http

package
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 Go to latest Published: Jun 1, 2013 License: BSD-3-Clause Imports: 25 Imported by: 0

Documentation

Overview

Package http provides HTTP client and server implementations.

Get, Head, Post, and PostForm make HTTP requests: 

resp, err := http.Get("http://example.com/")
...
resp, err := http.Post("http://example.com/upload", "image/jpeg", &buf)
...
resp, err := http.PostForm("http://example.com/form",
	url.Values{"key": {"Value"}, "id": {"123"}})

The client must close the response body when finished with it: 

resp, err := http.Get("http://example.com/")
if err != nil {
	// handle error
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
// ...

For control over HTTP client headers, redirect policy, and other settings, create a Client: 

client := &http.Client{
	CheckRedirect: redirectPolicyFunc,
}

resp, err := client.Get("http://example.com")
// ...

req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com", nil)
// ...
req.Header.Add("If-None-Match", `W/"wyzzy"`)
resp, err := client.Do(req)
// ...

For control over proxies, TLS configuration, keep-alives, compression, and other settings, create a Transport: 

tr := &http.Transport{
	TLSClientConfig:    &tls.Config{RootCAs: pool},
	DisableCompression: true,
}
client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}
resp, err := client.Get("https://example.com")

Clients and Transports are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines and for efficiency should only be created once and re-used.

ListenAndServe starts an HTTP server with a given address and handler. The handler is usually nil, which means to use DefaultServeMux. Handle and HandleFunc add handlers to DefaultServeMux: 

http.Handle("/foo", fooHandler)

http.HandleFunc("/bar", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello, %q", html.EscapeString(r.URL.Path))
})

log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))

More control over the server's behavior is available by creating a custom Server: 

s := &http.Server{
	Addr:           ":8080",
	Handler:        myHandler,
	ReadTimeout:    10 * time.Second,
	WriteTimeout:   10 * time.Second,
	MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
}
log.Fatal(s.ListenAndServe())

Index

Examples

Constants

View Source 
const (
	StatusContinue           = 100
	StatusSwitchingProtocols = 101

	StatusOK                   = 200
	StatusCreated              = 201
	StatusAccepted             = 202
	StatusNonAuthoritativeInfo = 203
	StatusNoContent            = 204
	StatusResetContent         = 205
	StatusPartialContent       = 206

	StatusMultipleChoices   = 300
	StatusMovedPermanently  = 301
	StatusFound             = 302
	StatusSeeOther          = 303
	StatusNotModified       = 304
	StatusUseProxy          = 305
	StatusTemporaryRedirect = 307

	StatusBadRequest                   = 400
	StatusUnauthorized                 = 401
	StatusPaymentRequired              = 402
	StatusForbidden                    = 403
	StatusNotFound                     = 404
	StatusMethodNotAllowed             = 405
	StatusNotAcceptable                = 406
	StatusProxyAuthRequired            = 407
	StatusRequestTimeout               = 408
	StatusConflict                     = 409
	StatusGone                         = 410
	StatusLengthRequired               = 411
	StatusPreconditionFailed           = 412
	StatusRequestEntityTooLarge        = 413
	StatusRequestURITooLong            = 414
	StatusUnsupportedMediaType         = 415
	StatusRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable = 416
	StatusExpectationFailed            = 417
	StatusTeapot                       = 418

	StatusInternalServerError     = 500
	StatusNotImplemented          = 501
	StatusBadGateway              = 502
	StatusServiceUnavailable      = 503
	StatusGatewayTimeout          = 504
	StatusHTTPVersionNotSupported = 505
)

HTTP status codes, defined in RFC 2616.

View Source 
const DefaultMaxHeaderBytes = 1 << 20 // 1 MB

DefaultMaxHeaderBytes is the maximum permitted size of the headers in an HTTP request. This can be overridden by setting Server.MaxHeaderBytes.

View Source 
const DefaultMaxIdleConnsPerHost = 2

DefaultMaxIdleConnsPerHost is the default value of Transport's MaxIdleConnsPerHost.

View Source 
const TimeFormat = "Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 GMT"

TimeFormat is the time format to use with time.Parse and time.Time.Format when parsing or generating times in HTTP headers. It is like time.RFC1123 but hard codes GMT as the time zone.

Variables

View Source 
var (
	ErrHeaderTooLong        = &ProtocolError{"header too long"}
	ErrShortBody            = &ProtocolError{"entity body too short"}
	ErrNotSupported         = &ProtocolError{"feature not supported"}
	ErrUnexpectedTrailer    = &ProtocolError{"trailer header without chunked transfer encoding"}
	ErrMissingContentLength = &ProtocolError{"missing ContentLength in HEAD response"}
	ErrNotMultipart         = &ProtocolError{"request Content-Type isn't multipart/form-data"}
	ErrMissingBoundary      = &ProtocolError{"no multipart boundary param in Content-Type"}
)
View Source 
var (
	ErrWriteAfterFlush = errors.New("Conn.Write called after Flush")
	ErrBodyNotAllowed  = errors.New("http: request method or response status code does not allow body")
	ErrHijacked        = errors.New("Conn has been hijacked")
	ErrContentLength   = errors.New("Conn.Write wrote more than the declared Content-Length")
)

Errors introduced by the HTTP server.

View Source 
var DefaultClient = &Client{}

DefaultClient is the default Client and is used by Get, Head, and Post.

View Source 
var DefaultServeMux = NewServeMux()

DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve.

View Source 
var ErrBodyReadAfterClose = errors.New("http: invalid Read on closed Body")

ErrBodyReadAfterClose is returned when reading a Request or Response Body after the body has been closed. This typically happens when the body is read after an HTTP Handler calls WriteHeader or Write on its ResponseWriter.

