Documentation ¶
Overview ¶
Package vm implements the VNT Virtual Machine.
The vm package implements one EVM, a byte code VM. The BC (Byte Code) VM loops over a set of bytes and executes them according to the set of rules defined in the VNT yellow paper.
Index ¶
- Constants
- Variables
- func BigUint64(v *big.Int) (uint64, bool)
- func NewByzantiumInstructionSet() [256]operation
- func NewConstantinopleInstructionSet() [256]operation
- func NewFrontierInstructionSet() [256]operation
- func NewHomesteadInstructionSet() [256]operation
- func NoopCanTransfer(db inter.StateDB, from common.Address, balance *big.Int) bool
- func NoopTransfer(db inter.StateDB, from, to common.Address, amount *big.Int)
- func RunPrecompiledContract(context inter.ChainContext, p PrecompiledContract, input []byte, ...) (ret []byte, err error)
- func WriteLogs(writer io.Writer, logs []*types.Log)
- func WriteTrace(writer io.Writer, logs []StructLog)
- type AccountRef
- type CallContext
- type CanTransferFunc
- type Config
- type Context
- type Contract
- func (c *Contract) Address() common.Address
- func (c *Contract) AsDelegate() inter.Contract
- func (c *Contract) Caller() common.Address
- func (c *Contract) GetByte(n uint64) byte
- func (c *Contract) GetOp(n uint64) OpCode
- func (c *Contract) SetCallCode(addr *common.Address, hash common.Hash, code []byte)
- func (c *Contract) SetCode(hash common.Hash, code []byte)
- func (c *Contract) UseGas(gas uint64) (ok bool)
- func (c *Contract) Value() *big.Int
- type ContractRef
- type DebugLog
- type EVM
- func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, ...) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
- func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, ...) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
- func (evm *EVM) Cancel()
- func (evm *EVM) ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig
- func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr common.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
- func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
- func (evm *EVM) GetContext() Context
- func (evm *EVM) GetOrigin() common.Address
- func (evm *EVM) GetStateDb() inter.StateDB
- func (evm *EVM) GetTime() *big.Int
- func (evm *EVM) Interpreter() *Interpreter
- func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
- type GetHashFunc
- type Interpreter
- type LogConfig
- type Memory
- type NoopEVMCallContext
- func (NoopEVMCallContext) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
- func (NoopEVMCallContext) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
- func (NoopEVMCallContext) Create(caller ContractRef, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, common.Address, error)
- func (NoopEVMCallContext) DelegateCall(me ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
- type NoopStateDB
- func (NoopStateDB) AddBalance(common.Address, *big.Int)
- func (NoopStateDB) AddLog(*types.Log)
- func (NoopStateDB) AddPreimage(common.Hash, []byte)
- func (NoopStateDB) AddRefund(uint64)
- func (NoopStateDB) CreateAccount(common.Address)
- func (NoopStateDB) Empty(common.Address) bool
- func (NoopStateDB) Exist(common.Address) bool
- func (NoopStateDB) ForEachStorage(common.Address, func(common.Hash, common.Hash) bool)
- func (NoopStateDB) GetBalance(common.Address) *big.Int
- func (NoopStateDB) GetCode(common.Address) []byte
- func (NoopStateDB) GetCodeHash(common.Address) common.Hash
- func (NoopStateDB) GetCodeSize(common.Address) int
- func (NoopStateDB) GetNonce(common.Address) uint64
- func (NoopStateDB) GetRefund() uint64
- func (NoopStateDB) GetState(common.Address, common.Hash) common.Hash
- func (NoopStateDB) HasSuicided(common.Address) bool
- func (NoopStateDB) RevertToSnapshot(int)
- func (NoopStateDB) SetCode(common.Address, []byte)
- func (NoopStateDB) SetNonce(common.Address, uint64)
- func (NoopStateDB) SetState(common.Address, common.Hash, common.Hash)
- func (NoopStateDB) Snapshot() int
- func (NoopStateDB) SubBalance(common.Address, *big.Int)
- func (NoopStateDB) Suicide(common.Address) bool
- type OPCode
- type OpCode
- type PrecompiledContract
- type Stack
- type Storage
- type StructLog
- type StructLogger
- func (l *StructLogger) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, t time.Duration, err error) error
- func (l *StructLogger) CaptureFault(env VM, pc uint64, op OPCode, gas, cost uint64, memory *Memory, stack *Stack, ...) error
- func (l *StructLogger) CaptureLog(env VM, msg string) error
