Documentation ¶
Overview ¶
Package telnet provides TELNET and TELNETS client and server implementations in a style similar to the "net/http" library that is part of the Go standard library, including support for "middleware"; TELNETS is secure TELNET, with the TELNET protocol over a secured TLS (or SSL) connection.
Example TELNET Server ¶
ListenAndServe starts a (un-secure) TELNET server with a given address and handler.
handler := telnet.EchoHandler err := telnet.ListenAndServe(":23", handler) if nil != err { panic(err) }
Example TELNETS Server ¶
ListenAndServeTLS starts a (secure) TELNETS server with a given address and handler, using the specified "cert.pem" and "key.pem" files.
handler := telnet.EchoHandler err := telnet.ListenAndServeTLS(":992", "cert.pem", "key.pem", handler) if nil != err { panic(err) }
Example TELNET Client:
DialToAndCall creates a (un-secure) TELNET client, which connects to a given address using the specified caller.
package main import ( "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" ) func main() { var caller telnet.Caller = telnet.StandardCaller //@TOOD: replace "example.net:23" with address you want to connect to. telnet.DialToAndCall("example.net:23", caller) }
Example TELNETS Client:
DialToAndCallTLS creates a (secure) TELNETS client, which connects to a given address using the specified caller.
package main import ( "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" "crypto/tls" ) func main() { //@TODO: Configure the TLS connection here, if you need to. tlsConfig := &tls.Config{} var caller telnet.Caller = telnet.StandardCaller //@TOOD: replace "example.net:992" with address you want to connect to. telnet.DialToAndCallTLS("example.net:992", caller, tlsConfig) }
TELNET vs TELNETS ¶
If you are communicating over the open Internet, you should be using (the secure) TELNETS protocol and ListenAndServeTLS.
If you are communicating just on localhost, then using just (the un-secure) TELNET protocol and telnet.ListenAndServe may be OK.
If you are not sure which to use, use TELNETS and ListenAndServeTLS.
Example TELNET Shell Server ¶
The previous 2 exaple servers were very very simple. Specifically, they just echoed back whatever you submitted to it.
If you typed:
Apple Banana Cherry\r\n
... it would send back:
Apple Banana Cherry\r\n
(Exactly the same data you sent it.)
A more useful TELNET server can be made using the "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet/telsh" sub-package.
The `telsh` sub-package provides "middleware" that enables you to create a "shell" interface (also called a "command line interface" or "CLI") which most people would expect when using TELNET OR TELNETS.
For example:
package main import ( "github.com/reiver/go-oi" "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet/telsh" "time" ) func main() { shellHandler := telsh.NewShellHandler() commandName := "date" shellHandler.Register(commandName, danceProducer) commandName = "animate" shellHandler.Register(commandName, animateProducer) addr := ":23" if err := telnet.ListenAndServe(addr, shellHandler); nil != err { panic(err) } }
Note that in the example, so far, we have registered 2 commands: `date` and `animate`.
For this to actually work, we need to have code for the `date` and `animate` commands.
The actual implemenation for the `date` command could be done like the following:
func dateHandlerFunc(stdin io.ReadCloser, stdout io.WriteCloser, stderr io.WriteCloser, args ...string) error { const layout = "Mon Jan 2 15:04:05 -0700 MST 2006" s := time.Now().Format(layout) if _, err := oi.LongWriteString(stdout, s); nil != err { return err } return nil } func dateProducerFunc(ctx telnet.Context, name string, args ...string) telsh.Handler{ return telsh.PromoteHandlerFunc(dateHandler) } var dateProducer = ProducerFunc(dateProducerFunc)
Note that your "real" work is in the `dateHandlerFunc` func.
And the actual implementation for the `animate` command could be done as follows:
func animateHandlerFunc(stdin io.ReadCloser, stdout io.WriteCloser, stderr io.WriteCloser, args ...string) error { for i:=0; i<20; i++ { oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠋") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠙") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠹") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠸") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠼") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠴") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠦") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠧") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠇") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r⠏") time.Sleep(50*time.Millisecond) } oi.LongWriteString(stdout, "\r \r\n") return nil } func animateProducerFunc(ctx telnet.Context, name string, args ...string) telsh.Handler{ return telsh.PromoteHandlerFunc(animateHandler) } var animateProducer = ProducerFunc(animateProducerFunc)
Again, note that your "real" work is in the `animateHandlerFunc` func.
Generating PEM Files ¶
If you are using the telnet.ListenAndServeTLS func or the telnet.Server.ListenAndServeTLS method, you will need to supply "cert.pem" and "key.pem" files.
If you do not already have these files, the Go soure code contains a tool for generating these files for you.