View Source 
var ErrHandlerTimeout = errors.New("http: Handler timeout")

ErrHandlerTimeout is returned on ResponseWriter Write calls in handlers which have timed out.

View Source 
var ErrLineTooLong = errors.New("header line too long")
View Source 
var ErrMissingFile = errors.New("http: no such file")

ErrMissingFile is returned by FormFile when the provided file field name is either not present in the request or not a file field.

View Source 
var ErrNoCookie = errors.New("http: named cookie not present")
View Source 
var ErrNoLocation = errors.New("http: no Location header in response")

Functions

func CanonicalHeaderKey 

func CanonicalHeaderKey(s string) string

CanonicalHeaderKey returns the canonical format of the header key s. The canonicalization converts the first letter and any letter following a hyphen to upper case; the rest are converted to lowercase. For example, the canonical key for "accept-encoding" is "Accept-Encoding".

func DetectContentType 

func DetectContentType(data []byte) string

DetectContentType implements the algorithm described at http://mimesniff.spec.whatwg.org/ to determine the Content-Type of the given data. It considers at most the first 512 bytes of data. DetectContentType always returns a valid MIME type: if it cannot determine a more specific one, it returns "application/octet-stream".

func Error 

func Error(w ResponseWriter, error string, code int)

Error replies to the request with the specified error message and HTTP code.

func Handle 

func Handle(pattern string, handler Handler)

Handle registers the handler for the given pattern in the DefaultServeMux. The documentation for ServeMux explains how patterns are matched.

func HandleFunc 

func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request))

HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern in the DefaultServeMux. The documentation for ServeMux explains how patterns are matched.

func ListenAndServe 

func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error

ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address addr and then calls Serve with handler to handle requests on incoming connections. Handler is typically nil, in which case the DefaultServeMux is used.

A trivial example server is: 

package main

import (
	"io"
	"net/http"
	"log"
)

// hello world, the web server
func HelloServer(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
	io.WriteString(w, "hello, world!\n")
}

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/hello", HelloServer)
	err := http.ListenAndServe(":12345", nil)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal("ListenAndServe: ", err)
	}
}

func ListenAndServeTLS 

func ListenAndServeTLS(addr string, certFile string, keyFile string, handler Handler) error

ListenAndServeTLS acts identically to ListenAndServe, except that it expects HTTPS connections. Additionally, files containing a certificate and matching private key for the server must be provided. If the certificate is signed by a certificate authority, the certFile should be the concatenation of the server's certificate followed by the CA's certificate.

A trivial example server is: 

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
	w.Write([]byte("This is an example server.\n"))
}

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
	log.Printf("About to listen on 10443. Go to https://127.0.0.1:10443/")
	err := http.ListenAndServeTLS(":10443", "cert.pem", "key.pem", nil)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

One can use generate_cert.go in crypto/tls to generate cert.pem and key.pem.

func MaxBytesReader 

func MaxBytesReader(w ResponseWriter, r io.ReadCloser, n int64) io.ReadCloser

MaxBytesReader is similar to io.LimitReader but is intended for limiting the size of incoming request bodies. In contrast to io.LimitReader, MaxBytesReader's result is a ReadCloser, returns a non-EOF error for a Read beyond the limit, and Closes the underlying reader when its Close method is called.

MaxBytesReader prevents clients from accidentally or maliciously sending a large request and wasting server resources.

func NotFound 

func NotFound(w ResponseWriter, r *Request)

NotFound replies to the request with an HTTP 404 not found error.

func ParseHTTPVersion 

func ParseHTTPVersion(vers string) (major, minor int, ok bool)

ParseHTTPVersion parses a HTTP version string. "HTTP/1.0" returns (1, 0, true).

func ParseTime 

func ParseTime(text string) (t time.Time, err error)

ParseTime parses a time header (such as the Date: header), trying each of the three formats allowed by HTTP/1.1: TimeFormat, time.RFC850, and time.ANSIC.

func ProxyFromEnvironment 

func ProxyFromEnvironment(req *Request) (*url.URL, error)

ProxyFromEnvironment returns the URL of the proxy to use for a given request, as indicated by the environment variables $HTTP_PROXY and $NO_PROXY (or $http_proxy and $no_proxy). An error is returned if the proxy environment is invalid. A nil URL and nil error are returned if no proxy is defined in the environment, or a proxy should not be used for the given request.

func ProxyURL 

func ProxyURL(fixedURL *url.URL) func(*Request) (*url.URL, error)

ProxyURL returns a proxy function (for use in a Transport) that always returns the same URL.

func Redirect 

func Redirect(w ResponseWriter, r *Request, urlStr string, code int)

Redirect replies to the request with a redirect to url, which may be a path relative to the request path.

func Serve 

func Serve(l net.Listener, handler Handler) error

Serve accepts incoming HTTP connections on the listener l, creating a new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines read requests and then call handler to reply to them. Handler is typically nil, in which case the DefaultServeMux is used.

func ServeContent 

func ServeContent(w ResponseWriter, req *Request, name string, modtime time.Time, content io.ReadSeeker)

ServeContent replies to the request using the content in the provided ReadSeeker. The main benefit of ServeContent over io.Copy is that it handles Range requests properly, sets the MIME type, and handles If-Modified-Since requests.

If the response's Content-Type header is not set, ServeContent first tries to deduce the type from name's file extension and, if that fails, falls back to reading the first block of the content and passing it to DetectContentType. The name is otherwise unused; in particular it can be empty and is never sent in the response.

If modtime is not the zero time, ServeContent includes it in a Last-Modified header in the response. If the request includes an If-Modified-Since header, ServeContent uses modtime to decide whether the content needs to be sent at all.