- func (l *StructLogger) CaptureStart(from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, ...) error
- func (l *StructLogger) CaptureState(env VM, pc uint64, op OPCode, gas, cost uint64, memory *Memory, stack *Stack, ...) error
- func (l *StructLogger) DebugLogs() []DebugLog
- func (l *StructLogger) Error() error
- func (l *StructLogger) Output() []byte
- func (l *StructLogger) StructLogs() []StructLog
- type Tracer
- type TransferFunc
- type VM
Constants ¶
const ( GasQuickStep uint64 = 2 GasFastestStep uint64 = 3 GasFastStep uint64 = 5 GasMidStep uint64 = 8 GasSlowStep uint64 = 10 GasExtStep uint64 = 20 GasReturn uint64 = 0 GasStop uint64 = 0 GasContractByte uint64 = 200 )
const ( // 0xf0 range - closures CREATE OpCode = 0xf0 + iota CALL CALLCODE RETURN DELEGATECALL STATICCALL = 0xfa REVERT = 0xfd SELFDESTRUCT = 0xff )
Variables ¶
var ( ErrOutOfGas = errors.New("out of gas") ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas = errors.New("contract creation code storage out of gas") ErrDepth = errors.New("max call depth exceeded") ErrTraceLimitReached = errors.New("the number of logs reached the specified limit") ErrInsufficientBalance = errors.New("insufficient balance for transfer") ErrContractAddressCollision = errors.New("contract address collision") )
var PrecompiledContractsHubble = map[common.Address]PrecompiledContract{ common.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{}, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{}, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{}, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{}, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): &bigModExp{}, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): &bn256Add{}, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): &bn256ScalarMul{}, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): &bn256Pairing{}, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{9}): &election.Election{}, }
PrecompiledContractsHubble contains the default set of pre-compiled VNT contracts used in the Hubble release.
Functions ¶
func NewByzantiumInstructionSet ¶
func NewByzantiumInstructionSet() [256]operation
NewByzantiumInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead and byzantium instructions.
func NewConstantinopleInstructionSet ¶
func NewConstantinopleInstructionSet() [256]operation
NewConstantinopleInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead byzantium and contantinople instructions.
func NewFrontierInstructionSet ¶
func NewFrontierInstructionSet() [256]operation
NewFrontierInstructionSet returns the frontier instructions that can be executed during the frontier phase.
func NewHomesteadInstructionSet ¶
func NewHomesteadInstructionSet() [256]operation
NewHomesteadInstructionSet returns the frontier and homestead instructions that can be executed during the homestead phase.
func NoopCanTransfer ¶
func RunPrecompiledContract ¶
func RunPrecompiledContract(context inter.ChainContext, p PrecompiledContract, input []byte, contract inter.Contract) (ret []byte, err error)
RunPrecompiledContract runs and evaluates the output of a precompiled contract.
func WriteTrace ¶
WriteTrace writes a formatted trace to the given writer
Types ¶
type AccountRef ¶
AccountRef implements ContractRef.
Account references are used during EVM initialisation and it's primary use is to fetch addresses. Removing this object proves difficult because of the cached jump destinations which are fetched from the parent contract (i.e. the caller), which is a ContractRef.
func (AccountRef) Address ¶
func (ar AccountRef) Address() common.Address
Address casts AccountRef to a Address
type CallContext ¶
type CallContext interface { // Call another contract Call(env *EVM, me ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error) // Take another's contract code and execute within our own context CallCode(env *EVM, me ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error) // Same as CallCode except sender and value is propagated from parent to child scope DelegateCall(env *EVM, me ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas *big.Int) ([]byte, error) // Create a new contract Create(env *EVM, me ContractRef, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, common.Address, error) }
CallContext provides a basic interface for the EVM calling conventions. The EVM EVM depends on this context being implemented for doing subcalls and initialising new EVM contracts.