It can be found at:
$GOROOT/src/crypto/tls/generate_cert.go
So, for example, if your `$GOROOT` is the "/usr/local/go" directory, then it would be at:
/usr/local/go/src/crypto/tls/generate_cert.go
If you run the command:
go run $GOROOT/src/crypto/tls/generate_cert.go --help
... then you get the help information for "generate_cert.go".
Of course, you would replace or set `$GOROOT` with whatever your path actually is. Again, for example, if your `$GOROOT` is the "/usr/local/go" directory, then it would be:
go run /usr/local/go/src/crypto/tls/generate_cert.go --help
To demonstrate the usage of "generate_cert.go", you might run the following to generate certificates that were bound to the hosts `127.0.0.1` and `localhost`:
go run /usr/local/go/src/crypto/tls/generate_cert.go --ca --host='127.0.0.1,localhost'
If you are not sure where "generate_cert.go" is on your computer, on Linux and Unix based systems, you might be able to find the file with the command:
locate /src/crypto/tls/generate_cert.go
(If it finds it, it should output the full path to this file.)
Example TELNET Client ¶
You can make a simple (un-secure) TELNET client with code like the following:
package main import ( "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" ) func main() { var caller telnet.Caller = telnet.StandardCaller //@TOOD: replace "example.net:5555" with address you want to connect to. telnet.DialToAndCall("example.net:5555", caller) }
Example TELNETS Client ¶
You can make a simple (secure) TELNETS client with code like the following:
package main import ( "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" ) func main() { var caller telnet.Caller = telnet.StandardCaller //@TOOD: replace "example.net:5555" with address you want to connect to. telnet.DialToAndCallTLS("example.net:5555", caller) }
TELNET Story ¶
The TELNET protocol is best known for providing a means of connecting to a remote computer, using a (text-based) shell interface, and being able to interact with it, (more or less) as if you were sitting at that computer.
(Shells are also known as command-line interfaces or CLIs.)
Although this was the original usage of the TELNET protocol, it can be (and is) used for other purposes as well.
The Era ¶
The TELNET protocol came from an era in computing when text-based shell interface where the common way of interacting with computers.
The common interface for computers during this era was a keyboard and a monochromatic (i.e., single color) text-based monitors called "video terminals".
(The word "video" in that era of computing did not refer to things such as movies. But instead was meant to contrast it with paper. In particular, the teletype machines, which were typewriter like devices that had a keyboard, but instead of having a monitor had paper that was printed onto.)
Early Office Computers ¶
In that era, in the early days of office computers, it was rare that an individual would have a computer at their desk. (A single computer was much too expensive.)
Instead, there would be a single central computer that everyone would share. The style of computer used (for the single central shared computer) was called a "mainframe".
What individuals would have at their desks, instead of their own compuer, would be some type of video terminal.
The different types of video terminals had named such as:
• VT52
• VT100
• VT220
• VT240
("VT" in those named was short for "video terminal".)
Teletype ¶
To understand this era, we need to go back a bit in time to what came before it: teletypes.
Terminal Codes ¶
Terminal codes (also sometimes called 'terminal control codes') are used to issue various kinds of commands to the terminal.
(Note that 'terminal control codes' are a completely separate concept for 'TELNET commands', and the two should NOT be conflated or confused.)
The most common types of 'terminal codes' are the 'ANSI escape codes'. (Although there are other types too.)
ANSI Escape Codes ¶
ANSI escape codes (also sometimes called 'ANSI escape sequences') are a common type of 'terminal code' used to do things such as:
• moving the cursor,
• erasing the display,
• erasing the line,
• setting the graphics mode,
• setting the foregroup color,
• setting the background color,
• setting the screen resolution, and
• setting keyboard strings.
Setting The Foreground Color With ANSI Escape Codes ¶
One of the abilities of ANSI escape codes is to set the foreground color.
Here is a table showing codes for this:
| ANSI Color | Go string | Go []byte | | ------------ | ---------- | ----------------------------- | | Black | "\x1b[30m" | []byte{27, '[', '3','0', 'm'} | | Red | "\x1b[31m" | []byte{27, '[', '3','1', 'm'} | | Green | "\x1b[32m" | []byte{27, '[', '3','2', 'm'} | | Brown/Yellow | "\x1b[33m" | []byte{27, '[', '3','3', 'm'} | | Blue | "\x1b[34m" | []byte{27, '[', '3','4', 'm'} | | Magenta | "\x1b[35m" | []byte{27, '[', '3','5', 'm'} | | Cyan | "\x1b[36m" | []byte{27, '[', '3','6', 'm'} | | Gray/White | "\x1b[37m" | []byte{27, '[', '3','7', 'm'} |
(Note that in the `[]byte` that the first `byte` is the number `27` (which is the "escape" character) where the third and fouth characters are the **not** number literals, but instead character literals `'3'` and whatever.)
