README ¶
Raft library
Raft is a protocol with which a cluster of nodes can maintain a replicated state machine. The state machine is kept in sync through the use of a replicated log. For more details on Raft, see "In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm" (https://ramcloud.stanford.edu/raft.pdf) by Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout.
This Raft library is stable and feature complete. As of 2016, it is the most widely used Raft library in production, serving tens of thousands clusters each day. It powers distributed systems such as etcd, Kubernetes, Docker Swarm, Cloud Foundry Diego, CockroachDB, TiDB, Project Calico, Flannel, and more.
Most Raft implementations have a monolithic design, including storage handling, messaging serialization, and network transport. This library instead follows a minimalistic design philosophy by only implementing the core raft algorithm. This minimalism buys flexibility, determinism, and performance.
To keep the codebase small as well as provide flexibility, the library only implements the Raft algorithm; both network and disk IO are left to the user. Library users must implement their own transportation layer for message passing between Raft peers over the wire. Similarly, users must implement their own storage layer to persist the Raft log and state.
In order to easily test the Raft library, its behavior should be deterministic. To achieve this determinism, the library models Raft as a state machine. The state machine takes a Message
as input. A message can either be a local timer update or a network message sent from a remote peer. The state machine's output is a 3-tuple {[]Messages, []LogEntries, NextState}
consisting of an array of Messages
, log entries
, and Raft state changes
. For state machines with the same state, the same state machine input should always generate the same state machine output.
A simple example application, raftexample, is also available to help illustrate how to use this package in practice: https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/master/contrib/raftexample
Features
This raft implementation is a full feature implementation of Raft protocol. Features includes:
- Leader election
- Log replication
- Log compaction
- Membership changes
- Leadership transfer extension
- Efficient linearizable read-only queries served by both the leader and followers
- leader checks with quorum and bypasses Raft log before processing read-only queries
- followers asks leader to get a safe read index before processing read-only queries
- More efficient lease-based linearizable read-only queries served by both the leader and followers
- leader bypasses Raft log and processing read-only queries locally
- followers asks leader to get a safe read index before processing read-only queries
- this approach relies on the clock of the all the machines in raft group
This raft implementation also includes a few optional enhancements:
- Optimistic pipelining to reduce log replication latency
- Flow control for log replication
- Batching Raft messages to reduce synchronized network I/O calls
- Batching log entries to reduce disk synchronized I/O
- Writing to leader's disk in parallel
- Internal proposal redirection from followers to leader
- Automatic stepping down when the leader loses quorum
Notable Users
- cockroachdb A Scalable, Survivable, Strongly-Consistent SQL Database
- dgraph A Scalable, Distributed, Low Latency, High Throughput Graph Database
- etcd A distributed reliable key-value store
- tikv A Distributed transactional key value database powered by Rust and Raft
- swarmkit A toolkit for orchestrating distributed systems at any scale.
- chain core Software for operating permissioned, multi-asset blockchain networks
Usage
The primary object in raft is a Node. Either start a Node from scratch using raft.StartNode or start a Node from some initial state using raft.RestartNode.
To start a three-node cluster
storage := raft.NewMemoryStorage()
c := &Config{
ID: 0x01,
ElectionTick: 10,
HeartbeatTick: 1,
Storage: storage,
MaxSizePerMsg: 4096,
MaxInflightMsgs: 256,
}
// Set peer list to the other nodes in the cluster.
// Note that they need to be started separately as well.
n := raft.StartNode(c, []raft.Peer{{ID: 0x02}, {ID: 0x03}})
Start a single node cluster, like so:
// Create storage and config as shown above.
// Set peer list to itself, so this node can become the leader of this single-node cluster.
peers := []raft.Peer{{ID: 0x01}}
n := raft.StartNode(c, peers)
To allow a new node to join this cluster, do not pass in any peers. First, add the node to the existing cluster by calling ProposeConfChange
on any existing node inside the cluster. Then, start the node with an empty peer list, like so:
// Create storage and config as shown above.
n := raft.StartNode(c, nil)
To restart a node from previous state:
storage := raft.NewMemoryStorage()
// Recover the in-memory storage from persistent snapshot, state and entries.
storage.ApplySnapshot(snapshot)
storage.SetHardState(state)
storage.Append(entries)
c := &Config{
ID: 0x01,
ElectionTick: 10,
HeartbeatTick: 1,
Storage: storage,
MaxSizePerMsg: 4096,
MaxInflightMsgs: 256,
}
// Restart raft without peer information.
// Peer information is already included in the storage.
n := raft.RestartNode(c)
After creating a Node, the user has a few responsibilities:
First, read from the Node.Ready() channel and process the updates it contains. These steps may be performed in parallel, except as noted in step 2.
-
Write HardState, Entries, and Snapshot to persistent storage if they are not empty. Note that when writing an Entry with Index i, any previously-persisted entries with Index >= i must be discarded.
-
Send all Messages to the nodes named in the To field. It is important that no messages be sent until the latest HardState has been persisted to disk, and all Entries written by any previous Ready batch (Messages may be sent while entries from the same batch are being persisted). To reduce the I/O latency, an optimization can be applied to make leader write to disk in parallel with its followers (as explained at section 10.2.1 in Raft thesis). If any Message has type MsgSnap, call Node.ReportSnapshot() after it has been sent (these messages may be large). Note: Marshalling messages is not thread-safe; it is important to make sure that no new entries are persisted while marshalling. The easiest way to achieve this is to serialise the messages directly inside the main raft loop.