The content's Seek method must work: ServeContent uses a seek to the end of the content to determine its size.

If the caller has set w's ETag header, ServeContent uses it to handle requests using If-Range and If-None-Match.

Note that *os.File implements the io.ReadSeeker interface.

func ServeFile 

func ServeFile(w ResponseWriter, r *Request, name string)

ServeFile replies to the request with the contents of the named file or directory.

func SetCookie 

func SetCookie(w ResponseWriter, cookie *Cookie)

SetCookie adds a Set-Cookie header to the provided ResponseWriter's headers.

func StatusText 

func StatusText(code int) string

StatusText returns a text for the HTTP status code. It returns the empty string if the code is unknown.

Types

type Client 

type Client struct {
	// Transport specifies the mechanism by which individual
	// HTTP requests are made.
	// If nil, DefaultTransport is used.
	Transport RoundTripper

	// CheckRedirect specifies the policy for handling redirects.
	// If CheckRedirect is not nil, the client calls it before
	// following an HTTP redirect. The arguments req and via are
	// the upcoming request and the requests made already, oldest
	// first. If CheckRedirect returns an error, the Client's Get
	// method returns both the previous Response and
	// CheckRedirect's error (wrapped in a url.Error) instead of
	// issuing the Request req.
	//
	// If CheckRedirect is nil, the Client uses its default policy,
	// which is to stop after 10 consecutive requests.
	CheckRedirect func(req *Request, via []*Request) error

	// Jar specifies the cookie jar.
	// If Jar is nil, cookies are not sent in requests and ignored
	// in responses.
	Jar CookieJar
}

A Client is an HTTP client. Its zero value (DefaultClient) is a usable client that uses DefaultTransport.

The Client's Transport typically has internal state (cached TCP connections), so Clients should be reused instead of created as needed. Clients are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.

A Client is higher-level than a RoundTripper (such as Transport) and additionally handles HTTP details such as cookies and redirects.

func (*Client) Do 

func (c *Client) Do(req *Request) (resp *Response, err error)

Do sends an HTTP request and returns an HTTP response, following policy (e.g. redirects, cookies, auth) as configured on the client.

An error is returned if caused by client policy (such as CheckRedirect), or if there was an HTTP protocol error. A non-2xx response doesn't cause an error.

When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body.

Callers should close resp.Body when done reading from it. If resp.Body is not closed, the Client's underlying RoundTripper (typically Transport) may not be able to re-use a persistent TCP connection to the server for a subsequent "keep-alive" request.

Generally Get, Post, or PostForm will be used instead of Do.

func (*Client) Get 

func (c *Client) Get(url string) (resp *Response, err error)

Get issues a GET to the specified URL. If the response is one of the following redirect codes, Get follows the redirect after calling the Client's CheckRedirect function. 

301 (Moved Permanently)
302 (Found)
303 (See Other)
307 (Temporary Redirect)

An error is returned if the Client's CheckRedirect function fails or if there was an HTTP protocol error. A non-2xx response doesn't cause an error.

When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body. Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.

func (*Client) Head 

func (c *Client) Head(url string) (resp *Response, err error)

Head issues a HEAD to the specified URL. If the response is one of the following redirect codes, Head follows the redirect after calling the Client's CheckRedirect function. 

301 (Moved Permanently)
302 (Found)
303 (See Other)
307 (Temporary Redirect)

func (*Client) Post 

func (c *Client) Post(url string, bodyType string, body io.Reader) (resp *Response, err error)

Post issues a POST to the specified URL.

Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.

func (*Client) PostForm 

func (c *Client) PostForm(url string, data url.Values) (resp *Response, err error)

PostForm issues a POST to the specified URL, with data's keys and values urlencoded as the request body.

When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body. Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.

type CloseNotifier 

type CloseNotifier interface {
	// CloseNotify returns a channel that receives a single value
	// when the client connection has gone away.
	CloseNotify() <-chan bool
}

The CloseNotifier interface is implemented by ResponseWriters which allow detecting when the underlying connection has gone away.

This mechanism can be used to cancel long operations on the server if the client has disconnected before the response is ready. 

type Cookie struct {
	Name       string
	Value      string
	Path       string
	Domain     string
	Expires    time.Time
	RawExpires string

	// MaxAge=0 means no 'Max-Age' attribute specified.
	// MaxAge<0 means delete cookie now, equivalently 'Max-Age: 0'
	// MaxAge>0 means Max-Age attribute present and given in seconds
	MaxAge   int
	Secure   bool
	HttpOnly bool
	Raw      string
	Unparsed []string // Raw text of unparsed attribute-value pairs
}

A Cookie represents an HTTP cookie as sent in the Set-Cookie header of an HTTP response or the Cookie header of an HTTP request.

func (*Cookie) String 

func (c *Cookie) String() string

String returns the serialization of the cookie for use in a Cookie header (if only Name and Value are set) or a Set-Cookie response header (if other fields are set).

type CookieJar 

type CookieJar interface {
	// SetCookies handles the receipt of the cookies in a reply for the
	// given URL.  It may or may not choose to save the cookies, depending
	// on the jar's policy and implementation.
	SetCookies(u *url.URL, cookies []*Cookie)

	// Cookies returns the cookies to send in a request for the given URL.
	// It is up to the implementation to honor the standard cookie use
	// restrictions such as in RFC 6265.
	Cookies(u *url.URL) []*Cookie
}

A CookieJar manages storage and use of cookies in HTTP requests.

Implementations of CookieJar must be safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.

The net/http/cookiejar package provides a CookieJar implementation.

type Dir 

type Dir string

A Dir implements http.FileSystem using the native file system restricted to a specific directory tree.

