-filename", 0644); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:

func Chown 

func Chown(name string, uid, gid int) error

Chown changes the numeric uid and gid of the named file. If the file is a symbolic link, it changes the uid and gid of the link's target. A uid or gid of -1 means to not change that value. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

On Windows or Plan 9, Chown always returns the syscall.EWINDOWS or EPLAN9 error, wrapped in *PathError.

func Chtimes 

func Chtimes(name string, atime time.Time, mtime time.Time) error

Chtimes changes the access and modification times of the named file, similar to the Unix utime() or utimes() functions. A zero time.Time value will leave the corresponding file time unchanged.

The underlying filesystem may truncate or round the values to a less precise time unit. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	mtime := time.Date(2006, time.February, 1, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
	atime := time.Date(2007, time.March, 2, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.UTC)
	if err := os.Chtimes("some-filename", atime, mtime); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:

func Clearenv 

func Clearenv()

Clearenv deletes all environment variables.

func CopyFS added in go1.23.0 

func CopyFS(dir string, fsys fs.FS) error

CopyFS copies the file system fsys into the directory dir, creating dir if necessary.

Files are created with mode 0o666 plus any execute permissions from the source, and directories are created with mode 0o777 (before umask).

CopyFS will not overwrite existing files. If a file name in fsys already exists in the destination, CopyFS will return an error such that errors.Is(err, fs.ErrExist) will be true.

Symbolic links in fsys are not supported. A *PathError with Err set to ErrInvalid is returned when copying from a symbolic link.

Symbolic links in dir are followed.

Copying stops at and returns the first error encountered.

func DirFS added in go1.16 

func DirFS(dir string) fs.FS

DirFS returns a file system (an fs.FS) for the tree of files rooted at the directory dir.

Note that DirFS("/prefix") only guarantees that the Open calls it makes to the operating system will begin with "/prefix": DirFS("/prefix").Open("file") is the same as os.Open("/prefix/file"). So if /prefix/file is a symbolic link pointing outside the /prefix tree, then using DirFS does not stop the access any more than using os.Open does. Additionally, the root of the fs.FS returned for a relative path, DirFS("prefix"), will be affected by later calls to Chdir. DirFS is therefore not a general substitute for a chroot-style security mechanism when the directory tree contains arbitrary content.

The directory dir must not be "".

The result implements io/fs.StatFS, io/fs.ReadFileFS and io/fs.ReadDirFS.

func Environ 

func Environ() []string

Environ returns a copy of strings representing the environment, in the form "key=value".

func Executable added in go1.8 

func Executable() (string, error)

Executable returns the path name for the executable that started the current process. There is no guarantee that the path is still pointing to the correct executable. If a symlink was used to start the process, depending on the operating system, the result might be the symlink or the path it pointed to. If a stable result is needed, path/filepath.EvalSymlinks might help.

Executable returns an absolute path unless an error occurred.

The main use case is finding resources located relative to an executable.

func Exit 

func Exit(code int)

Exit causes the current program to exit with the given status code. Conventionally, code zero indicates success, non-zero an error. The program terminates immediately; deferred functions are not run.

For portability, the status code should be in the range [0, 125].

func Expand 

func Expand(s string, mapping func(string) string) string

Expand replaces ${var} or $var in the string based on the mapping function. For example, os.ExpandEnv(s) is equivalent to os.Expand(s, os.Getenv).

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	mapper := func(placeholderName string) string {
		switch placeholderName {
		case "DAY_PART":
			return "morning"
		case "NAME":
			return "Gopher"
		}

		return ""
	}

	fmt.Println(os.Expand("Good ${DAY_PART}, $NAME!", mapper))

}

Output:

Good morning, Gopher!

func ExpandEnv 

func ExpandEnv(s string) string

ExpandEnv replaces ${var} or $var in the string according to the values of the current environment variables. References to undefined variables are replaced by the empty string.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	os.Setenv("NAME", "gopher")
	os.Setenv("BURROW", "/usr/gopher")

	fmt.Println(os.ExpandEnv("$NAME lives in ${BURROW}."))

}

Output:

gopher lives in /usr/gopher.

func Getegid 

func Getegid() int

Getegid returns the numeric effective group id of the caller.