-
Apply Snapshot (if any) and CommittedEntries to the state machine. If any committed Entry has Type EntryConfChange, call Node.ApplyConfChange() to apply it to the node. The configuration change may be cancelled at this point by setting the NodeID field to zero before calling ApplyConfChange (but ApplyConfChange must be called one way or the other, and the decision to cancel must be based solely on the state machine and not external information such as the observed health of the node).
-
Call Node.Advance() to signal readiness for the next batch of updates. This may be done at any time after step 1, although all updates must be processed in the order they were returned by Ready.
Second, all persisted log entries must be made available via an implementation of the Storage interface. The provided MemoryStorage type can be used for this (if repopulating its state upon a restart), or a custom disk-backed implementation can be supplied.
Third, after receiving a message from another node, pass it to Node.Step:
func recvRaftRPC(ctx context.Context, m raftpb.Message) {
n.Step(ctx, m)
}
Finally, call Node.Tick()
at regular intervals (probably via a time.Ticker
). Raft has two important timeouts: heartbeat and the election timeout. However, internally to the raft package time is represented by an abstract "tick".
The total state machine handling loop will look something like this:
for {
select {
case <-s.Ticker:
n.Tick()
case rd := <-s.Node.Ready():
saveToStorage(rd.State, rd.Entries, rd.Snapshot)
send(rd.Messages)
if !raft.IsEmptySnap(rd.Snapshot) {
processSnapshot(rd.Snapshot)
}
for _, entry := range rd.CommittedEntries {
process(entry)
if entry.Type == raftpb.EntryConfChange {
var cc raftpb.ConfChange
cc.Unmarshal(entry.Data)
s.Node.ApplyConfChange(cc)
}
}
s.Node.Advance()
case <-s.done:
return
}
}
To propose changes to the state machine from the node to take application data, serialize it into a byte slice and call:
n.Propose(ctx, data)
If the proposal is committed, data will appear in committed entries with type raftpb.EntryNormal. There is no guarantee that a proposed command will be committed; the command may have to be reproposed after a timeout.
To add or remove node in a cluster, build ConfChange struct 'cc' and call:
n.ProposeConfChange(ctx, cc)
After config change is committed, some committed entry with type raftpb.EntryConfChange will be returned. This must be applied to node through:
var cc raftpb.ConfChange
cc.Unmarshal(data)
n.ApplyConfChange(cc)
Note: An ID represents a unique node in a cluster for all time. A given ID MUST be used only once even if the old node has been removed. This means that for example IP addresses make poor node IDs since they may be reused. Node IDs must be non-zero.
Implementation notes
This implementation is up to date with the final Raft thesis (https://ramcloud.stanford.edu/~ongaro/thesis.pdf), although this implementation of the membership change protocol differs somewhat from that described in chapter 4. The key invariant that membership changes happen one node at a time is preserved, but in our implementation the membership change takes effect when its entry is applied, not when it is added to the log (so the entry is committed under the old membership instead of the new). This is equivalent in terms of safety, since the old and new configurations are guaranteed to overlap.
To ensure there is no attempt to commit two membership changes at once by matching log positions (which would be unsafe since they should have different quorum requirements), any proposed membership change is simply disallowed while any uncommitted change appears in the leader's log.
This approach introduces a problem when removing a member from a two-member cluster: If one of the members dies before the other one receives the commit of the confchange entry, then the member cannot be removed any more since the cluster cannot make progress. For this reason it is highly recommended to use three or more nodes in every cluster.
Documentation ¶
Overview ¶
Package raft sends and receives messages in the Protocol Buffer format defined in the raftpb package.
Raft is a protocol with which a cluster of nodes can maintain a replicated state machine. The state machine is kept in sync through the use of a replicated log. For more details on Raft, see "In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm" (https://ramcloud.stanford.edu/raft.pdf) by Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout.
A simple example application, _raftexample_, is also available to help illustrate how to use this package in practice: https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/master/contrib/raftexample
Usage ¶
The primary object in raft is a Node. You either start a Node from scratch using raft.StartNode or start a Node from some initial state using raft.RestartNode.
To start a node from scratch:
storage := raft.NewMemoryStorage() c := &Config{ ID: 0x01, ElectionTick: 10, HeartbeatTick: 1, Storage: storage, MaxSizePerMsg: 4096, MaxInflightMsgs: 256, } n := raft.StartNode(c, []raft.Peer{{ID: 0x02}, {ID: 0x03}})
To restart a node from previous state:
storage := raft.NewMemoryStorage() // recover the in-memory storage from persistent // snapshot, state and entries. storage.ApplySnapshot(snapshot) storage.SetHardState(state) storage.Append(entries) c := &Config{ ID: 0x01, ElectionTick: 10, HeartbeatTick: 1, Storage: storage, MaxSizePerMsg: 4096, MaxInflightMsgs: 256, } // restart raft without peer information. // peer information is already included in the storage. n := raft.RestartNode(c)
Now that you are holding onto a Node you have a few responsibilities:
First, you must read from the Node.Ready() channel and process the updates it contains. These steps may be performed in parallel, except as noted in step 2.