An empty Dir is treated as ".".

func (Dir) Open 

func (d Dir) Open(name string) (File, error)

type File 

type File interface {
	Close() error
	Stat() (os.FileInfo, error)
	Readdir(count int) ([]os.FileInfo, error)
	Read([]byte) (int, error)
	Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error)
}

A File is returned by a FileSystem's Open method and can be served by the FileServer implementation.

type FileSystem 

type FileSystem interface {
	Open(name string) (File, error)
}

A FileSystem implements access to a collection of named files. The elements in a file path are separated by slash ('/', U+002F) characters, regardless of host operating system convention.

type Flusher 

type Flusher interface {
	// Flush sends any buffered data to the client.
	Flush()
}

The Flusher interface is implemented by ResponseWriters that allow an HTTP handler to flush buffered data to the client.

Note that even for ResponseWriters that support Flush, if the client is connected through an HTTP proxy, the buffered data may not reach the client until the response completes.

type Handler 

type Handler interface {
	ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request)
}

Objects implementing the Handler interface can be registered to serve a particular path or subtree in the HTTP server.

ServeHTTP should write reply headers and data to the ResponseWriter and then return. Returning signals that the request is finished and that the HTTP server can move on to the next request on the connection.

func FileServer 

func FileServer(root FileSystem) Handler

FileServer returns a handler that serves HTTP requests with the contents of the file system rooted at root.

To use the operating system's file system implementation, use http.Dir: 

http.Handle("/", http.FileServer(http.Dir("/tmp")))
Example 
package main

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	// Simple static webserver:
	log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", http.FileServer(http.Dir("/usr/share/doc"))))
}

Output:
Example (StripPrefix) 
package main

import (
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	// To serve a directory on disk (/tmp) under an alternate URL
	// path (/tmpfiles/), use StripPrefix to modify the request
	// URL's path before the FileServer sees it:
	http.Handle("/tmpfiles/", http.StripPrefix("/tmpfiles/", http.FileServer(http.Dir("/tmp"))))
}

Output:

func NotFoundHandler 

func NotFoundHandler() Handler

NotFoundHandler returns a simple request handler that replies to each request with a “404 page not found” reply.

func RedirectHandler 

func RedirectHandler(url string, code int) Handler

RedirectHandler returns a request handler that redirects each request it receives to the given url using the given status code.

func StripPrefix 

func StripPrefix(prefix string, h Handler) Handler

StripPrefix returns a handler that serves HTTP requests by removing the given prefix from the request URL's Path and invoking the handler h. StripPrefix handles a request for a path that doesn't begin with prefix by replying with an HTTP 404 not found error.

Example 
package main

import (
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	// To serve a directory on disk (/tmp) under an alternate URL
	// path (/tmpfiles/), use StripPrefix to modify the request
	// URL's path before the FileServer sees it:
	http.Handle("/tmpfiles/", http.StripPrefix("/tmpfiles/", http.FileServer(http.Dir("/tmp"))))
}

Output:

func TimeoutHandler 

func TimeoutHandler(h Handler, dt time.Duration, msg string) Handler

TimeoutHandler returns a Handler that runs h with the given time limit.

The new Handler calls h.ServeHTTP to handle each request, but if a call runs for longer than its time limit, the handler responds with a 503 Service Unavailable error and the given message in its body. (If msg is empty, a suitable default message will be sent.) After such a timeout, writes by h to its ResponseWriter will return ErrHandlerTimeout.

type HandlerFunc 

type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request)

The HandlerFunc type is an adapter to allow the use of ordinary functions as HTTP handlers. If f is a function with the appropriate signature, HandlerFunc(f) is a Handler object that calls f.

func (HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP 

func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request)

ServeHTTP calls f(w, r). 

type Header map[string][]string

A Header represents the key-value pairs in an HTTP header.

func (Header) Add 

func (h Header) Add(key, value string)

Add adds the key, value pair to the header. It appends to any existing values associated with key.

func (Header) Del 

func (h Header) Del(key string)

Del deletes the values associated with key.

func (Header) Get 

func (h Header) Get(key string) string

Get gets the first value associated with the given key. If there are no values associated with the key, Get returns "". To access multiple values of a key, access the map directly with CanonicalHeaderKey.

func (Header) Set 

func (h Header) Set(key, value string)

Set sets the header entries associated with key to the single element value. It replaces any existing values associated with key.

func (Header) Write 

func (h Header) Write(w io.Writer) error

Write writes a header in wire format.

func (Header) WriteSubset 

func (h Header) WriteSubset(w io.Writer, exclude map[string]bool) error

WriteSubset writes a header in wire format. If exclude is not nil, keys where exclude[key] == true are not written.

type Hijacker 

type Hijacker interface {
	// Hijack lets the caller take over the connection.
	// After a call to Hijack(), the HTTP server library
	// will not do anything else with the connection.
	// It becomes the caller's responsibility to manage
	// and close the connection.
	Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error)
}

The Hijacker interface is implemented by ResponseWriters that allow an HTTP handler to take over the connection.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/hijack", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		hj, ok := w.(http.Hijacker)
		if !ok {
			http.Error(w, "webserver doesn't support hijacking", http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}
		conn, bufrw, err := hj.Hijack()
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}
		// Don't forget to close the connection:
		defer conn.Close()
		bufrw.WriteString("Now we're speaking raw TCP. Say hi: ")
		bufrw.Flush()
		s, err := bufrw.ReadString('\n')
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("error reading string: %v", err)
			return
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(bufrw, "You said: %q\nBye.\n", s)
		bufrw.Flush()
	})
}

Output:

type ProtocolError 

type ProtocolError struct {
	ErrorString string
}

HTTP request parsing errors.

func (*ProtocolError) Error 

func (err *ProtocolError) Error() string

type Request 

type Request struct {
	Method string // GET, POST, PUT, etc.