On Windows, it returns -1.

func Getenv 

func Getenv(key string) string

Getenv retrieves the value of the environment variable named by the key. It returns the value, which will be empty if the variable is not present. To distinguish between an empty value and an unset value, use LookupEnv.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	os.Setenv("NAME", "gopher")
	os.Setenv("BURROW", "/usr/gopher")

	fmt.Printf("%s lives in %s.\n", os.Getenv("NAME"), os.Getenv("BURROW"))

}

Output:

gopher lives in /usr/gopher.

func Geteuid 

func Geteuid() int

Geteuid returns the numeric effective user id of the caller.

On Windows, it returns -1.

func Getgid 

func Getgid() int

Getgid returns the numeric group id of the caller.

On Windows, it returns -1.

func Getgroups 

func Getgroups() ([]int, error)

Getgroups returns a list of the numeric ids of groups that the caller belongs to.

On Windows, it returns syscall.EWINDOWS. See the os/user package for a possible alternative.

func Getpagesize 

func Getpagesize() int

Getpagesize returns the underlying system's memory page size.

func Getpid 

func Getpid() int

Getpid returns the process id of the caller.

func Getppid 

func Getppid() int

Getppid returns the process id of the caller's parent.

func Getuid 

func Getuid() int

Getuid returns the numeric user id of the caller.

On Windows, it returns -1.

func Getwd 

func Getwd() (dir string, err error)

Getwd returns a rooted path name corresponding to the current directory. If the current directory can be reached via multiple paths (due to symbolic links), Getwd may return any one of them.

func Hostname 

func Hostname() (name string, err error)

Hostname returns the host name reported by the kernel.

func IsExist 

func IsExist(err error) bool

IsExist returns a boolean indicating whether its argument is known to report that a file or directory already exists. It is satisfied by ErrExist as well as some syscall errors.

This function predates errors.Is. It only supports errors returned by the os package. New code should use errors.Is(err, fs.ErrExist).

func IsNotExist 

func IsNotExist(err error) bool

IsNotExist returns a boolean indicating whether its argument is known to report that a file or directory does not exist. It is satisfied by ErrNotExist as well as some syscall errors.

This function predates errors.Is. It only supports errors returned by the os package. New code should use errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist).

func IsPathSeparator 

func IsPathSeparator(c uint8) bool

IsPathSeparator reports whether c is a directory separator character.

func IsPermission 

func IsPermission(err error) bool

IsPermission returns a boolean indicating whether its argument is known to report that permission is denied. It is satisfied by ErrPermission as well as some syscall errors.

This function predates errors.Is. It only supports errors returned by the os package. New code should use errors.Is(err, fs.ErrPermission).

func IsTimeout added in go1.10 

func IsTimeout(err error) bool

IsTimeout returns a boolean indicating whether its argument is known to report that a timeout occurred.

This function predates errors.Is, and the notion of whether an error indicates a timeout can be ambiguous. For example, the Unix error EWOULDBLOCK sometimes indicates a timeout and sometimes does not. New code should use errors.Is with a value appropriate to the call returning the error, such as os.ErrDeadlineExceeded.

func Lchown 

func Lchown(name string, uid, gid int) error

Lchown changes the numeric uid and gid of the named file. If the file is a symbolic link, it changes the uid and gid of the link itself. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

On Windows, it always returns the syscall.EWINDOWS error, wrapped in *PathError. 

func Link(oldname, newname string) error

Link creates newname as a hard link to the oldname file. If there is an error, it will be of type *LinkError.

func LookupEnv added in go1.5 

func LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool)

LookupEnv retrieves the value of the environment variable named by the key. If the variable is present in the environment the value (which may be empty) is returned and the boolean is true. Otherwise the returned value will be empty and the boolean will be false.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	show := func(key string) {
		val, ok := os.LookupEnv(key)
		if !ok {
			fmt.Printf("%s not set\n", key)
		} else {
			fmt.Printf("%s=%s\n", key, val)
		}
	}

	os.Setenv("SOME_KEY", "value")
	os.Setenv("EMPTY_KEY", "")

	show("SOME_KEY")
	show("EMPTY_KEY")
	show("MISSING_KEY")

}

Output:

SOME_KEY=value
EMPTY_KEY=
MISSING_KEY not set

func Mkdir 

func Mkdir(name string, perm FileMode) error

Mkdir creates a new directory with the specified name and permission bits (before umask). If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	err := os.Mkdir("testdir", 0750)
	if err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	err = os.WriteFile("testdir/testfile.txt", []byte("Hello, Gophers!"), 0660)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:

func MkdirAll 

func MkdirAll(path string, perm FileMode) error

MkdirAll creates a directory named path, along with any necessary parents, and returns nil, or else returns an error. The permission bits perm (before umask) are used for all directories that MkdirAll creates. If path is already a directory, MkdirAll does nothing and returns nil.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	err := os.MkdirAll("test/subdir", 0750)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	err = os.WriteFile("test/subdir/testfile.txt", []byte("Hello, Gophers!"), 0660)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:

func MkdirTemp added in go1.16 

func MkdirTemp(dir, pattern string) (string, error)