1. Write HardState, Entries, and Snapshot to persistent storage if they are not empty. Note that when writing an Entry with Index i, any previously-persisted entries with Index >= i must be discarded.
2. Send all Messages to the nodes named in the To field. It is important that no messages be sent until the latest HardState has been persisted to disk, and all Entries written by any previous Ready batch (Messages may be sent while entries from the same batch are being persisted). To reduce the I/O latency, an optimization can be applied to make leader write to disk in parallel with its followers (as explained at section 10.2.1 in Raft thesis). If any Message has type MsgSnap, call Node.ReportSnapshot() after it has been sent (these messages may be large).
Note: Marshalling messages is not thread-safe; it is important that you make sure that no new entries are persisted while marshalling. The easiest way to achieve this is to serialise the messages directly inside your main raft loop.
3. Apply Snapshot (if any) and CommittedEntries to the state machine. If any committed Entry has Type EntryConfChange, call Node.ApplyConfChange() to apply it to the node. The configuration change may be cancelled at this point by setting the NodeID field to zero before calling ApplyConfChange (but ApplyConfChange must be called one way or the other, and the decision to cancel must be based solely on the state machine and not external information such as the observed health of the node).
4. Call Node.Advance() to signal readiness for the next batch of updates. This may be done at any time after step 1, although all updates must be processed in the order they were returned by Ready.
Second, all persisted log entries must be made available via an implementation of the Storage interface. The provided MemoryStorage type can be used for this (if you repopulate its state upon a restart), or you can supply your own disk-backed implementation.
Third, when you receive a message from another node, pass it to Node.Step:
func recvRaftRPC(ctx context.Context, m raftpb.Message) { n.Step(ctx, m) }
Finally, you need to call Node.Tick() at regular intervals (probably via a time.Ticker). Raft has two important timeouts: heartbeat and the election timeout. However, internally to the raft package time is represented by an abstract "tick".
The total state machine handling loop will look something like this:
for { select { case <-s.Ticker: n.Tick() case rd := <-s.Node.Ready(): saveToStorage(rd.State, rd.Entries, rd.Snapshot) send(rd.Messages) if !raft.IsEmptySnap(rd.Snapshot) { processSnapshot(rd.Snapshot) } for _, entry := range rd.CommittedEntries { process(entry) if entry.Type == raftpb.EntryConfChange { var cc raftpb.ConfChange cc.Unmarshal(entry.Data) s.Node.ApplyConfChange(cc) } } s.Node.Advance() case <-s.done: return } }
To propose changes to the state machine from your node take your application data, serialize it into a byte slice and call:
n.Propose(ctx, data)
If the proposal is committed, data will appear in committed entries with type raftpb.EntryNormal. There is no guarantee that a proposed command will be committed; you may have to re-propose after a timeout.
To add or remove node in a cluster, build ConfChange struct 'cc' and call:
n.ProposeConfChange(ctx, cc)
After config change is committed, some committed entry with type raftpb.EntryConfChange will be returned. You must apply it to node through:
var cc raftpb.ConfChange cc.Unmarshal(data) n.ApplyConfChange(cc)
Note: An ID represents a unique node in a cluster for all time. A given ID MUST be used only once even if the old node has been removed. This means that for example IP addresses make poor node IDs since they may be reused. Node IDs must be non-zero.
Implementation notes ¶
This implementation is up to date with the final Raft thesis (https://ramcloud.stanford.edu/~ongaro/thesis.pdf), although our implementation of the membership change protocol differs somewhat from that described in chapter 4. The key invariant that membership changes happen one node at a time is preserved, but in our implementation the membership change takes effect when its entry is applied, not when it is added to the log (so the entry is committed under the old membership instead of the new). This is equivalent in terms of safety, since the old and new configurations are guaranteed to overlap.
To ensure that we do not attempt to commit two membership changes at once by matching log positions (which would be unsafe since they should have different quorum requirements), we simply disallow any proposed membership change while any uncommitted change appears in the leader's log.
This approach introduces a problem when you try to remove a member from a two-member cluster: If one of the members dies before the other one receives the commit of the confchange entry, then the member cannot be removed any more since the cluster cannot make progress. For this reason it is highly recommended to use three or more nodes in every cluster.
