micro

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README

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Go Micro is a pluggable RPC framework for microservices. It is part of the Micro toolkit.

The Micro philosophy is sane defaults with a pluggable architecture. We provide defaults to get you started quickly but everything can be easily swapped out. It comes with built in support for {json,proto}-rpc encoding, consul or multicast dns for service discovery, http for communication and random hashed client side load balancing.

Everything in go-micro is pluggable. You can find and contribute to plugins at github.com/micro/go-plugins.

Follow us on Twitter at @MicroHQ, join the Slack community here or check out the Mailing List.

Features

Go Micro abstracts way the details of distributed systems. Here are the main features.

  • Service Discovery - Applications are automatically registered with service discovery so they can find each other.
  • Load Balancing - Smart client side load balancing is used to balance requests between instances of a service.
  • Synchronous Communication - Request-response is provided as a bidirectional streaming transport layer.
  • Asynchronous Communication - Microservices should promote an event driven architecture. Publish and Subscribe semantics are built in.
  • Message Encoding - Micro services can encode requests in a number of encoding formats and seamlessly decode based on the Content-Type header.
  • RPC Client/Server - The client and server leverage the above features and provide a clean simple interface for building microservices.

Go Micro supports both the Service and Function programming models. Read on to learn more.

Docs

For more detailed information on the architecture, installation and use of go-micro checkout the docs.

Learn By Example

An example service can be found in examples/service and function in examples/function. The examples directory contains many more examples for using things such as middleware/wrappers, selector filters, pub/sub and code generation. For the complete greeter example look at examples/greeter. Other examples can be found throughout the GitHub repository.

Check out the blog post to learn how to write go-micro services https://micro.mu/blog/2016/03/28/go-micro.html or watch the talk from the Golang UK Conf 2016.

Getting Started

This is a quick getting started guide with the greeter service example.

Prerequisites: Service Discovery

There's just one prerequisite. We need a service discovery system to resolve service names to their address. The default discovery mechanism used in go-micro is Consul. Discovery is however pluggable so you can used etcd, kubernetes, zookeeper, etc. Plugins can be found in micro/go-plugins.

Multicast DNS

We can use multicast DNS with the built in MDNS registry for a zero dependency configuration.

Just pass --registry=mdns to any command

$ go run main.go --registry=mdns
Consul

Alternatively we can use the default discovery system which is Consul.

Mac OS

brew install consul
consul agent -dev

Docker

docker run consul

Further installation instructions

Run Service
$ go get github.com/micro/examples/service && service
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Listening on [::]:50137
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Broker Listening on [::]:50138
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Registering node: greeter-ca62b017-e9d3-11e5-9bbb-68a86d0d36b6
Call Service
$ service --run_client
Hello John

Writing a service

Create service proto

One of the key requirements of microservices is strongly defined interfaces so we utilised protobuf to define the handler and request/response. Here's a definition for the Greeter handler with the method Hello which takes a HelloRequest and HelloResponse both with one string arguments.

go-micro/examples/service/proto/greeter.proto:

syntax = "proto3";

service Greeter {
	rpc Hello(HelloRequest) returns (HelloResponse) {}
}

message HelloRequest {
	string name = 1;
}

message HelloResponse {
	string greeting = 2;
}
Install protobuf

We use a protobuf plugin for code generation. This is completely optional. Look at examples/server and examples/client for examples without code generation.

go get github.com/micro/protobuf/{proto,protoc-gen-go}

There's still a need for proto compiler to generate Go stub code from our proto file. You can either use the micro fork above or the official repo github.com/golang/protobuf.