MkdirTemp creates a new temporary directory in the directory dir and returns the pathname of the new directory. The new directory's name is generated by adding a random string to the end of pattern. If pattern includes a "*", the random string replaces the last "*" instead. The directory is created with mode 0o700 (before umask). If dir is the empty string, MkdirTemp uses the default directory for temporary files, as returned by TempDir. Multiple programs or goroutines calling MkdirTemp simultaneously will not choose the same directory. It is the caller's responsibility to remove the directory when it is no longer needed.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
)

func main() {
	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "example")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer os.RemoveAll(dir) // clean up

	file := filepath.Join(dir, "tmpfile")
	if err := os.WriteFile(file, []byte("content"), 0666); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:
Example (Suffix) 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
)

func main() {
	logsDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "*-logs")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer os.RemoveAll(logsDir) // clean up

	// Logs can be cleaned out earlier if needed by searching
	// for all directories whose suffix ends in *-logs.
	globPattern := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "*-logs")
	matches, err := filepath.Glob(globPattern)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("Failed to match %q: %v", globPattern, err)
	}

	for _, match := range matches {
		if err := os.RemoveAll(match); err != nil {
			log.Printf("Failed to remove %q: %v", match, err)
		}
	}
}

Output:

func NewSyscallError 

func NewSyscallError(syscall string, err error) error

NewSyscallError returns, as an error, a new SyscallError with the given system call name and error details. As a convenience, if err is nil, NewSyscallError returns nil.

func Pipe 

func Pipe() (r *File, w *File, err error)

Pipe returns a connected pair of Files; reads from r return bytes written to w. It returns the files and an error, if any.

func ReadFile added in go1.16 

func ReadFile(name string) ([]byte, error)

ReadFile reads the named file and returns the contents. A successful call returns err == nil, not err == EOF. Because ReadFile reads the whole file, it does not treat an EOF from Read as an error to be reported.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	data, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/hello")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	os.Stdout.Write(data)

}

Output:

Hello, Gophers!

func Readlink(name string) (string, error)

Readlink returns the destination of the named symbolic link. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

If the link destination is relative, Readlink returns the relative path without resolving it to an absolute one.

func Remove 

func Remove(name string) error

Remove removes the named file or (empty) directory. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func RemoveAll 

func RemoveAll(path string) error

RemoveAll removes path and any children it contains. It removes everything it can but returns the first error it encounters. If the path does not exist, RemoveAll returns nil (no error). If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func Rename 

func Rename(oldpath, newpath string) error

Rename renames (moves) oldpath to newpath. If newpath already exists and is not a directory, Rename replaces it. OS-specific restrictions may apply when oldpath and newpath are in different directories. Even within the same directory, on non-Unix platforms Rename is not an atomic operation. If there is an error, it will be of type *LinkError.

func SameFile 

func SameFile(fi1, fi2 FileInfo) bool

SameFile reports whether fi1 and fi2 describe the same file. For example, on Unix this means that the device and inode fields of the two underlying structures are identical; on other systems the decision may be based on the path names. SameFile only applies to results returned by this package's Stat. It returns false in other cases.

func Setenv 

func Setenv(key, value string) error

Setenv sets the value of the environment variable named by the key. It returns an error, if any. 

func Symlink(oldname, newname string) error

Symlink creates newname as a symbolic link to oldname. On Windows, a symlink to a non-existent oldname creates a file symlink; if oldname is later created as a directory the symlink will not work. If there is an error, it will be of type *LinkError.

func TempDir 

func TempDir() string

TempDir returns the default directory to use for temporary files.

On Unix systems, it returns $TMPDIR if non-empty, else /tmp. On Windows, it uses GetTempPath, returning the first non-empty value from %TMP%, %TEMP%, %USERPROFILE%, or the Windows directory. On Plan 9, it returns /tmp.

The directory is neither guaranteed to exist nor have accessible permissions.

func Truncate 

func Truncate(name string, size int64) error

Truncate changes the size of the named file. If the file is a symbolic link, it changes the size of the link's target. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func Unsetenv added in go1.4 

func Unsetenv(key string) error

Unsetenv unsets a single environment variable.