MessageType ¶
Package raft sends and receives message in Protocol Buffer format (defined in raftpb package). Each state (follower, candidate, leader) implements its own 'step' method ('stepFollower', 'stepCandidate', 'stepLeader') when advancing with the given raftpb.Message. Each step is determined by its raftpb.MessageType. Note that every step is checked by one common method 'Step' that safety-checks the terms of node and incoming message to prevent stale log entries:
'MsgHup' is used for election. If a node is a follower or candidate, the 'tick' function in 'raft' struct is set as 'tickElection'. If a follower or candidate has not received any heartbeat before the election timeout, it passes 'MsgHup' to its Step method and becomes (or remains) a candidate to start a new election. 'MsgBeat' is an internal type that signals the leader to send a heartbeat of the 'MsgHeartbeat' type. If a node is a leader, the 'tick' function in the 'raft' struct is set as 'tickHeartbeat', and triggers the leader to send periodic 'MsgHeartbeat' messages to its followers. 'MsgProp' proposes to append data to its log entries. This is a special type to redirect proposals to leader. Therefore, send method overwrites raftpb.Message's term with its HardState's term to avoid attaching its local term to 'MsgProp'. When 'MsgProp' is passed to the leader's 'Step' method, the leader first calls the 'appendEntry' method to append entries to its log, and then calls 'bcastAppend' method to send those entries to its peers. When passed to candidate, 'MsgProp' is dropped. When passed to follower, 'MsgProp' is stored in follower's mailbox(msgs) by the send method. It is stored with sender's ID and later forwarded to leader by rafthttp package. 'MsgApp' contains log entries to replicate. A leader calls bcastAppend, which calls sendAppend, which sends soon-to-be-replicated logs in 'MsgApp' type. When 'MsgApp' is passed to candidate's Step method, candidate reverts back to follower, because it indicates that there is a valid leader sending 'MsgApp' messages. Candidate and follower respond to this message in 'MsgAppResp' type. 'MsgAppResp' is response to log replication request('MsgApp'). When 'MsgApp' is passed to candidate or follower's Step method, it responds by calling 'handleAppendEntries' method, which sends 'MsgAppResp' to raft mailbox. 'MsgVote' requests votes for election. When a node is a follower or candidate and 'MsgHup' is passed to its Step method, then the node calls 'campaign' method to campaign itself to become a leader. Once 'campaign' method is called, the node becomes candidate and sends 'MsgVote' to peers in cluster to request votes. When passed to leader or candidate's Step method and the message's Term is lower than leader's or candidate's, 'MsgVote' will be rejected ('MsgVoteResp' is returned with Reject true). If leader or candidate receives 'MsgVote' with higher term, it will revert back to follower. When 'MsgVote' is passed to follower, it votes for the sender only when sender's last term is greater than MsgVote's term or sender's last term is equal to MsgVote's term but sender's last committed index is greater than or equal to follower's. 'MsgVoteResp' contains responses from voting request. When 'MsgVoteResp' is passed to candidate, the candidate calculates how many votes it has won. If it's more than majority (quorum), it becomes leader and calls 'bcastAppend'. If candidate receives majority of votes of denials, it reverts back to follower. 'MsgPreVote' and 'MsgPreVoteResp' are used in an optional two-phase election protocol. When Config.PreVote is true, a pre-election is carried out first (using the same rules as a regular election), and no node increases its term number unless the pre-election indicates that the campaigining node would win. This minimizes disruption when a partitioned node rejoins the cluster. 'MsgSnap' requests to install a snapshot message. When a node has just become a leader or the leader receives 'MsgProp' message, it calls 'bcastAppend' method, which then calls 'sendAppend' method to each follower. In 'sendAppend', if a leader fails to get term or entries, the leader requests snapshot by sending 'MsgSnap' type message. 'MsgSnapStatus' tells the result of snapshot install message. When a follower rejected 'MsgSnap', it indicates the snapshot request with 'MsgSnap' had failed from network issues which causes the network layer to fail to send out snapshots to its followers. Then leader considers follower's progress as probe. When 'MsgSnap' were not rejected, it indicates that the snapshot succeeded and the leader sets follower's progress to probe and resumes its log replication. 'MsgHeartbeat' sends heartbeat from leader. When 'MsgHeartbeat' is passed to candidate and message's term is higher than candidate's, the candidate reverts back to follower and updates its committed index from the one in this heartbeat. And it sends the message to its mailbox. When 'MsgHeartbeat' is passed to follower's Step method and message's term is higher than follower's, the follower updates its leaderID with the ID from the message. 'MsgHeartbeatResp' is a response to 'MsgHeartbeat'. When 'MsgHeartbeatResp' is passed to leader's Step method, the leader knows which follower responded. And only when the leader's last committed index is greater than follower's Match index, the leader runs 'sendAppend` method. 'MsgUnreachable' tells that request(message) wasn't delivered. When 'MsgUnreachable' is passed to leader's Step method, the leader discovers that the follower that sent this 'MsgUnreachable' is not reachable, often indicating 'MsgApp' is lost. When follower's progress state is replicate, the leader sets it back to probe.