Compile the proto
protoc -I$GOPATH/src --go_out=plugins=micro:$GOPATH/src \
	$GOPATH/src/github.com/micro/examples/service/proto/greeter.proto
Define the service

Below is the code sample for the Greeter service. It basically implements the interface defined above for the Greeter handler, initialises the service, registers the handler and then runs itself. Simple as that.

go-micro/examples/service/main.go:

package main

import (
	"fmt"

	micro "github.com/micro/go-micro"
	proto "github.com/micro/examples/service/proto"
	"golang.org/x/net/context"
)

type Greeter struct{}

func (g *Greeter) Hello(ctx context.Context, req *proto.HelloRequest, rsp *proto.HelloResponse) error {
	rsp.Greeting = "Hello " + req.Name
	return nil
}

func main() {
	// Create a new service. Optionally include some options here.
	service := micro.NewService(
		micro.Name("greeter"),
		micro.Version("latest"),
		micro.Metadata(map[string]string{
			"type": "helloworld",
		}),
	)

	// Init will parse the command line flags. Any flags set will
	// override the above settings. Options defined here will
	// override anything set on the command line.
	service.Init()

	// Register handler
	proto.RegisterGreeterHandler(service.Server(), new(Greeter))

	// Run the server
	if err := service.Run(); err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}
}
Run service
go run examples/service/main.go
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Listening on [::]:50137
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Broker Listening on [::]:50138
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Registering node: greeter-ca62b017-e9d3-11e5-9bbb-68a86d0d36b6
Define a client

Below is the client code to query the greeter service. Notice we're using the code generated client interface proto.NewGreeterClient. This reduces the amount of boiler plate code we need to write. The greeter client can be reused throughout the code if need be.

client.go

package main

import (
	"fmt"

	micro "github.com/micro/go-micro"
	proto "github.com/micro/examples/service/proto"
	"golang.org/x/net/context"
)


func main() {
	// Create a new service. Optionally include some options here.
	service := micro.NewService(micro.Name("greeter.client"))

	// Create new greeter client
	greeter := proto.NewGreeterClient("greeter", service.Client())

	// Call the greeter
	rsp, err := greeter.Hello(context.TODO(), &proto.HelloRequest{Name: "John"})
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}

	// Print response
	fmt.Println(rsp.Greeting)
}
Run the client
go run client.go
Hello John

Writing a Function

Go Micro includes the Function programming model. This is the notion of a one time executing Service which operates much like a service except exiting after completing a request. A function is defined much like a service and called in exactly the same way.

Defining a Function
package main

import (
	proto "github.com/micro/examples/function/proto"
	"github.com/micro/go-micro"
	"golang.org/x/net/context"
)

type Greeter struct{}

func (g *Greeter) Hello(ctx context.Context, req *proto.HelloRequest, rsp *proto.HelloResponse) error {
	rsp.Greeting = "Hello " + req.Name
	return nil
}

func main() {
	// create a new function
	fnc := micro.NewFunction(
		micro.Name("go.micro.fnc.greeter"),
	)

	// init the command line
	fnc.Init()

	// register a handler
	fnc.Handle(new(Greeter))

	// run the function
	fnc.Run()
}

It's that simple.

How does it work?

Go Micro is a framework that addresses the fundamental requirements to write microservices.

Let's dig into the core components.

Registry

The registry provides a service discovery mechanism to resolve names to addresses. It can be backed by consul, etcd, zookeeper, dns, gossip, etc. Services should register using the registry on startup and deregister on shutdown. Services can optionally provide an expiry TTL and reregister on an interval to ensure liveness and that the service is cleaned up if it dies.

Selector

The selector is a load balancing abstraction which builds on the registry. It allows services to be "filtered" using filter functions and "selected" using a choice of algorithms such as random, roundrobin, leastconn, etc. The selector is leveraged by the Client when making requests. The client will use the selector rather than the registry as it provides that built in mechanism of load balancing.

Transport

The transport is the interface for synchronous request/response communication between services. It's akin to the golang net package but provides a higher level abstraction which allows us to switch out communication mechanisms e.g http, rabbitmq, websockets, NATS. The transport also supports bidirectional streaming. This is powerful for client side push to the server.