	// URL is created from the URI supplied on the Request-Line
	// as stored in RequestURI.
	//
	// For most requests, fields other than Path and RawQuery
	// will be empty. (See RFC 2616, Section 5.1.2)
	URL *url.URL

	// The protocol version for incoming requests.
	// Outgoing requests always use HTTP/1.1.
	Proto      string // "HTTP/1.0"
	ProtoMajor int    // 1
	ProtoMinor int    // 0

	// A header maps request lines to their values.
	// If the header says
	//
	//	accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
	//	Accept-Language: en-us
	//	Connection: keep-alive
	//
	// then
	//
	//	Header = map[string][]string{
	//		"Accept-Encoding": {"gzip, deflate"},
	//		"Accept-Language": {"en-us"},
	//		"Connection": {"keep-alive"},
	//	}
	//
	// HTTP defines that header names are case-insensitive.
	// The request parser implements this by canonicalizing the
	// name, making the first character and any characters
	// following a hyphen uppercase and the rest lowercase.
	Header Header

	// The message body.
	Body io.ReadCloser

	// ContentLength records the length of the associated content.
	// The value -1 indicates that the length is unknown.
	// Values >= 0 indicate that the given number of bytes may
	// be read from Body.
	// For outgoing requests, a value of 0 means unknown if Body is not nil.
	ContentLength int64

	// TransferEncoding lists the transfer encodings from outermost to
	// innermost. An empty list denotes the "identity" encoding.
	// TransferEncoding can usually be ignored; chunked encoding is
	// automatically added and removed as necessary when sending and
	// receiving requests.
	TransferEncoding []string

	// Close indicates whether to close the connection after
	// replying to this request.
	Close bool

	// The host on which the URL is sought.
	// Per RFC 2616, this is either the value of the Host: header
	// or the host name given in the URL itself.
	// It may be of the form "host:port".
	Host string

	// Form contains the parsed form data, including both the URL
	// field's query parameters and the POST or PUT form data.
	// This field is only available after ParseForm is called.
	// The HTTP client ignores Form and uses Body instead.
	Form url.Values

	// PostForm contains the parsed form data from POST or PUT
	// body parameters.
	// This field is only available after ParseForm is called.
	// The HTTP client ignores PostForm and uses Body instead.
	PostForm url.Values

	// MultipartForm is the parsed multipart form, including file uploads.
	// This field is only available after ParseMultipartForm is called.
	// The HTTP client ignores MultipartForm and uses Body instead.
	MultipartForm *multipart.Form

	// Trailer maps trailer keys to values.  Like for Header, if the
	// response has multiple trailer lines with the same key, they will be
	// concatenated, delimited by commas.
	// For server requests, Trailer is only populated after Body has been
	// closed or fully consumed.
	// Trailer support is only partially complete.
	Trailer Header

	// RemoteAddr allows HTTP servers and other software to record
	// the network address that sent the request, usually for
	// logging. This field is not filled in by ReadRequest and
	// has no defined format. The HTTP server in this package
	// sets RemoteAddr to an "IP:port" address before invoking a
	// handler.
	// This field is ignored by the HTTP client.
	RemoteAddr string

	// RequestURI is the unmodified Request-URI of the
	// Request-Line (RFC 2616, Section 5.1) as sent by the client
	// to a server. Usually the URL field should be used instead.
	// It is an error to set this field in an HTTP client request.
	RequestURI string

	// TLS allows HTTP servers and other software to record
	// information about the TLS connection on which the request
	// was received. This field is not filled in by ReadRequest.
	// The HTTP server in this package sets the field for
	// TLS-enabled connections before invoking a handler;
	// otherwise it leaves the field nil.
	// This field is ignored by the HTTP client.
	TLS *tls.ConnectionState
}

A Request represents an HTTP request received by a server or to be sent by a client.

func NewRequest 

func NewRequest(method, urlStr string, body io.Reader) (*Request, error)

NewRequest returns a new Request given a method, URL, and optional body.

func ReadRequest 

func ReadRequest(b *bufio.Reader) (req *Request, err error)

ReadRequest reads and parses a request from b.

func (*Request) AddCookie 

func (r *Request) AddCookie(c *Cookie)

AddCookie adds a cookie to the request. Per RFC 6265 section 5.4, AddCookie does not attach more than one Cookie header field. That means all cookies, if any, are written into the same line, separated by semicolon.

func (*Request) Cookie 

func (r *Request) Cookie(name string) (*Cookie, error)

Cookie returns the named cookie provided in the request or ErrNoCookie if not found.

func (*Request) Cookies 

func (r *Request) Cookies() []*Cookie

Cookies parses and returns the HTTP cookies sent with the request.

func (*Request) FormFile 

func (r *Request) FormFile(key string) (multipart.File, *multipart.FileHeader, error)

FormFile returns the first file for the provided form key. FormFile calls ParseMultipartForm and ParseForm if necessary.

func (*Request) FormValue 

func (r *Request) FormValue(key string) string

FormValue returns the first value for the named component of the query. POST and PUT body parameters take precedence over URL query string values. FormValue calls ParseMultipartForm and ParseForm if necessary. To access multiple values of the same key use ParseForm.

func (*Request) MultipartReader 

func (r *Request) MultipartReader() (*multipart.Reader, error)

MultipartReader returns a MIME multipart reader if this is a multipart/form-data POST request, else returns nil and an error. Use this function instead of ParseMultipartForm to process the request body as a stream.

func (*Request) ParseForm 

func (r *Request) ParseForm() error

ParseForm parses the raw query from the URL and updates r.Form.