Index ¶
- Constants
- Variables
- func DescribeEntry(e pb.Entry, f EntryFormatter) string
- func DescribeMessage(m pb.Message, f EntryFormatter) string
- func IsEmptyHardState(st pb.HardState) bool
- func IsEmptySnap(sp pb.Snapshot) bool
- func IsLocalMsg(msgt pb.MessageType) bool
- func IsResponseMsg(msgt pb.MessageType) bool
- func MustSync(st, prevst pb.HardState, entsnum int) bool
- func SetLogger(l Logger)
- type CampaignType
- type Config
- type DefaultLogger
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Debug(v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Debugf(format string, v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) EnableDebug()
- func (l *DefaultLogger) EnableTimestamps()
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Error(v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Errorf(format string, v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Fatal(v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Fatalf(format string, v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Info(v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Infof(format string, v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Panic(v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Panicf(format string, v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Warning(v ...interface{})
- func (l *DefaultLogger) Warningf(format string, v ...interface{})
- type EntryFormatter
- type Logger
- type MemoryStorage
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) Append(entries []pb.Entry) error
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) ApplySnapshot(snap pb.Snapshot) error
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) Compact(compactIndex uint64) error
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) CreateSnapshot(i uint64, cs *pb.ConfState, data []byte) (pb.Snapshot, error)
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) Entries(lo, hi, maxSize uint64) ([]pb.Entry, error)
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) FirstIndex() (uint64, error)
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) InitialState() (pb.HardState, pb.ConfState, error)
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) LastIndex() (uint64, error)
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) SetHardState(st pb.HardState) error
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) Snapshot() (pb.Snapshot, error)
- func (ms *MemoryStorage) Term(i uint64) (uint64, error)
- type Node
- type Peer
- type Progress
- type ProgressStateType
- type RawNode
- func (rn *RawNode) Advance(rd Ready)
- func (rn *RawNode) ApplyConfChange(cc pb.ConfChange) *pb.ConfState
- func (rn *RawNode) Campaign() error
- func (rn *RawNode) HasReady() bool
- func (rn *RawNode) Propose(data []byte) error
- func (rn *RawNode) ProposeConfChange(cc pb.ConfChange) error
- func (rn *RawNode) ReadIndex(rctx []byte)
- func (rn *RawNode) Ready() Ready
- func (rn *RawNode) ReportSnapshot(id uint64, status SnapshotStatus)
- func (rn *RawNode) ReportUnreachable(id uint64)
- func (rn *RawNode) Status() *Status
- func (rn *RawNode) Step(m pb.Message) error
- func (rn *RawNode) Tick()
- func (rn *RawNode) TickQuiesced()
- func (rn *RawNode) TransferLeader(transferee uint64)
- type ReadOnlyOption
- type ReadState
- type Ready
- type SnapshotStatus
- type SoftState
- type StateType
- type Status
- type Storage
Examples ¶
Constants ¶
const None uint64 = 0
None is a placeholder node ID used when there is no leader.
Variables ¶
var ErrCompacted = errors.New("requested index is unavailable due to compaction")
ErrCompacted is returned by Storage.Entries/Compact when a requested index is unavailable because it predates the last snapshot.
var ErrSnapOutOfDate = errors.New("requested index is older than the existing snapshot")
ErrSnapOutOfDate is returned by Storage.CreateSnapshot when a requested index is older than the existing snapshot.
ErrSnapshotTemporarilyUnavailable is returned by the Storage interface when the required snapshot is temporarily unavailable.
var ErrStepLocalMsg = errors.New("raft: cannot step raft local message")
ErrStepLocalMsg is returned when try to step a local raft message
var ErrStepPeerNotFound = errors.New("raft: cannot step as peer not found")
ErrStepPeerNotFound is returned when try to step a response message but there is no peer found in raft.prs for that node.
var ( // ErrStopped is returned by methods on Nodes that have been stopped. ErrStopped = errors.New("raft: stopped") )
ErrUnavailable is returned by Storage interface when the requested log entries are unavailable.
Functions ¶
func DescribeEntry ¶
func DescribeEntry(e pb.Entry, f EntryFormatter) string
DescribeEntry returns a concise human-readable description of an Entry for debugging.
func DescribeMessage ¶
func DescribeMessage(m pb.Message, f EntryFormatter) string
DescribeMessage returns a concise human-readable description of a Message for debugging.
func IsEmptyHardState ¶
IsEmptyHardState returns true if the given HardState is empty.
func IsEmptySnap ¶
IsEmptySnap returns true if the given Snapshot is empty.
func IsLocalMsg ¶
func IsLocalMsg(msgt pb.MessageType) bool
func IsResponseMsg ¶
func IsResponseMsg(msgt pb.MessageType) bool
Types ¶
type CampaignType ¶
type CampaignType string
CampaignType represents the type of campaigning the reason we use the type of string instead of uint64 is because it's simpler to compare and fill in raft entries
type Config ¶
type Config struct { // ID is the identity of the local raft. ID cannot be 0. ID uint64 // ElectionTick is the number of Node.Tick invocations that must pass between // elections. That is, if a follower does not receive any message from the // leader of current term before ElectionTick has elapsed, it will become // candidate and start an election. ElectionTick must be greater than // HeartbeatTick. We suggest ElectionTick = 10 * HeartbeatTick to avoid // unnecessary leader switching. ElectionTick int // HeartbeatTick is the number of Node.Tick invocations that must pass between // heartbeats. That is, a leader sends heartbeat messages to maintain its // leadership every HeartbeatTick ticks. HeartbeatTick int // Storage is the storage for raft. raft generates entries and states to be // stored in storage. raft reads the persisted entries and states out of // Storage when it needs. raft reads out the previous state and configuration // out of storage when restarting. Storage Storage // Applied is the last applied index. It should only be set when restarting // raft. raft will not return entries to the application smaller or equal to // Applied. If Applied is unset when restarting, raft might return previous // applied entries. This is a very application dependent configuration. Applied uint64 // MaxSizePerMsg limits the max size of each append message. Smaller value // lowers the raft recovery cost(initial probing and message lost during normal // operation). On the other side, it might affect the throughput during normal // replication. Note: math.MaxUint64 for unlimited, 0 for at most one entry per // message. MaxSizePerMsg uint64 // MaxInflightMsgs limits the max number of in-flight append messages during // optimistic replication phase. The application transportation layer usually // has its own sending buffer over TCP/UDP. Setting MaxInflightMsgs to avoid // overflowing that sending buffer. TODO (xiangli): feedback to application to // limit the proposal rate? MaxInflightMsgs int // CheckQuorum specifies if the leader should check quorum activity. Leader // steps down when quorum is not active for an electionTimeout. CheckQuorum bool // PreVote enables the Pre-Vote algorithm described in raft thesis section // 9.6. This prevents disruption when a node that has been partitioned away // rejoins the cluster. PreVote bool // ReadOnlyOption specifies how the read only request is processed. // // ReadOnlySafe guarantees the linearizability of the read only request by // communicating with the quorum. It is the default and suggested option. // // ReadOnlyLeaseBased ensures linearizability of the read only request by // relying on the leader lease. It can be affected by clock drift. // If the clock drift is unbounded, leader might keep the lease longer than it // should (clock can move backward/pause without any bound). ReadIndex is not safe // in that case. ReadOnlyOption ReadOnlyOption // Logger is the logger used for raft log. For multinode which can host // multiple raft group, each raft group can have its own logger Logger Logger // contains filtered or unexported fields }
Config contains the parameters to start a raft.