Example 
package main

import (
	"os"
)

func main() {
	os.Setenv("TMPDIR", "/my/tmp")
	defer os.Unsetenv("TMPDIR")
}

Output:

func UserCacheDir added in go1.11 

func UserCacheDir() (string, error)

UserCacheDir returns the default root directory to use for user-specific cached data. Users should create their own application-specific subdirectory within this one and use that.

On Unix systems, it returns $XDG_CACHE_HOME as specified by https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html if non-empty, else $HOME/.cache. On Darwin, it returns $HOME/Library/Caches. On Windows, it returns %LocalAppData%. On Plan 9, it returns $home/lib/cache.

If the location cannot be determined (for example, $HOME is not defined), then it will return an error.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"sync"
)

func main() {
	dir, dirErr := os.UserCacheDir()
	if dirErr == nil {
		dir = filepath.Join(dir, "ExampleUserCacheDir")
	}

	getCache := func(name string) ([]byte, error) {
		if dirErr != nil {
			return nil, &os.PathError{Op: "getCache", Path: name, Err: os.ErrNotExist}
		}
		return os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, name))
	}

	var mkdirOnce sync.Once
	putCache := func(name string, b []byte) error {
		if dirErr != nil {
			return &os.PathError{Op: "putCache", Path: name, Err: dirErr}
		}
		mkdirOnce.Do(func() {
			if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0700); err != nil {
				log.Printf("can't create user cache dir: %v", err)
			}
		})
		return os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, name), b, 0600)
	}

	// Read and store cached data.
	// …
	_ = getCache
	_ = putCache

}

Output:

func UserConfigDir added in go1.13 

func UserConfigDir() (string, error)

UserConfigDir returns the default root directory to use for user-specific configuration data. Users should create their own application-specific subdirectory within this one and use that.

On Unix systems, it returns $XDG_CONFIG_HOME as specified by https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html if non-empty, else $HOME/.config. On Darwin, it returns $HOME/Library/Application Support. On Windows, it returns %AppData%. On Plan 9, it returns $home/lib.

If the location cannot be determined (for example, $HOME is not defined), then it will return an error.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"log"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
)

func main() {
	dir, dirErr := os.UserConfigDir()

	var (
		configPath string
		origConfig []byte
	)
	if dirErr == nil {
		configPath = filepath.Join(dir, "ExampleUserConfigDir", "example.conf")
		var err error
		origConfig, err = os.ReadFile(configPath)
		if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
			// The user has a config file but we couldn't read it.
			// Report the error instead of ignoring their configuration.
			log.Fatal(err)
		}
	}

	// Use and perhaps make changes to the config.
	config := bytes.Clone(origConfig)
	// …

	// Save changes.
	if !bytes.Equal(config, origConfig) {
		if configPath == "" {
			log.Printf("not saving config changes: %v", dirErr)
		} else {
			err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(configPath), 0700)
			if err == nil {
				err = os.WriteFile(configPath, config, 0600)
			}
			if err != nil {
				log.Printf("error saving config changes: %v", err)
			}
		}
	}

}

Output:

func UserHomeDir added in go1.12 

func UserHomeDir() (string, error)

UserHomeDir returns the current user's home directory.

On Unix, including macOS, it returns the $HOME environment variable. On Windows, it returns %USERPROFILE%. On Plan 9, it returns the $home environment variable.

If the expected variable is not set in the environment, UserHomeDir returns either a platform-specific default value or a non-nil error.

func WriteFile added in go1.16 

func WriteFile(name string, data []byte, perm FileMode) error

WriteFile writes data to the named file, creating it if necessary. If the file does not exist, WriteFile creates it with permissions perm (before umask); otherwise WriteFile truncates it before writing, without changing permissions. Since WriteFile requires multiple system calls to complete, a failure mid-operation can leave the file in a partially written state.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	err := os.WriteFile("testdata/hello", []byte("Hello, Gophers!"), 0666)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:

Types

type DirEntry added in go1.16 

type DirEntry = fs.DirEntry

A DirEntry is an entry read from a directory (using the ReadDir function or a File.ReadDir method).

func ReadDir added in go1.16 

func ReadDir(name string) ([]DirEntry, error)

ReadDir reads the named directory, returning all its directory entries sorted by filename. If an error occurs reading the directory, ReadDir returns the entries it was able to read before the error, along with the error.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	files, err := os.ReadDir(".")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}

	for _, file := range files {
		fmt.Println(file.Name())
	}
}

Output:

type File 

type File struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

File represents an open file descriptor.