type Config ¶
type Config struct { // Debug enabled debugging Interpreter options Debug bool // Tracer is the op code logger Tracer Tracer // NoRecursion disabled Interpreter call, callcode, // delegate call and create. NoRecursion bool // Enable recording of SHA3/keccak preimages EnablePreimageRecording bool // JumpTable contains the EVM instruction table. This // may be left uninitialised and will be set to the default // table. JumpTable [256]operation }
Config are the configuration options for the Interpreter
type Context ¶
type Context struct { // CanTransfer returns whether the account contains // sufficient ether to transfer the value CanTransfer CanTransferFunc // Transfer transfers ether from one account to the other Transfer TransferFunc // GetHash returns the hash corresponding to n GetHash GetHashFunc // Message information Origin common.Address // Provides information for ORIGIN GasPrice *big.Int // Provides information for GASPRICE // Block information Coinbase common.Address // Provides information for COINBASE GasLimit uint64 // Provides information for GASLIMIT BlockNumber *big.Int // Provides information for NUMBER Time *big.Int // Provides information for TIME Difficulty *big.Int // Provides information for DIFFICULTY }
Context provides the EVM with auxiliary information. Once provided it shouldn't be modified.
type Contract ¶
type Contract struct { // CallerAddress is the result of the caller which initialised this // contract. However when the "call method" is delegated this value // needs to be initialised to that of the caller's caller. CallerAddress common.Address Code []byte CodeHash common.Hash CodeAddr *common.Address Input []byte Gas uint64 Args []byte DelegateCall bool // contains filtered or unexported fields }
Contract represents an ethereum contract in the state database. It contains the the contract code, calling arguments. Contract implements ContractRef
func NewContract ¶
func NewContract(caller ContractRef, object ContractRef, value *big.Int, gas uint64) *Contract
NewContract returns a new contract environment for the execution of EVM.
func (*Contract) AsDelegate ¶
func (c *Contract) AsDelegate() inter.Contract
AsDelegate sets the contract to be a delegate call and returns the current contract (for chaining calls)
func (*Contract) Caller ¶
Caller returns the caller of the contract.
Caller will recursively call caller when the contract is a delegate call, including that of caller's caller.
func (*Contract) SetCallCode ¶
SetCallCode sets the code of the contract and address of the backing data object
type ContractRef ¶
ContractRef is a reference to the contract's backing object
type EVM ¶
type EVM struct { // Context provides auxiliary blockchain related information Context // StateDB gives access to the underlying state StateDB inter.StateDB // contains filtered or unexported fields }
EVM is the VNT Virtual Machine base object and provides the necessary tools to run a contract on the given state with the provided context. It should be noted that any error generated through any of the calls should be considered a revert-state-and-consume-all-gas operation, no checks on specific errors should ever be performed. The interpreter makes sure that any errors generated are to be considered faulty code.
The EVM should never be reused and is not thread safe.
func NewEVM ¶
func NewEVM(ctx Context, statedb inter.StateDB, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, vmConfig Config) *EVM
NewEVM returns a new EVM. The returned EVM is not thread safe and should only ever be used *once*.
func (*EVM) Call ¶
func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
Call executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as parameters. It also handles any necessary value transfer required and takes the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in case of an execution error or failed value transfer.
func (*EVM) CallCode ¶
func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
CallCode executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as parameters. It also handles any necessary value transfer required and takes the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in case of an execution error or failed value transfer.
CallCode differs from Call in the sense that it executes the given address' code with the caller as context.
func (*EVM) Cancel ¶
func (evm *EVM) Cancel()
Cancel cancels any running EVM operation. This may be called concurrently and it's safe to be called multiple times.
func (*EVM) ChainConfig ¶
func (evm *EVM) ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig
ChainConfig returns the environment's chain configuration
func (*EVM) Create ¶
func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr common.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
Create creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
func (*EVM) DelegateCall ¶
func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
DelegateCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as parameters. It reverses the state in case of an execution error.