type DefaultLogger ¶
DefaultLogger is a default implementation of the Logger interface.
func (*DefaultLogger) Debug ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Debug(v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Debugf ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Debugf(format string, v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) EnableDebug ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) EnableDebug()
func (*DefaultLogger) EnableTimestamps ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) EnableTimestamps()
func (*DefaultLogger) Error ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Error(v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Errorf ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Errorf(format string, v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Fatal ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Fatal(v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Fatalf ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Fatalf(format string, v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Info ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Info(v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Infof ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Infof(format string, v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Panic ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Panic(v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Panicf ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Panicf(format string, v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Warning ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Warning(v ...interface{})
func (*DefaultLogger) Warningf ¶
func (l *DefaultLogger) Warningf(format string, v ...interface{})
type EntryFormatter ¶
EntryFormatter can be implemented by the application to provide human-readable formatting of entry data. Nil is a valid EntryFormatter and will use a default format.
type Logger ¶
type Logger interface { Debug(v ...interface{}) Debugf(format string, v ...interface{}) Error(v ...interface{}) Errorf(format string, v ...interface{}) Info(v ...interface{}) Infof(format string, v ...interface{}) Warning(v ...interface{}) Warningf(format string, v ...interface{}) Fatal(v ...interface{}) Fatalf(format string, v ...interface{}) Panic(v ...interface{}) Panicf(format string, v ...interface{}) }
type MemoryStorage ¶
type MemoryStorage struct { // Protects access to all fields. Most methods of MemoryStorage are // run on the raft goroutine, but Append() is run on an application // goroutine. sync.Mutex // contains filtered or unexported fields }
MemoryStorage implements the Storage interface backed by an in-memory array.
func NewMemoryStorage ¶
func NewMemoryStorage() *MemoryStorage
NewMemoryStorage creates an empty MemoryStorage.
func (*MemoryStorage) Append ¶
func (ms *MemoryStorage) Append(entries []pb.Entry) error
Append the new entries to storage. TODO (xiangli): ensure the entries are continuous and entries[0].Index > ms.entries[0].Index
func (*MemoryStorage) ApplySnapshot ¶
func (ms *MemoryStorage) ApplySnapshot(snap pb.Snapshot) error
ApplySnapshot overwrites the contents of this Storage object with those of the given snapshot.
func (*MemoryStorage) Compact ¶
func (ms *MemoryStorage) Compact(compactIndex uint64) error
Compact discards all log entries prior to compactIndex. It is the application's responsibility to not attempt to compact an index greater than raftLog.applied.
func (*MemoryStorage) CreateSnapshot ¶
func (ms *MemoryStorage) CreateSnapshot(i uint64, cs *pb.ConfState, data []byte) (pb.Snapshot, error)
CreateSnapshot makes a snapshot which can be retrieved with Snapshot() and can be used to reconstruct the state at that point. If any configuration changes have been made since the last compaction, the result of the last ApplyConfChange must be passed in.
func (*MemoryStorage) Entries ¶
func (ms *MemoryStorage) Entries(lo, hi, maxSize uint64) ([]pb.Entry, error)
Entries implements the Storage interface.
func (*MemoryStorage) FirstIndex ¶
func (ms *MemoryStorage) FirstIndex() (uint64, error)
FirstIndex implements the Storage interface.
func (*MemoryStorage) InitialState ¶
InitialState implements the Storage interface.
func (*MemoryStorage) LastIndex ¶
func (ms *MemoryStorage) LastIndex() (uint64, error)
LastIndex implements the Storage interface.
func (*MemoryStorage) SetHardState ¶
func (ms *MemoryStorage) SetHardState(st pb.HardState) error
SetHardState saves the current HardState.