Broker

The broker provides an interface to a message broker for asynchronous pub/sub communication. This is one of the fundamental requirements of an event driven architecture and microservices. By default we use an inbox style point to point HTTP system to minimise the number of dependencies required to get started. However there are many message broker implementations available in go-plugins e.g RabbitMQ, NATS, NSQ, Google Cloud Pub Sub.

Codec

The codec is used for encoding and decoding messages before transporting them across the wire. This could be json, protobuf, bson, msgpack, etc. Where this differs from most other codecs is that we actually support the RPC format here as well. So we have JSON-RPC, PROTO-RPC, BSON-RPC, etc. It separates encoding from the client/server and provides a powerful method for integrating other systems such as gRPC, Vanadium, etc.

Server

The server is the building block for writing a service. Here you can name your service, register request handlers, add middeware, etc. The service builds on the above packages to provide a unified interface for serving requests. The built in server is an RPC system. In the future there maybe other implementations. The server also allows you to define multiple codecs to serve different encoded messages.

Client

The client provides an interface to make requests to services. Again like the server, it builds on the other packages to provide a unified interface for finding services by name using the registry, load balancing using the selector, making synchronous requests with the transport and asynchronous messaging using the broker.

The above components are combined at the top-level of micro as a Service.

Plugins

By default go-micro only provides a few implementation of each interface at the core but it's completely pluggable. There's already dozens of plugins which are available at github.com/micro/go-plugins. Contributions are welcome!

Build with plugins

If you want to integrate plugins simply link them in a separate file and rebuild

Create a plugins.go file

import (
        // etcd v3 registry
        _ "github.com/micro/go-plugins/registry/etcdv3"
        // nats transport
        _ "github.com/micro/go-plugins/transport/nats"
        // kafka broker
        _ "github.com/micro/go-plugins/broker/kafka"
)

Build binary

// For local use
go build -i -o service ./main.go ./plugins.go

Flag usage of plugins

service --registry=etcdv3 --transport=nats --broker=kafka

Other Languages

Check out ja-micro to write services in Java

Sponsors

Open source development of Micro is sponsored by Sixt

Documentation

Overview

Package micro is a pluggable RPC framework for microservices

Index

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

View Source 
var (
	HeaderPrefix = "X-Micro-"
)

Functions

func NewContext 

func NewContext(ctx context.Context, s Service) context.Context

NewContext returns a new Context with the Service embedded within it.

func RegisterHandler 

func RegisterHandler(s server.Server, h interface{}, opts ...server.HandlerOption) error

RegisterHandler is syntactic sugar for registering a handler

func RegisterSubscriber 

func RegisterSubscriber(topic string, s server.Server, h interface{}, opts ...server.SubscriberOption) error

RegisterSubscriber is syntactic sugar for registering a subscriber

Types

type Function 

type Function interface {
	// Inherits Service interface
	Service
	// Done signals to complete execution
	Done() error
	// Handle registers an RPC handler
	Handle(v interface{}) error
	// Subscribe registers a subscriber
	Subscribe(topic string, v interface{}) error
}

Function is a one time executing Service

func NewFunction 

func NewFunction(opts ...Option) Function

NewFunction returns a new Function for a one time executing Service

type Option 

type Option func(*Options)

func Action 

func Action(a func(*cli.Context)) Option

func AfterStart 

func AfterStart(fn func() error) Option

func AfterStop 

func AfterStop(fn func() error) Option

func BeforeStart 

func BeforeStart(fn func() error) Option

func BeforeStop 

func BeforeStop(fn func() error) Option

func Broker 

func Broker(b broker.Broker) Option

func Client 

func Client(c client.Client) Option

func Cmd 

func Cmd(c cmd.Cmd) Option

func Context 

func Context(ctx context.Context) Option

Context specifies a context for the service. Can be used to signal shutdown of the service. Can be used for extra option values.