DelegateCall differs from CallCode in the sense that it executes the given address' code with the caller as context and the caller is set to the caller of the caller.
func (*EVM) GetContext ¶
func (*EVM) GetStateDb ¶
func (evm *EVM) GetStateDb() inter.StateDB
func (*EVM) Interpreter ¶
func (evm *EVM) Interpreter() *Interpreter
Interpreter returns the EVM interpreter
func (*EVM) StaticCall ¶
func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
StaticCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as parameters while disallowing any modifications to the state during the call. Opcodes that attempt to perform such modifications will result in exceptions instead of performing the modifications.
type GetHashFunc ¶
GetHashFunc returns the nth block hash in the blockchain and is used by the BLOCKHASH EVM op code.
type Interpreter ¶
type Interpreter struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
Interpreter is used to run VNT based contracts and will utilise the passed environment to query external sources for state information. The Interpreter will run the byte code VM based on the passed configuration.
func NewInterpreter ¶
func NewInterpreter(evm *EVM, cfg Config) *Interpreter
NewInterpreter returns a new instance of the Interpreter.
func (*Interpreter) Run ¶
func (in *Interpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte) (ret []byte, err error)
Run loops and evaluates the contract's code with the given input data and returns the return byte-slice and an error if one occurred.
It's important to note that any errors returned by the interpreter should be considered a revert-and-consume-all-gas operation except for errExecutionReverted which means revert-and-keep-gas-left.
type LogConfig ¶
type LogConfig struct { DisableMemory bool // disable memory capture DisableStack bool // disable stack capture DisableStorage bool // disable storage capture Debug bool // print output during capture end Limit int // maximum length of output, but zero means unlimited }
LogConfig are the configuration options for structured logger the VM
type Memory ¶
type Memory struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
Memory implements a simple memory model for the ethereum virtual machine.
type NoopEVMCallContext ¶
type NoopEVMCallContext struct{}
func (NoopEVMCallContext) Call ¶
func (NoopEVMCallContext) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
func (NoopEVMCallContext) CallCode ¶
func (NoopEVMCallContext) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
func (NoopEVMCallContext) Create ¶
func (NoopEVMCallContext) Create(caller ContractRef, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, common.Address, error)
func (NoopEVMCallContext) DelegateCall ¶
func (NoopEVMCallContext) DelegateCall(me ContractRef, addr common.Address, data []byte, gas *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
type NoopStateDB ¶
type NoopStateDB struct{}
func (NoopStateDB) AddBalance ¶
func (NoopStateDB) AddBalance(common.Address, *big.Int)
func (NoopStateDB) AddLog ¶
func (NoopStateDB) AddLog(*types.Log)
func (NoopStateDB) AddPreimage ¶
func (NoopStateDB) AddPreimage(common.Hash, []byte)
func (NoopStateDB) AddRefund ¶
func (NoopStateDB) AddRefund(uint64)
func (NoopStateDB) CreateAccount ¶
func (NoopStateDB) CreateAccount(common.Address)
func (NoopStateDB) ForEachStorage ¶
func (NoopStateDB) GetBalance ¶
func (NoopStateDB) GetBalance(common.Address) *big.Int
func (NoopStateDB) GetCodeHash ¶
func (NoopStateDB) GetCodeHash(common.Address) common.Hash
func (NoopStateDB) GetCodeSize ¶
func (NoopStateDB) GetCodeSize(common.Address) int
func (NoopStateDB) GetRefund ¶
func (NoopStateDB) GetRefund() uint64
func (NoopStateDB) HasSuicided ¶
func (NoopStateDB) HasSuicided(common.Address) bool
func (NoopStateDB) RevertToSnapshot ¶
func (NoopStateDB) RevertToSnapshot(int)
func (NoopStateDB) Snapshot ¶
func (NoopStateDB) Snapshot() int
func (NoopStateDB) SubBalance ¶
func (NoopStateDB) SubBalance(common.Address, *big.Int)
type OpCode ¶
type OpCode byte
OpCode is an EVM opcode
const ( // 0x60 range PUSH1 OpCode = 0x60 + iota PUSH2 PUSH3 PUSH4 PUSH5 PUSH6 PUSH7 PUSH8 PUSH9 PUSH10 PUSH11 PUSH12 PUSH13 PUSH14 PUSH15 PUSH16 PUSH17 PUSH18 PUSH19 PUSH20 PUSH21 PUSH22 PUSH23 PUSH24 PUSH25 PUSH26 PUSH27 PUSH28 PUSH29 PUSH30 PUSH31 PUSH32 DUP1 DUP2 DUP3 DUP4 DUP5 DUP6 DUP7 DUP8 DUP9 DUP10 DUP11 DUP12 DUP13 DUP14 DUP15 DUP16 SWAP1 SWAP2 SWAP3 SWAP4 SWAP5 SWAP6 SWAP7 SWAP8 SWAP9 SWAP10 SWAP11 SWAP12 SWAP13 SWAP14 SWAP15 SWAP16 )
func StringToOp ¶
func (OpCode) IsStaticJump ¶
type PrecompiledContract ¶
type PrecompiledContract interface { RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 // RequiredPrice calculates the contract gas use Run(context inter.ChainContext, input []byte) ([]byte, error) // Run runs the precompiled contract }
PrecompiledContract is the basic interface for native Go contracts. The implementation requires a deterministic gas count based on the input size of the Run method of the contract.