For POST or PUT requests, it also parses the request body as a form and put the results into both r.PostForm and r.Form. POST and PUT body parameters take precedence over URL query string values in r.Form.

If the request Body's size has not already been limited by MaxBytesReader, the size is capped at 10MB.

ParseMultipartForm calls ParseForm automatically. It is idempotent.

func (*Request) ParseMultipartForm 

func (r *Request) ParseMultipartForm(maxMemory int64) error

ParseMultipartForm parses a request body as multipart/form-data. The whole request body is parsed and up to a total of maxMemory bytes of its file parts are stored in memory, with the remainder stored on disk in temporary files. ParseMultipartForm calls ParseForm if necessary. After one call to ParseMultipartForm, subsequent calls have no effect.

func (*Request) PostFormValue 

func (r *Request) PostFormValue(key string) string

PostFormValue returns the first value for the named component of the POST or PUT request body. URL query parameters are ignored. PostFormValue calls ParseMultipartForm and ParseForm if necessary.

func (*Request) ProtoAtLeast 

func (r *Request) ProtoAtLeast(major, minor int) bool

ProtoAtLeast returns whether the HTTP protocol used in the request is at least major.minor.

func (*Request) Referer 

func (r *Request) Referer() string

Referer returns the referring URL, if sent in the request.

Referer is misspelled as in the request itself, a mistake from the earliest days of HTTP. This value can also be fetched from the Header map as Header["Referer"]; the benefit of making it available as a method is that the compiler can diagnose programs that use the alternate (correct English) spelling req.Referrer() but cannot diagnose programs that use Header["Referrer"].

func (*Request) SetBasicAuth 

func (r *Request) SetBasicAuth(username, password string)

SetBasicAuth sets the request's Authorization header to use HTTP Basic Authentication with the provided username and password.

With HTTP Basic Authentication the provided username and password are not encrypted.

func (*Request) UserAgent 

func (r *Request) UserAgent() string

UserAgent returns the client's User-Agent, if sent in the request.

func (*Request) Write 

func (r *Request) Write(w io.Writer) error

Write writes an HTTP/1.1 request -- header and body -- in wire format. This method consults the following fields of the request: 

Host
URL
Method (defaults to "GET")
Header
ContentLength
TransferEncoding
Body

If Body is present, Content-Length is <= 0 and TransferEncoding hasn't been set to "identity", Write adds "Transfer-Encoding: chunked" to the header. Body is closed after it is sent.

func (*Request) WriteProxy 

func (r *Request) WriteProxy(w io.Writer) error

WriteProxy is like Write but writes the request in the form expected by an HTTP proxy. In particular, WriteProxy writes the initial Request-URI line of the request with an absolute URI, per section 5.1.2 of RFC 2616, including the scheme and host. In either case, WriteProxy also writes a Host header, using either r.Host or r.URL.Host.

type Response 

type Response struct {
	Status     string // e.g. "200 OK"
	StatusCode int    // e.g. 200
	Proto      string // e.g. "HTTP/1.0"
	ProtoMajor int    // e.g. 1
	ProtoMinor int    // e.g. 0

	// Header maps header keys to values.  If the response had multiple
	// headers with the same key, they will be concatenated, with comma
	// delimiters.  (Section 4.2 of RFC 2616 requires that multiple headers
	// be semantically equivalent to a comma-delimited sequence.) Values
	// duplicated by other fields in this struct (e.g., ContentLength) are
	// omitted from Header.
	//
	// Keys in the map are canonicalized (see CanonicalHeaderKey).
	Header Header

	// Body represents the response body.
	//
	// The http Client and Transport guarantee that Body is always
	// non-nil, even on responses without a body or responses with
	// a zero-lengthed body.
	//
	// The Body is automatically dechunked if the server replied
	// with a "chunked" Transfer-Encoding.
	Body io.ReadCloser

	// ContentLength records the length of the associated content.  The
	// value -1 indicates that the length is unknown.  Unless Request.Method
	// is "HEAD", values >= 0 indicate that the given number of bytes may
	// be read from Body.
	ContentLength int64

	// Contains transfer encodings from outer-most to inner-most. Value is
	// nil, means that "identity" encoding is used.
	TransferEncoding []string

	// Close records whether the header directed that the connection be
	// closed after reading Body.  The value is advice for clients: neither
	// ReadResponse nor Response.Write ever closes a connection.
	Close bool

	// Trailer maps trailer keys to values, in the same
	// format as the header.
	Trailer Header

	// The Request that was sent to obtain this Response.
	// Request's Body is nil (having already been consumed).
	// This is only populated for Client requests.
	Request *Request
}

Response represents the response from an HTTP request.

func Get 

func Get(url string) (resp *Response, err error)

Get issues a GET to the specified URL. If the response is one of the following redirect codes, Get follows the redirect, up to a maximum of 10 redirects: 

301 (Moved Permanently)
302 (Found)
303 (See Other)
307 (Temporary Redirect)

An error is returned if there were too many redirects or if there was an HTTP protocol error. A non-2xx response doesn't cause an error.

When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body. Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.

Get is a wrapper around DefaultClient.Get.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	res, err := http.Get("http://www.google.com/robots.txt")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	robots, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
	res.Body.Close()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s", robots)
}

Output:


func Head(url string) (resp *Response, err error)

Head issues a HEAD to the specified URL. If the response is one of the following redirect codes, Head follows the redirect after calling the Client's CheckRedirect function. 

301 (Moved Permanently)
302 (Found)
303 (See Other)
307 (Temporary Redirect)

Head is a wrapper around DefaultClient.Head

func Post 

func Post(url string, bodyType string, body io.Reader) (resp *Response, err error)

Post issues a POST to the specified URL.

Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.