The methods of File are safe for concurrent use.

func Create 

func Create(name string) (*File, error)

Create creates or truncates the named file. If the file already exists, it is truncated. If the file does not exist, it is created with mode 0o666 (before umask). If successful, methods on the returned File can be used for I/O; the associated file descriptor has mode O_RDWR. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func CreateTemp added in go1.16 

func CreateTemp(dir, pattern string) (*File, error)

CreateTemp creates a new temporary file in the directory dir, opens the file for reading and writing, and returns the resulting file. The filename is generated by taking pattern and adding a random string to the end. If pattern includes a "*", the random string replaces the last "*". The file is created with mode 0o600 (before umask). If dir is the empty string, CreateTemp uses the default directory for temporary files, as returned by TempDir. Multiple programs or goroutines calling CreateTemp simultaneously will not choose the same file. The caller can use the file's Name method to find the pathname of the file. It is the caller's responsibility to remove the file when it is no longer needed.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "example")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer os.Remove(f.Name()) // clean up

	if _, err := f.Write([]byte("content")); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:
Example (Suffix) 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "example.*.txt")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer os.Remove(f.Name()) // clean up

	if _, err := f.Write([]byte("content")); err != nil {
		f.Close()
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:

func NewFile 

func NewFile(fd uintptr, name string) *File

NewFile returns a new File with the given file descriptor and name. The returned value will be nil if fd is not a valid file descriptor. On Unix systems, if the file descriptor is in non-blocking mode, NewFile will attempt to return a pollable File (one for which the SetDeadline methods work).

After passing it to NewFile, fd may become invalid under the same conditions described in the comments of the Fd method, and the same constraints apply.

func Open 

func Open(name string) (*File, error)

Open opens the named file for reading. If successful, methods on the returned file can be used for reading; the associated file descriptor has mode O_RDONLY. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func OpenFile 

func OpenFile(name string, flag int, perm FileMode) (*File, error)

OpenFile is the generalized open call; most users will use Open or Create instead. It opens the named file with specified flag (O_RDONLY etc.). If the file does not exist, and the O_CREATE flag is passed, it is created with mode perm (before umask). If successful, methods on the returned File can be used for I/O. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	f, err := os.OpenFile("notes.txt", os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0644)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:
Example (Append) 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	// If the file doesn't exist, create it, or append to the file
	f, err := os.OpenFile("access.log", os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0644)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	if _, err := f.Write([]byte("appended some data\n")); err != nil {
		f.Close() // ignore error; Write error takes precedence
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:

func (*File) Chdir 

func (f *File) Chdir() error

Chdir changes the current working directory to the file, which must be a directory. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func (*File) Chmod 

func (f *File) Chmod(mode FileMode) error

Chmod changes the mode of the file to mode. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func (*File) Chown 

func (f *File) Chown(uid, gid int) error

Chown changes the numeric uid and gid of the named file. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

On Windows, it always returns the syscall.EWINDOWS error, wrapped in *PathError.

func (*File) Close 

func (f *File) Close() error

Close closes the File, rendering it unusable for I/O. On files that support File.SetDeadline, any pending I/O operations will be canceled and return immediately with an ErrClosed error. Close will return an error if it has already been called.

func (*File) Fd 

func (f *File) Fd() uintptr

Fd returns the integer Unix file descriptor referencing the open file. If f is closed, the file descriptor becomes invalid. If f is garbage collected, a finalizer may close the file descriptor, making it invalid; see runtime.SetFinalizer for more information on when a finalizer might be run. On Unix systems this will cause the File.SetDeadline methods to stop working. Because file descriptors can be reused, the returned file descriptor may only be closed through the File.Close method of f, or by its finalizer during garbage collection. Otherwise, during garbage collection the finalizer may close an unrelated file descriptor with the same (reused) number.

As an alternative, see the f.SyscallConn method.

func (*File) Name 

func (f *File) Name() string

Name returns the name of the file as presented to Open.

It is safe to call Name after [Close].

func (*File) Read 

func (f *File) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error)

Read reads up to len(b) bytes from the File and stores them in b. It returns the number of bytes read and any error encountered. At end of file, Read returns 0, io.EOF.

func (*File) ReadAt 

func (f *File) ReadAt(b []byte, off int64) (n int, err error)

ReadAt reads len(b) bytes from the File starting at byte offset off. It returns the number of bytes read and the error, if any. ReadAt always returns a non-nil error when n < len(b). At end of file, that error is io.EOF.

func (*File) ReadDir added in go1.16 

func (f *File) ReadDir(n int) ([]DirEntry, error)

ReadDir reads the contents of the directory associated with the file f and returns a slice of DirEntry values in directory order. Subsequent calls on the same file will yield later DirEntry records in the directory.