func Flags 

func Flags(flags ...cli.Flag) Option

func Metadata 

func Metadata(md map[string]string) Option

Metadata associated with the service

func Name 

func Name(n string) Option

Name of the service

func RegisterInterval 

func RegisterInterval(t time.Duration) Option

RegisterInterval specifies the interval on which to re-register

func RegisterTTL 

func RegisterTTL(t time.Duration) Option

RegisterTTL specifies the TTL to use when registering the service

func Registry 

func Registry(r registry.Registry) Option

Registry sets the registry for the service and the underlying components

func Server 

func Server(s server.Server) Option

func Transport 

func Transport(t transport.Transport) Option

Transport sets the transport for the service and the underlying components

func Version 

func Version(v string) Option

Version of the service

func WrapCall 

func WrapCall(w ...client.CallWrapper) Option

WrapCall is a convenience method for wrapping a Client CallFunc

func WrapClient 

func WrapClient(w ...client.Wrapper) Option

WrapClient is a convenience method for wrapping a Client with some middleware component. A list of wrappers can be provided.

func WrapHandler 

func WrapHandler(w ...server.HandlerWrapper) Option

WrapHandler adds a handler Wrapper to a list of options passed into the server

func WrapSubscriber 

func WrapSubscriber(w ...server.SubscriberWrapper) Option

WrapSubscriber adds a subscriber Wrapper to a list of options passed into the server

type Options 

type Options struct {
	Broker    broker.Broker
	Cmd       cmd.Cmd
	Client    client.Client
	Server    server.Server
	Registry  registry.Registry
	Transport transport.Transport

	// Register loop interval
	RegisterInterval time.Duration

	// Before and After funcs
	BeforeStart []func() error
	BeforeStop  []func() error
	AfterStart  []func() error
	AfterStop   []func() error

	// Other options for implementations of the interface
	// can be stored in a context
	Context context.Context
}

type Publisher 

type Publisher interface {
	Publish(ctx context.Context, msg interface{}, opts ...client.PublishOption) error
}

Publisher is syntactic sugar for publishing

func NewPublisher 

func NewPublisher(topic string, c client.Client) Publisher

NewPublisher returns a new Publisher

type Service 

type Service interface {
	Init(...Option)
	Options() Options
	Client() client.Client
	Server() server.Server
	Run() error
	String() string
}

Service is an interface that wraps the lower level libraries within go-micro. Its a convenience method for building and initialising services.

func FromContext 

func FromContext(ctx context.Context) (Service, bool)

FromContext retrieves a Service from the Context.

func NewService 

func NewService(opts ...Option) Service

NewService creates an returns a new Service based on the packages within.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package broker is an interface used for asynchronous messaging
 Package broker is an interface used for asynchronous messaging
codec
codec/json
codec/noop
http
mock
Package client is an interface for an RPC client
 Package client is an interface for an RPC client
mock
rpc
Package cmd is an interface for parsing the command line
 Package cmd is an interface for parsing the command line
Package codec is an interface for encoding messages
 Package codec is an interface for encoding messages
jsonrpc
protorpc
Package proto is a generated protocol buffer package.
 Package proto is a generated protocol buffer package.
Package errors provides a way to return detailed information for an RPC request error.
 Package errors provides a way to return detailed information for an RPC request error.
Package metadata is a way of defining message headers
 Package metadata is a way of defining message headers
plugins
broker/memory Module
broker/nsq Module
client/grpc Module
config/source/etcd Module
logger/logrus Module
registry/etcd Module
registry/memory Module
server/grpc Module
transport/grpc Module
Package registry is an interface for service discovery
 Package registry is an interface for service discovery
consul
mdns
mock
Package selector is a way to load balance service nodes
 Package selector is a way to load balance service nodes
cache
Package server is an interface for a micro server
 Package server is an interface for a micro server
debug
debug/proto
Package debug is a generated protocol buffer package.
 Package debug is a generated protocol buffer package.
mock
rpc
Package is an interface for synchronous communication
 Package is an interface for synchronous communication
codec
codec/json
codec/noop
http
mock

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