Post is a wrapper around DefaultClient.Post

func PostForm 

func PostForm(url string, data url.Values) (resp *Response, err error)

PostForm issues a POST to the specified URL, with data's keys and values URL-encoded as the request body.

When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body. Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.

PostForm is a wrapper around DefaultClient.PostForm

func ReadResponse 

func ReadResponse(r *bufio.Reader, req *Request) (resp *Response, err error)

ReadResponse reads and returns an HTTP response from r. The req parameter specifies the Request that corresponds to this Response. Clients must call resp.Body.Close when finished reading resp.Body. After that call, clients can inspect resp.Trailer to find key/value pairs included in the response trailer.

func (*Response) Cookies 

func (r *Response) Cookies() []*Cookie

Cookies parses and returns the cookies set in the Set-Cookie headers.

func (*Response) Location 

func (r *Response) Location() (*url.URL, error)

Location returns the URL of the response's "Location" header, if present. Relative redirects are resolved relative to the Response's Request. ErrNoLocation is returned if no Location header is present.

func (*Response) ProtoAtLeast 

func (r *Response) ProtoAtLeast(major, minor int) bool

ProtoAtLeast returns whether the HTTP protocol used in the response is at least major.minor.

func (*Response) Write 

func (r *Response) Write(w io.Writer) error

Writes the response (header, body and trailer) in wire format. This method consults the following fields of the response: 

StatusCode
ProtoMajor
ProtoMinor
Request.Method
TransferEncoding
Trailer
Body
ContentLength
Header, values for non-canonical keys will have unpredictable behavior

type ResponseWriter 

type ResponseWriter interface {
	// Header returns the header map that will be sent by WriteHeader.
	// Changing the header after a call to WriteHeader (or Write) has
	// no effect.
	Header() Header

	// Write writes the data to the connection as part of an HTTP reply.
	// If WriteHeader has not yet been called, Write calls WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	// before writing the data.  If the Header does not contain a
	// Content-Type line, Write adds a Content-Type set to the result of passing
	// the initial 512 bytes of written data to DetectContentType.
	Write([]byte) (int, error)

	// WriteHeader sends an HTTP response header with status code.
	// If WriteHeader is not called explicitly, the first call to Write
	// will trigger an implicit WriteHeader(http.StatusOK).
	// Thus explicit calls to WriteHeader are mainly used to
	// send error codes.
	WriteHeader(int)
}

A ResponseWriter interface is used by an HTTP handler to construct an HTTP response.

type RoundTripper 

type RoundTripper interface {
	// RoundTrip executes a single HTTP transaction, returning
	// the Response for the request req.  RoundTrip should not
	// attempt to interpret the response.  In particular,
	// RoundTrip must return err == nil if it obtained a response,
	// regardless of the response's HTTP status code.  A non-nil
	// err should be reserved for failure to obtain a response.
	// Similarly, RoundTrip should not attempt to handle
	// higher-level protocol details such as redirects,
	// authentication, or cookies.
	//
	// RoundTrip should not modify the request, except for
	// consuming the Body.  The request's URL and Header fields
	// are guaranteed to be initialized.
	RoundTrip(*Request) (*Response, error)
}

RoundTripper is an interface representing the ability to execute a single HTTP transaction, obtaining the Response for a given Request.

A RoundTripper must be safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines. 

var DefaultTransport RoundTripper = &Transport{Proxy: ProxyFromEnvironment}

DefaultTransport is the default implementation of Transport and is used by DefaultClient. It establishes network connections as needed and caches them for reuse by subsequent calls. It uses HTTP proxies as directed by the $HTTP_PROXY and $NO_PROXY (or $http_proxy and $no_proxy) environment variables.

func NewFileTransport 

func NewFileTransport(fs FileSystem) RoundTripper

NewFileTransport returns a new RoundTripper, serving the provided FileSystem. The returned RoundTripper ignores the URL host in its incoming requests, as well as most other properties of the request.

The typical use case for NewFileTransport is to register the "file" protocol with a Transport, as in: 

t := &http.Transport{}
t.RegisterProtocol("file", http.NewFileTransport(http.Dir("/")))
c := &http.Client{Transport: t}
res, err := c.Get("file:///etc/passwd")
...

type ServeMux 

type ServeMux struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

ServeMux is an HTTP request multiplexer. It matches the URL of each incoming request against a list of registered patterns and calls the handler for the pattern that most closely matches the URL.

Patterns name fixed, rooted paths, like "/favicon.ico", or rooted subtrees, like "/images/" (note the trailing slash). Longer patterns take precedence over shorter ones, so that if there are handlers registered for both "/images/" and "/images/thumbnails/", the latter handler will be called for paths beginning "/images/thumbnails/" and the former will receive requests for any other paths in the "/images/" subtree.

Patterns may optionally begin with a host name, restricting matches to URLs on that host only. Host-specific patterns take precedence over general patterns, so that a handler might register for the two patterns "/codesearch" and "codesearch.google.com/" without also taking over requests for "http://www.google.com/".

ServeMux also takes care of sanitizing the URL request path, redirecting any request containing . or .. elements to an equivalent .- and ..-free URL.

func NewServeMux 

func NewServeMux() *ServeMux

NewServeMux allocates and returns a new ServeMux.

func (*ServeMux) Handle 

func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler)

Handle registers the handler for the given pattern. If a handler already exists for pattern, Handle panics.

func (*ServeMux) HandleFunc 

func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request))

HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern.

func (*ServeMux) Handler 

func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string)

Handler returns the handler to use for the given request, consulting r.Method, r.Host, and r.URL.Path. It always returns a non-nil handler. If the path is not in its canonical form, the handler will be an internally-generated handler that redirects to the canonical path.