Setting The Background Color With ANSI Escape Codes ¶
Another of the abilities of ANSI escape codes is to set the background color.
| ANSI Color | Go string | Go []byte | | ------------ | ---------- | ----------------------------- | | Black | "\x1b[40m" | []byte{27, '[', '4','0', 'm'} | | Red | "\x1b[41m" | []byte{27, '[', '4','1', 'm'} | | Green | "\x1b[42m" | []byte{27, '[', '4','2', 'm'} | | Brown/Yellow | "\x1b[43m" | []byte{27, '[', '4','3', 'm'} | | Blue | "\x1b[44m" | []byte{27, '[', '4','4', 'm'} | | Magenta | "\x1b[45m" | []byte{27, '[', '4','5', 'm'} | | Cyan | "\x1b[46m" | []byte{27, '[', '4','6', 'm'} | | Gray/White | "\x1b[47m" | []byte{27, '[', '4','7', 'm'} |
(Note that in the `[]byte` that the first `byte` is the number `27` (which is the "escape" character) where the third and fouth characters are the **not** number literals, but instead character literals `'4'` and whatever.)
Using ANSI Escape Codes ¶
In Go code, if I wanted to use an ANSI escape code to use a blue background, a white foreground, and bold, I could do that with the ANSI escape code:
"\x1b[44;37;1m"
Note that that start with byte value 27, which we have encoded as hexadecimal as \x1b. Followed by the '[' character.
Coming after that is the sub-string "44", which is the code that sets our background color to blue.
We follow that with the ';' character (which separates codes).
And the after that comes the sub-string "37", which is the code that set our foreground color to white.
After that, we follow with another ";" character (which, again, separates codes).
And then we follow it the sub-string "1", which is the code that makes things bold.
And finally, the ANSI escape sequence is finished off with the 'm' character.
To show this in a more complete example, our `dateHandlerFunc` from before could incorporate ANSI escape sequences as follows:
func dateHandlerFunc(stdin io.ReadCloser, stdout io.WriteCloser, stderr io.WriteCloser, args ...string) error { const layout = "Mon Jan 2 15:04:05 -0700 MST 2006" s := "\x1b[44;37;1m" + time.Now().Format(layout) + "\x1b[0m" if _, err := oi.LongWriteString(stdout, s); nil != err { return err } return nil }
Note that in that example, in addition to using the ANSI escape sequence "\x1b[44;37;1m" to set the background color to blue, set the foreground color to white, and make it bold, we also used the ANSI escape sequence "\x1b[0m" to reset the background and foreground colors and boldness back to "normal".
Index ¶
- func DialAndCall(caller Caller) error
- func DialAndCallTLS(caller Caller, tlsConfig *tls.Config) error
- func DialToAndCall(srvAddr string, caller Caller, ifaceName string) error
- func DialToAndCallTLS(srvAddr string, caller Caller, tlsConfig *tls.Config) error
- func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error
- func ListenAndServeTLS(addr string, certFile string, keyFile string, handler Handler) error
- func Serve(listener net.Listener, handler Handler) error
- type Caller
- type Client
- type Conn
- type Context
- type Handler
- type Logger
- type Reader
- type Server
- type Writer
Constants ¶
This section is empty.
Variables ¶
This section is empty.
Functions ¶
func DialAndCall ¶
func DialToAndCallTLS ¶
func ListenAndServe ¶
ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address `addr` and then spawns a call to the ServeTELNET method on the `handler` to serve each incoming connection.
For a very simple example:
package main import ( "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" ) func main() { //@TODO: In your code, you would probably want to use a different handler. var handler telnet.Handler = telnet.EchoHandler err := telnet.ListenAndServe(":5555", handler) if nil != err { //@TODO: Handle this error better. panic(err) } }
func ListenAndServeTLS ¶
ListenAndServeTLS acts identically to ListenAndServe, except that it uses the TELNET protocol over TLS.
From a TELNET protocol point-of-view, it allows for 'secured telnet', also known as TELNETS, which by default listens to port 992.
Of course, this port can be overridden using the 'addr' argument.
For a very simple example:
package main import ( "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" ) func main() { //@TODO: In your code, you would probably want to use a different handler. var handler telnet.Handler = telnet.EchoHandler err := telnet.ListenAndServeTLS(":5555", "cert.pem", "key.pem", handler) if nil != err { //@TODO: Handle this error better. panic(err) } }
Types ¶
type Caller ¶
A Caller represents the client end of a TELNET (or TELNETS) connection.
Writing data to the Writer passed as an argument to the CallTELNET method will send data to the TELNET (or TELNETS) server.
Reading data from the Reader passed as an argument to the CallTELNET method will receive data from the TELNET server.
The Writer's Write method sends "escaped" TELNET (and TELNETS) data.