type Stack ¶
type Stack struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
stack is an object for basic stack operations. Items popped to the stack are expected to be changed and modified. stack does not take care of adding newly initialised objects.
type StructLog ¶
type StructLog struct { Pc uint64 `json:"pc"` Op OPCode `json:"op"` Gas uint64 `json:"gas"` GasCost uint64 `json:"gasCost"` Memory []byte `json:"memory"` MemorySize int `json:"memSize"` Stack []*big.Int `json:"stack"` Storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"-"` Depth int `json:"depth"` Err error `json:"-"` }
StructLog is emitted to the VM each cycle and lists information about the current internal state prior to the execution of the statement.
func (*StructLog) ErrorString ¶
func (StructLog) MarshalJSON ¶
func (*StructLog) UnmarshalJSON ¶
type StructLogger ¶
type StructLogger struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
StructLogger is an VM state logger and implements Tracer.
StructLogger can capture state based on the given Log configuration and also keeps a track record of modified storage which is used in reporting snapshots of the contract their storage.
func NewStructLogger ¶
func NewStructLogger(cfg *LogConfig) *StructLogger
NewStructLogger returns a new logger
func (*StructLogger) CaptureEnd ¶
func (*StructLogger) CaptureFault ¶
func (*StructLogger) CaptureLog ¶
func (l *StructLogger) CaptureLog(env VM, msg string) error
func (*StructLogger) CaptureStart ¶
func (*StructLogger) CaptureState ¶
func (l *StructLogger) CaptureState(env VM, pc uint64, op OPCode, gas, cost uint64, memory *Memory, stack *Stack, contract inter.Contract, depth int, err error) error
CaptureState logs a new structured log message and pushes it out to the environment
CaptureState also tracks SSTORE ops to track dirty values.
func (*StructLogger) DebugLogs ¶
func (l *StructLogger) DebugLogs() []DebugLog
DebugLogs returns the captured debug log entries.
func (*StructLogger) Error ¶
func (l *StructLogger) Error() error
Error returns the VM error captured by the trace.
func (*StructLogger) Output ¶
func (l *StructLogger) Output() []byte
Output returns the VM return value captured by the trace.
func (*StructLogger) StructLogs ¶
func (l *StructLogger) StructLogs() []StructLog
StructLogs returns the captured log entries.
type Tracer ¶
type Tracer interface { CaptureStart(from common.Address, to common.Address, call bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) error CaptureState(env VM, pc uint64, op OPCode, gas, cost uint64, memory *Memory, stack *Stack, contract inter.Contract, depth int, err error) error CaptureLog(env VM, msg string) error CaptureFault(env VM, pc uint64, op OPCode, gas, cost uint64, memory *Memory, stack *Stack, contract inter.Contract, depth int, err error) error CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, t time.Duration, err error) error }
Tracer is used to collect execution traces from an VM transaction execution. CaptureState is called for each step of the VM with the current VM state. Note that reference types are actual VM data structures; make copies if you need to retain them beyond the current call.
type VM ¶
type VM interface { Cancel() Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr common.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) GetStateDb() inter.StateDB ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig GetContext() Context }