Handler also returns the registered pattern that matches the request or, in the case of internally-generated redirects, the pattern that will match after following the redirect.

If there is no registered handler that applies to the request, Handler returns a “page not found” handler and an empty pattern.

func (*ServeMux) ServeHTTP 

func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request)

ServeHTTP dispatches the request to the handler whose pattern most closely matches the request URL.

type Server 

type Server struct {
	Addr           string        // TCP address to listen on, ":http" if empty
	Handler        Handler       // handler to invoke, http.DefaultServeMux if nil
	ReadTimeout    time.Duration // maximum duration before timing out read of the request
	WriteTimeout   time.Duration // maximum duration before timing out write of the response
	MaxHeaderBytes int           // maximum size of request headers, DefaultMaxHeaderBytes if 0
	TLSConfig      *tls.Config   // optional TLS config, used by ListenAndServeTLS

	// TLSNextProto optionally specifies a function to take over
	// ownership of the provided TLS connection when an NPN
	// protocol upgrade has occurred.  The map key is the protocol
	// name negotiated. The Handler argument should be used to
	// handle HTTP requests and will initialize the Request's TLS
	// and RemoteAddr if not already set.  The connection is
	// automatically closed when the function returns.
	TLSNextProto map[string]func(*Server, *tls.Conn, Handler)
}

A Server defines parameters for running an HTTP server.

func (*Server) ListenAndServe 

func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error

ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and then calls Serve to handle requests on incoming connections. If srv.Addr is blank, ":http" is used.

func (*Server) ListenAndServeTLS 

func (srv *Server) ListenAndServeTLS(certFile, keyFile string) error

ListenAndServeTLS listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and then calls Serve to handle requests on incoming TLS connections.

Filenames containing a certificate and matching private key for the server must be provided. If the certificate is signed by a certificate authority, the certFile should be the concatenation of the server's certificate followed by the CA's certificate.

If srv.Addr is blank, ":https" is used.

func (*Server) Serve 

func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error

Serve accepts incoming connections on the Listener l, creating a new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines read requests and then call srv.Handler to reply to them.

type Transport 

type Transport struct {

	// Proxy specifies a function to return a proxy for a given
	// Request. If the function returns a non-nil error, the
	// request is aborted with the provided error.
	// If Proxy is nil or returns a nil *URL, no proxy is used.
	Proxy func(*Request) (*url.URL, error)

	// Dial specifies the dial function for creating TCP
	// connections.
	// If Dial is nil, net.Dial is used.
	Dial func(network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)

	// TLSClientConfig specifies the TLS configuration to use with
	// tls.Client. If nil, the default configuration is used.
	TLSClientConfig *tls.Config

	// DisableKeepAlives, if true, prevents re-use of TCP connections
	// between different HTTP requests.
	DisableKeepAlives bool

	// DisableCompression, if true, prevents the Transport from
	// requesting compression with an "Accept-Encoding: gzip"
	// request header when the Request contains no existing
	// Accept-Encoding value. If the Transport requests gzip on
	// its own and gets a gzipped response, it's transparently
	// decoded in the Response.Body. However, if the user
	// explicitly requested gzip it is not automatically
	// uncompressed.
	DisableCompression bool

	// MaxIdleConnsPerHost, if non-zero, controls the maximum idle
	// (keep-alive) to keep per-host.  If zero,
	// DefaultMaxIdleConnsPerHost is used.
	MaxIdleConnsPerHost int

	// ResponseHeaderTimeout, if non-zero, specifies the amount of
	// time to wait for a server's response headers after fully
	// writing the request (including its body, if any). This
	// time does not include the time to read the response body.
	ResponseHeaderTimeout time.Duration
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Transport is an implementation of RoundTripper that supports http, https, and http proxies (for either http or https with CONNECT). Transport can also cache connections for future re-use.

func (*Transport) CancelRequest 

func (t *Transport) CancelRequest(req *Request)

CancelRequest cancels an in-flight request by closing its connection.

func (*Transport) CloseIdleConnections 

func (t *Transport) CloseIdleConnections()

CloseIdleConnections closes any connections which were previously connected from previous requests but are now sitting idle in a "keep-alive" state. It does not interrupt any connections currently in use.

func (*Transport) RegisterProtocol 

func (t *Transport) RegisterProtocol(scheme string, rt RoundTripper)

RegisterProtocol registers a new protocol with scheme. The Transport will pass requests using the given scheme to rt. It is rt's responsibility to simulate HTTP request semantics.

RegisterProtocol can be used by other packages to provide implementations of protocol schemes like "ftp" or "file".

func (*Transport) RoundTrip 

func (t *Transport) RoundTrip(req *Request) (resp *Response, err error)

RoundTrip implements the RoundTripper interface.

For higher-level HTTP client support (such as handling of cookies and redirects), see Get, Post, and the Client type.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package cgi implements CGI (Common Gateway Interface) as specified in RFC 3875.
 Package cgi implements CGI (Common Gateway Interface) as specified in RFC 3875.
Package cookiejar implements an in-memory RFC 6265-compliant http.CookieJar.
 Package cookiejar implements an in-memory RFC 6265-compliant http.CookieJar.
Package fcgi implements the FastCGI protocol.
 Package fcgi implements the FastCGI protocol.
Package httptest provides utilities for HTTP testing.
 Package httptest provides utilities for HTTP testing.
Package httputil provides HTTP utility functions, complementing the more common ones in the net/http package.
 Package httputil provides HTTP utility functions, complementing the more common ones in the net/http package.
Package pprof serves via its HTTP server runtime profiling data in the format expected by the pprof visualization tool.
 Package pprof serves via its HTTP server runtime profiling data in the format expected by the pprof visualization tool.

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