type Node ¶
type Node interface { // Tick increments the internal logical clock for the Node by a single tick. Election // timeouts and heartbeat timeouts are in units of ticks. Tick() // Campaign causes the Node to transition to candidate state and start campaigning to become leader. Campaign(ctx context.Context) error // Propose proposes that data be appended to the log. Propose(ctx context.Context, data []byte) error // ProposeConfChange proposes config change. // At most one ConfChange can be in the process of going through consensus. // Application needs to call ApplyConfChange when applying EntryConfChange type entry. ProposeConfChange(ctx context.Context, cc pb.ConfChange) error // Step advances the state machine using the given message. ctx.Err() will be returned, if any. Step(ctx context.Context, msg pb.Message) error // Ready returns a channel that returns the current point-in-time state. // Users of the Node must call Advance after retrieving the state returned by Ready. // // NOTE: No committed entries from the next Ready may be applied until all committed entries // and snapshots from the previous one have finished. Ready() <-chan Ready // Advance notifies the Node that the application has saved progress up to the last Ready. // It prepares the node to return the next available Ready. // // The application should generally call Advance after it applies the entries in last Ready. // // However, as an optimization, the application may call Advance while it is applying the // commands. For example. when the last Ready contains a snapshot, the application might take // a long time to apply the snapshot data. To continue receiving Ready without blocking raft // progress, it can call Advance before finishing applying the last ready. Advance() // ApplyConfChange applies config change to the local node. // Returns an opaque ConfState protobuf which must be recorded // in snapshots. Will never return nil; it returns a pointer only // to match MemoryStorage.Compact. ApplyConfChange(cc pb.ConfChange) *pb.ConfState // TransferLeadership attempts to transfer leadership to the given transferee. TransferLeadership(ctx context.Context, lead, transferee uint64) // ReadIndex request a read state. The read state will be set in the ready. // Read state has a read index. Once the application advances further than the read // index, any linearizable read requests issued before the read request can be // processed safely. The read state will have the same rctx attached. ReadIndex(ctx context.Context, rctx []byte) error // Status returns the current status of the raft state machine. Status() Status // ReportUnreachable reports the given node is not reachable for the last send. ReportUnreachable(id uint64) // ReportSnapshot reports the status of the sent snapshot. ReportSnapshot(id uint64, status SnapshotStatus) // Stop performs any necessary termination of the Node. Stop() }
Node represents a node in a raft cluster.
func RestartNode ¶
RestartNode is similar to StartNode but does not take a list of peers. The current membership of the cluster will be restored from the Storage. If the caller has an existing state machine, pass in the last log index that has been applied to it; otherwise use zero.
type Progress ¶
type Progress struct {
Match, Next uint64
// State defines how the leader should interact with the follower.
//
// When in ProgressStateProbe, leader sends at most one replication message
// per heartbeat interval. It also probes actual progress of the follower.
//
// When in ProgressStateReplicate, leader optimistically increases next
// to the latest entry sent after sending replication message. This is
// an optimized state for fast replicating log entries to the follower.
//
// When in ProgressStateSnapshot, leader should have sent out snapshot
// before and stops sending any replication message.
State ProgressStateType
// Paused is used in ProgressStateProbe.
// When Paused is true, raft should pause sending replication message to this peer.
Paused bool
// PendingSnapshot is used in ProgressStateSnapshot.
// If there is a pending snapshot, the pendingSnapshot will be set to the
// index of the snapshot. If pendingSnapshot is set, the replication process of
// this Progress will be paused. raft will not resend snapshot until the pending one
// is reported to be failed.
PendingSnapshot uint64
// RecentActive is true if the progress is recently active. Receiving any messages
// from the corresponding follower indicates the progress is active.
// RecentActive can be reset to false after an election timeout.
RecentActive bool
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
Progress represents a follower’s progress in the view of the leader. Leader maintains progresses of all followers, and sends entries to the follower based on its progress.
type ProgressStateType ¶
type ProgressStateType uint64
const ( ProgressStateProbe ProgressStateType = iota ProgressStateReplicate ProgressStateSnapshot )
func (ProgressStateType) String ¶
func (st ProgressStateType) String() string
type RawNode ¶
type RawNode struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
RawNode is a thread-unsafe Node. The methods of this struct correspond to the methods of Node and are described more fully there.
func NewRawNode ¶
NewRawNode returns a new RawNode given configuration and a list of raft peers.
func (*RawNode) Advance ¶
Advance notifies the RawNode that the application has applied and saved progress in the last Ready results.
func (*RawNode) ApplyConfChange ¶
func (rn *RawNode) ApplyConfChange(cc pb.ConfChange) *pb.ConfState
ApplyConfChange applies a config change to the local node.
func (*RawNode) HasReady ¶
HasReady called when RawNode user need to check if any Ready pending. Checking logic in this method should be consistent with Ready.containsUpdates().
func (*RawNode) ProposeConfChange ¶
func (rn *RawNode) ProposeConfChange(cc pb.ConfChange) error
ProposeConfChange proposes a config change.
func (*RawNode) ReadIndex ¶
ReadIndex requests a read state. The read state will be set in ready. Read State has a read index. Once the application advances further than the read index, any linearizable read requests issued before the read request can be processed safely. The read state will have the same rctx attached.
func (*RawNode) ReportSnapshot ¶
func (rn *RawNode) ReportSnapshot(id uint64, status SnapshotStatus)
ReportSnapshot reports the status of the sent snapshot.
func (*RawNode) ReportUnreachable ¶
ReportUnreachable reports the given node is not reachable for the last send.
func (*RawNode) Tick ¶
func (rn *RawNode) Tick()
Tick advances the internal logical clock by a single tick.
func (*RawNode) TickQuiesced ¶
func (rn *RawNode) TickQuiesced()
TickQuiesced advances the internal logical clock by a single tick without performing any other state machine processing. It allows the caller to avoid periodic heartbeats and elections when all of the peers in a Raft group are known to be at the same state. Expected usage is to periodically invoke Tick or TickQuiesced depending on whether the group is "active" or "quiesced".