The Reader's Read method "un-escapes" TELNET (and TELNETS) data, and filters out TELNET (and TELNETS) command sequences.
var StandardCaller Caller = internalStandardCaller{}
StandardCaller is a simple TELNET client which sends to the server any data it gets from os.Stdin as TELNET (and TELNETS) data, and writes any TELNET (or TELNETS) data it receives from the server to os.Stdout, and writes any error it has to os.Stderr.
type Conn ¶
type Conn struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
func Dial ¶
Dial makes a (un-secure) TELNET client connection to the system's 'loopback address' (also known as "localhost" or 127.0.0.1).
If a secure connection is desired, use `DialTLS` instead.
func DialTLS ¶
DialTLS makes a (secure) TELNETS client connection to the system's 'loopback address' (also known as "localhost" or 127.0.0.1).
func DialTo ¶
DialTo makes a (un-secure) TELNET client connection to the the address specified by 'addr'.
If a secure connection is desired, use `DialToTLS` instead.
func DialToTLS ¶
DialToTLS makes a (secure) TELNETS client connection to the the address specified by 'addr'.
func (*Conn) Close ¶
Close closes the client connection.
Typical usage might look like:
telnetsClient, err = telnet.DialToTLS(addr, tlsConfig) if nil != err { //@TODO: Handle error. return err } defer telnetsClient.Close()
func (*Conn) Read ¶
Read receives `n` bytes sent from the server to the client, and "returns" into `p`.
Note that Read can only be used for receiving TELNET (and TELNETS) data from the server.
TELNET (and TELNETS) command codes cannot be received using this method, as Read deals with TELNET (and TELNETS) "unescaping", and (when appropriate) filters out TELNET (and TELNETS) command codes.
Read makes Client fit the io.Reader interface.
func (*Conn) RemoteAddr ¶
RemoteAddr returns the remote network address.
func (*Conn) Write ¶
Write sends `n` bytes from 'p' to the server.
Note that Write can only be used for sending TELNET (and TELNETS) data to the server.
TELNET (and TELNETS) command codes cannot be sent using this method, as Write deals with TELNET (and TELNETS) "escaping", and will properly "escape" anything written with it.
Write makes Conn fit the io.Writer interface.
type Context ¶
func NewContext ¶
func NewContext() Context
type Handler ¶
A Handler serves a TELNET (or TELNETS) connection.
Writing data to the Writer passed as an argument to the ServeTELNET method will send data to the TELNET (or TELNETS) client.
Reading data from the Reader passed as an argument to the ServeTELNET method will receive data from the TELNET client.
The Writer's Write method sends "escaped" TELNET (and TELNETS) data.
The Reader's Read method "un-escapes" TELNET (and TELNETS) data, and filters out TELNET (and TELNETS) command sequences.
var EchoHandler Handler = internalEchoHandler{}
EchoHandler is a simple TELNET server which "echos" back to the client any (non-command) data back to the TELNET client, it received from the TELNET client.
type Server ¶
type Server struct { Addr string // TCP address to listen on; ":telnet" or ":telnets" if empty (when used with ListenAndServe or ListenAndServeTLS respectively). Handler Handler // handler to invoke; telnet.EchoServer if nil TLSConfig *tls.Config // optional TLS configuration; used by ListenAndServeTLS. Logger Logger }
A Server defines parameters of a running TELNET server.
For a simple example:
package main import ( "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" ) func main() { var handler telnet.Handler = telnet.EchoHandler server := &telnet.Server{ Addr:":5555", Handler:handler, } err := server.ListenAndServe() if nil != err { //@TODO: Handle this error better. panic(err) } }
func (*Server) ListenAndServe ¶
ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address 'server.Addr' and then spawns a call to the ServeTELNET method on the 'server.Handler' to serve each incoming connection.
For a simple example:
package main import ( "github.com/karimrc/go-telnet" ) func main() { var handler telnet.Handler = telnet.EchoHandler server := &telnet.Server{ Addr:":5555", Handler:handler, } err := server.ListenAndServe() if nil != err { //@TODO: Handle this error better. panic(err) } }
func (*Server) ListenAndServeTLS ¶
ListenAndServeTLS acts identically to ListenAndServe, except that it uses the TELNET protocol over TLS.
From a TELNET protocol point-of-view, it allows for 'secured telnet', also known as TELNETS, which by default listens to port 992.
Source Files ¶
Directories ¶
Path | Synopsis |
---|---|
Package telsh provides "middleware" (for the telnet package) that can be used to implement a TELNET or TELNETS server that provides a "shell" interface (also known as a "command-line interface" or "CLI").
|
Package telsh provides "middleware" (for the telnet package) that can be used to implement a TELNET or TELNETS server that provides a "shell" interface (also known as a "command-line interface" or "CLI"). |