If n > 0, ReadDir returns at most n DirEntry records. In this case, if ReadDir returns an empty slice, it will return an error explaining why. At the end of a directory, the error is io.EOF.

If n <= 0, ReadDir returns all the DirEntry records remaining in the directory. When it succeeds, it returns a nil error (not io.EOF).

func (*File) ReadFrom added in go1.15 

func (f *File) ReadFrom(r io.Reader) (n int64, err error)

ReadFrom implements io.ReaderFrom.

func (*File) Readdir 

func (f *File) Readdir(n int) ([]FileInfo, error)

Readdir reads the contents of the directory associated with file and returns a slice of up to n FileInfo values, as would be returned by Lstat, in directory order. Subsequent calls on the same file will yield further FileInfos.

If n > 0, Readdir returns at most n FileInfo structures. In this case, if Readdir returns an empty slice, it will return a non-nil error explaining why. At the end of a directory, the error is io.EOF.

If n <= 0, Readdir returns all the FileInfo from the directory in a single slice. In this case, if Readdir succeeds (reads all the way to the end of the directory), it returns the slice and a nil error. If it encounters an error before the end of the directory, Readdir returns the FileInfo read until that point and a non-nil error.

Most clients are better served by the more efficient ReadDir method.

func (*File) Readdirnames 

func (f *File) Readdirnames(n int) (names []string, err error)

Readdirnames reads the contents of the directory associated with file and returns a slice of up to n names of files in the directory, in directory order. Subsequent calls on the same file will yield further names.

If n > 0, Readdirnames returns at most n names. In this case, if Readdirnames returns an empty slice, it will return a non-nil error explaining why. At the end of a directory, the error is io.EOF.

If n <= 0, Readdirnames returns all the names from the directory in a single slice. In this case, if Readdirnames succeeds (reads all the way to the end of the directory), it returns the slice and a nil error. If it encounters an error before the end of the directory, Readdirnames returns the names read until that point and a non-nil error.

func (*File) Seek 

func (f *File) Seek(offset int64, whence int) (ret int64, err error)

Seek sets the offset for the next Read or Write on file to offset, interpreted according to whence: 0 means relative to the origin of the file, 1 means relative to the current offset, and 2 means relative to the end. It returns the new offset and an error, if any. The behavior of Seek on a file opened with O_APPEND is not specified.

func (*File) SetDeadline added in go1.10 

func (f *File) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error

SetDeadline sets the read and write deadlines for a File. It is equivalent to calling both SetReadDeadline and SetWriteDeadline.

Only some kinds of files support setting a deadline. Calls to SetDeadline for files that do not support deadlines will return ErrNoDeadline. On most systems ordinary files do not support deadlines, but pipes do.

A deadline is an absolute time after which I/O operations fail with an error instead of blocking. The deadline applies to all future and pending I/O, not just the immediately following call to Read or Write. After a deadline has been exceeded, the connection can be refreshed by setting a deadline in the future.

If the deadline is exceeded a call to Read or Write or to other I/O methods will return an error that wraps ErrDeadlineExceeded. This can be tested using errors.Is(err, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded). That error implements the Timeout method, and calling the Timeout method will return true, but there are other possible errors for which the Timeout will return true even if the deadline has not been exceeded.

An idle timeout can be implemented by repeatedly extending the deadline after successful Read or Write calls.

A zero value for t means I/O operations will not time out.

func (*File) SetReadDeadline added in go1.10 

func (f *File) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error

SetReadDeadline sets the deadline for future Read calls and any currently-blocked Read call. A zero value for t means Read will not time out. Not all files support setting deadlines; see SetDeadline.

func (*File) SetWriteDeadline added in go1.10 

func (f *File) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error

SetWriteDeadline sets the deadline for any future Write calls and any currently-blocked Write call. Even if Write times out, it may return n > 0, indicating that some of the data was successfully written. A zero value for t means Write will not time out. Not all files support setting deadlines; see SetDeadline.

func (*File) Stat 

func (f *File) Stat() (FileInfo, error)