WARNING: Be very careful about using this method as it subverts the Raft state machine. You should probably be using Tick instead.
func (*RawNode) TransferLeader ¶
TransferLeader tries to transfer leadership to the given transferee.
type ReadOnlyOption ¶
type ReadOnlyOption int
const ( // ReadOnlySafe guarantees the linearizability of the read only request by // communicating with the quorum. It is the default and suggested option. ReadOnlySafe ReadOnlyOption = iota // ReadOnlyLeaseBased ensures linearizability of the read only request by // relying on the leader lease. It can be affected by clock drift. // If the clock drift is unbounded, leader might keep the lease longer than it // should (clock can move backward/pause without any bound). ReadIndex is not safe // in that case. ReadOnlyLeaseBased )
type ReadState ¶
ReadState provides state for read only query. It's caller's responsibility to call ReadIndex first before getting this state from ready, It's also caller's duty to differentiate if this state is what it requests through RequestCtx, eg. given a unique id as RequestCtx
type Ready ¶
type Ready struct { // The current volatile state of a Node. // SoftState will be nil if there is no update. // It is not required to consume or store SoftState. *SoftState // The current state of a Node to be saved to stable storage BEFORE // Messages are sent. // HardState will be equal to empty state if there is no update. pb.HardState // ReadStates can be used for node to serve linearizable read requests locally // when its applied index is greater than the index in ReadState. // Note that the readState will be returned when raft receives msgReadIndex. // The returned is only valid for the request that requested to read. ReadStates []ReadState // Entries specifies entries to be saved to stable storage BEFORE // Messages are sent. Entries []pb.Entry // Snapshot specifies the snapshot to be saved to stable storage. Snapshot pb.Snapshot // CommittedEntries specifies entries to be committed to a // store/state-machine. These have previously been committed to stable // store. CommittedEntries []pb.Entry // Messages specifies outbound messages to be sent AFTER Entries are // committed to stable storage. // If it contains a MsgSnap message, the application MUST report back to raft // when the snapshot has been received or has failed by calling ReportSnapshot. Messages []pb.Message // MustSync indicates whether the HardState and Entries must be synchronously // written to disk or if an asynchronous write is permissible. MustSync bool }
Ready encapsulates the entries and messages that are ready to read, be saved to stable storage, committed or sent to other peers. All fields in Ready are read-only.
type SnapshotStatus ¶
type SnapshotStatus int
const ( SnapshotFinish SnapshotStatus = 1 SnapshotFailure SnapshotStatus = 2 )
type SoftState ¶
type SoftState struct { Lead uint64 // must use atomic operations to access; keep 64-bit aligned. RaftState StateType }
SoftState provides state that is useful for logging and debugging. The state is volatile and does not need to be persisted to the WAL.
type StateType ¶
type StateType uint64
StateType represents the role of a node in a cluster.
Possible values for StateType.
func (StateType) MarshalJSON ¶
type Status ¶
func (Status) MarshalJSON ¶
MarshalJSON translates the raft status into JSON. TODO: try to simplify this by introducing ID type into raft
type Storage ¶
type Storage interface { // InitialState returns the saved HardState and ConfState information. InitialState() (pb.HardState, pb.ConfState, error) // Entries returns a slice of log entries in the range [lo,hi). // MaxSize limits the total size of the log entries returned, but // Entries returns at least one entry if any. Entries(lo, hi, maxSize uint64) ([]pb.Entry, error) // Term returns the term of entry i, which must be in the range // [FirstIndex()-1, LastIndex()]. The term of the entry before // FirstIndex is retained for matching purposes even though the // rest of that entry may not be available. Term(i uint64) (uint64, error) // LastIndex returns the index of the last entry in the log. LastIndex() (uint64, error) // FirstIndex returns the index of the first log entry that is // possibly available via Entries (older entries have been incorporated // into the latest Snapshot; if storage only contains the dummy entry the // first log entry is not available). FirstIndex() (uint64, error) // Snapshot returns the most recent snapshot. // If snapshot is temporarily unavailable, it should return ErrSnapshotTemporarilyUnavailable, // so raft state machine could know that Storage needs some time to prepare // snapshot and call Snapshot later. Snapshot() (pb.Snapshot, error) }
Storage is an interface that may be implemented by the application to retrieve log entries from storage.
If any Storage method returns an error, the raft instance will become inoperable and refuse to participate in elections; the application is responsible for cleanup and recovery in this case.
Source Files ¶
Directories ¶
Path | Synopsis |
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Package raftpb is a generated protocol buffer package.
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Package raftpb is a generated protocol buffer package. |
Package rafttest provides functional tests for etcd's raft implementation.
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Package rafttest provides functional tests for etcd's raft implementation. |