Stat returns the FileInfo structure describing file. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func (*File) Sync 

func (f *File) Sync() error

Sync commits the current contents of the file to stable storage. Typically, this means flushing the file system's in-memory copy of recently written data to disk.

func (*File) SyscallConn added in go1.12 

func (f *File) SyscallConn() (syscall.RawConn, error)

SyscallConn returns a raw file. This implements the syscall.Conn interface.

func (*File) Truncate 

func (f *File) Truncate(size int64) error

Truncate changes the size of the file. It does not change the I/O offset. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func (*File) Write 

func (f *File) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error)

Write writes len(b) bytes from b to the File. It returns the number of bytes written and an error, if any. Write returns a non-nil error when n != len(b).

func (*File) WriteAt 

func (f *File) WriteAt(b []byte, off int64) (n int, err error)

WriteAt writes len(b) bytes to the File starting at byte offset off. It returns the number of bytes written and an error, if any. WriteAt returns a non-nil error when n != len(b).

If file was opened with the O_APPEND flag, WriteAt returns an error.

func (*File) WriteString 

func (f *File) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error)

WriteString is like Write, but writes the contents of string s rather than a slice of bytes.

func (*File) WriteTo added in go1.22.0 

func (f *File) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)

WriteTo implements io.WriterTo.

type FileInfo 

type FileInfo = fs.FileInfo

A FileInfo describes a file and is returned by Stat and Lstat.

func Lstat 

func Lstat(name string) (FileInfo, error)

Lstat returns a FileInfo describing the named file. If the file is a symbolic link, the returned FileInfo describes the symbolic link. Lstat makes no attempt to follow the link. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

On Windows, if the file is a reparse point that is a surrogate for another named entity (such as a symbolic link or mounted folder), the returned FileInfo describes the reparse point, and makes no attempt to resolve it.

func Stat 

func Stat(name string) (FileInfo, error)

Stat returns a FileInfo describing the named file. If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

type FileMode 

type FileMode = fs.FileMode

A FileMode represents a file's mode and permission bits. The bits have the same definition on all systems, so that information about files can be moved from one system to another portably. Not all bits apply to all systems. The only required bit is ModeDir for directories.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/fs"
	"log"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	fi, err := os.Lstat("some-filename")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}

	fmt.Printf("permissions: %#o\n", fi.Mode().Perm()) // 0o400, 0o777, etc.
	switch mode := fi.Mode(); {
	case mode.IsRegular():
		fmt.Println("regular file")
	case mode.IsDir():
		fmt.Println("directory")
	case mode&fs.ModeSymlink != 0:
		fmt.Println("symbolic link")
	case mode&fs.ModeNamedPipe != 0:
		fmt.Println("named pipe")
	}
}

Output:

type LinkError 

type LinkError struct {
	Op  string
	Old string
	New string
	Err error
}

LinkError records an error during a link or symlink or rename system call and the paths that caused it.

func (*LinkError) Error 

func (e *LinkError) Error() string

func (*LinkError) Unwrap added in go1.13 

func (e *LinkError) Unwrap() error

type PathError 

type PathError = fs.PathError

PathError records an error and the operation and file path that caused it.

type ProcAttr 

type ProcAttr struct {
	// If Dir is non-empty, the child changes into the directory before
	// creating the process.
	Dir string
	// If Env is non-nil, it gives the environment variables for the
	// new process in the form returned by Environ.
	// If it is nil, the result of Environ will be used.
	Env []string
	// Files specifies the open files inherited by the new process. The
	// first three entries correspond to standard input, standard output, and
	// standard error. An implementation may support additional entries,
	// depending on the underlying operating system. A nil entry corresponds
	// to that file being closed when the process starts.
	// On Unix systems, StartProcess will change these File values
	// to blocking mode, which means that SetDeadline will stop working
	// and calling Close will not interrupt a Read or Write.
	Files []*File

	// Operating system-specific process creation attributes.
	// Note that setting this field means that your program
	// may not execute properly or even compile on some
	// operating systems.
	Sys *syscall.SysProcAttr
}

ProcAttr holds the attributes that will be applied to a new process started by StartProcess.

type Process 

type Process struct {
	Pid int
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Process stores the information about a process created by StartProcess.

func FindProcess 

func FindProcess(pid int) (*Process, error)

FindProcess looks for a running process by its pid.

The Process it returns can be used to obtain information about the underlying operating system process.

On Unix systems, FindProcess always succeeds and returns a Process for the given pid, regardless of whether the process exists. To test whether the process actually exists, see whether p.Signal(syscall.Signal(0)) reports an error.

func StartProcess 

func StartProcess(name string, argv []string, attr *ProcAttr) (*Process, error)

StartProcess starts a new process with the program, arguments and attributes specified by name, argv and attr. The argv slice will become os.Args in the new process, so it normally starts with the program name.

If the calling goroutine has locked the operating system thread with runtime.LockOSThread and modified any inheritable OS-level thread state (for example, Linux or Plan 9 name spaces), the new process will inherit the caller's thread state.

StartProcess is a low-level interface. The os/exec package provides higher-level interfaces.

If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.

func (*Process) Kill 

func (p *Process) Kill() error

Kill causes the Process to exit immediately. Kill does not wait until the Process has actually exited. This only kills the Process itself, not any other processes it may have started.

func (*Process) Release 

func (p *Process) Release() error

Release releases any resources associated with the Process p, rendering it unusable in the future. Release only needs to be called if Process.Wait is not.

func (*Process) Signal 

func (p *Process) Signal(sig Signal) error

Signal sends a signal to the Process. Sending Interrupt on Windows is not implemented.

func (*Process) Wait 

func (p *Process) Wait() (*ProcessState, error)

Wait waits for the Process to exit, and then returns a ProcessState describing its status and an error, if any. Wait releases any resources associated with the Process. On most operating systems, the Process must be a child of the current process or an error will be returned.

type ProcessState 

type ProcessState struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

ProcessState stores information about a process, as reported by Wait.

func (*ProcessState) ExitCode added in go1.12 

func (p *ProcessState) ExitCode() int

ExitCode returns the exit code of the exited process, or -1 if the process hasn't exited or was terminated by a signal.

func (*ProcessState) Exited 

func (p *ProcessState) Exited() bool

Exited reports whether the program has exited. On Unix systems this reports true if the program exited due to calling exit, but false if the program terminated due to a signal.

func (*ProcessState) Pid 

func (p *ProcessState) Pid() int

Pid returns the process id of the exited process.

func (*ProcessState) String 

func (p *ProcessState) String() string

func (*ProcessState) Success 

func (p *ProcessState) Success() bool

Success reports whether the program exited successfully, such as with exit status 0 on Unix.

func (*ProcessState) Sys 

func (p *ProcessState) Sys() any

Sys returns system-dependent exit information about the process. Convert it to the appropriate underlying type, such as syscall.WaitStatus on Unix, to access its contents.

func (*ProcessState) SysUsage 

func (p *ProcessState) SysUsage() any

SysUsage returns system-dependent resource usage information about the exited process. Convert it to the appropriate underlying type, such as *syscall.Rusage on Unix, to access its contents. (On Unix, *syscall.Rusage matches struct rusage as defined in the getrusage(2) manual page.)

func (*ProcessState) SystemTime 

func (p *ProcessState) SystemTime() time.Duration

SystemTime returns the system CPU time of the exited process and its children.

func (*ProcessState) UserTime 

func (p *ProcessState) UserTime() time.Duration

UserTime returns the user CPU time of the exited process and its children.

type Signal 

type Signal interface {
	String() string
	Signal() // to distinguish from other Stringers
}

A Signal represents an operating system signal. The usual underlying implementation is operating system-dependent: on Unix it is syscall.Signal. 

var (
	Interrupt Signal = syscall.SIGINT
	Kill      Signal = syscall.SIGKILL
)

The only signal values guaranteed to be present in the os package on all systems are os.Interrupt (send the process an interrupt) and os.Kill (force the process to exit). On Windows, sending os.Interrupt to a process with os.Process.Signal is not implemented; it will return an error instead of sending a signal.

type SyscallError 

type SyscallError struct {
	Syscall string
	Err     error
}

SyscallError records an error from a specific system call.

func (*SyscallError) Error 

func (e *SyscallError) Error() string

func (*SyscallError) Timeout added in go1.10 

func (e *SyscallError) Timeout() bool

Timeout reports whether this error represents a timeout.

func (*SyscallError) Unwrap added in go1.13 

func (e *SyscallError) Unwrap() error

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package exec runs external commands.
 Package exec runs external commands.
internal/fdtest
Package fdtest provides test helpers for working with file descriptors across exec.
 Package fdtest provides test helpers for working with file descriptors across exec.
Package signal implements access to incoming signals.
 Package signal implements access to incoming signals.
Package user allows user account lookups by name or id.
 Package user allows user account lookups by name or id.

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